Tournament: x | Round: Finals | Opponent: x | Judge: x
If you need cites or anything else find me on

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Tournament: Voices RR | Round: 4 | Opponent: Presentation AS | Judge: Obuchi, Steele

Interp: Resolved means the affirmative must defend the implementation of a policy action by a government

Parcher 1 (Jeff, Fmr. Debate Coach at Georgetown University, February, http://www.ndtceda.com/archives/200102/0790.html)**
Pardon me if I turn to a source besides Bill. American Heritage Dictionary: 

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or 'no' - which, of course, are answers to a question.

Their aff avoids neg prep. The topic is the basis for predictable limits – abandoning it means the affirmative can argue for anything which the negative cannot possibly prepare for.

Topical fairness requirements are key to effective dialogue—monopolizing strategy makes the discussion one-sided and exclusionary

Galloway 7—Samford Comm prof (Ryan, Contemporary Argumentation and Debate, Vol. 28, 2007)
Debate as a dialogue sets an argumentative table, where all parties receive a relatively 

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substitutes for topical action do not accrue the dialogical benefits of topical advocacy.

Vote neg – they destroy your ability to meaningfully evaluate the winner of the round based on who was the better debater which is the purpose of the judge, so you should reject arguments that prevent you from exercising that role.

Reject the debater – the entire round is already skewed since the 1NC strategy is determined by the aff. A 1AR advocacy shift makes dialogue impossible since it escapes the entire 1NC and gives the neg only 6 minutes of the 2NR versus the aff’s 7 minutes.

This outweighs:

It governs their access to substantive arguments so it logically has to be decided before substance, since if I win it they shouldn’t have access to that argument to begin with – it’s a prior question

I couldn’t contest the aff to begin with – they can’t apply the aff against T since that assumes their aff was legitimate to begin with. They don’t get access to claims that weren’t contestable by me.

It directly concerns the role of the judge since the entire point of a judge is to decide who won the round

The topic is a more fair institutional norm. A fair topic that’s predictable to both sides is better for accessibility.

Galloway 7 - Ryan Galloway, assistant professor of communication studies and director of debate at Samford University, "DINNER AND CONVERSATION AT THE ARGUMENTATIVE TABLE: RECONCEPTUALIZING DEBATE AS AN ARGUMENTATIVE DIALOGUE," Contemporary Argumentation and Debate, Vol. 28 (2007)
The central claim to this essay is that debate works best when it is dialogic 

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controversy access to formulating their approach to both sides of the topic question.

A framework that maintains equitable dialogism is key to social inclusion and ecology

Bebbington 7 ~(Jan, Professor of Accounting and Sustainable Development; Judy Brown, Professor, Plant Sciences. PhD, Plant Pathology; Bob Frame, researcher at Landcare Research , Science Team Governance and Policy) "Theorizing engagement: the potential of a critical dialogic approach" Accounting, Auditing and Accountability Journal, Vol. 20 Iss: 3, pp.356 – 381~ AT
This paper has sought to ground the discussion of engagement in SEA research in dialogic 

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these impacts and change the reality of social groups and our natural ecology.

Substantive constraints on the debate are key to actualize effective pluralism and agonistic democracy

John Dryzek 6, Professor of Social and Political Theory, The Australian National University, Reconciling Pluralism and Consensus as Political Ideals, American Journal of Political Science,Vol. 50, No. 3, July 2006, Pp. 634–649
A more radical contemporary pluralism is suspicious of liberal and communitarian devices for reconciling difference

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need principles to regulate the substance of what rightfully belongs in democratic debate. 

Debate inevitably involves exclusions and normative constraints—-making sure that those exclusions occur along reciprocal lines is necessary to foster democratic habits which turn and solves the whole case

Amanda Anderson 6, prof of English at Johns Hopkins The Way We Argue Now, 33-6
In some ways, this is understandable as utopian writing, with recognizable antecedents throughout 

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project and leaves herself no recourse but to issue dogmatic condemnations and approvals.

Decisionmaking is key to all aspects of life –it’s the most important skill

Steinberg and Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp9-10
After several days of intense debate, first the United States House of Representatives and 

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customer for out product, or a vote for our favored political candidate.

Tournament: Stanford | Round: 4 | Opponent: Servite PA | Judge: Kaya

College campus activism against war undermines morale and forces withdrawal – collapses American presence abroad and causes massive instability that culminates in extinction

Janet Levy 7 ~(Janet Levy, ) Iraq's only Similarity to Vietnam: Its Dangerous Anti-War Movement, Accuracy in Media 2-28-2007~ AT
Contrary to media reports and the perception of a majority of Americans, the United
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S. allies and interests and threaten the very existence of our nation. 

Resolve is the THE determiner of American hegemony – it's key to deterrence and conflict effectiveness – anything else just prolongs violence

Eyago '5  7 / 8 / 05    Political Commentary – Sound Politics Reporter ~http://www.soundpolitics.com/archives/004721.html, Sound Commentary on Current Events in Seattle, Puget Sound and Washington State~
Finally, I am angry at those who undermine our efforts to conduct this war
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our public leaders. What they do for political gain is completely unconscionable.

That's key to solve great power war and existential governance crises

Brooks, Ikenberry, and Wohlforth '13 (Stephen, Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, John Ikenberry is the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University in the Department of Politics and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, William C. Wohlforth is the Daniel Webster Professor in the Department of Government at Dartmouth College "Don't Come Home America: The Case Against Retrenchment," International Security, Vol. 37, No. 3 (Winter 2012/13), pp. 7–51)
A core premise of deep engagement is that it prevents the emergence of a far
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that of potential rivals is by many measures growing rather than shrinking. 85

Turn – War engenders worse forms of oppression and suppression of rights

Goldstein 1—Prof  PoliSci @ American University, Joshua, War and Gender , P. 412
First, peace activists face a dilemma in thinking about causes of war and working
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on injustice as the main cause of war seems to be empirically inadequate.

Tournament: Stanford | Round: Octas | Opponent: Harvard Westlake EE | Judge: Lonham, Perieis, forgot

The aff is committed to a stable, life-negating politics. We'll highlight 4 links:

1. Consensus building – their aff uses free speech as an instrument towards a crystallized political form that can represent all citizens. For instance, their Eberly evidence says free speech "advances knowledge and truth" as if there is one truth out there our politics should strive towards. Their Lukianoff card says speech acts as the instrumentality of the state, allowing us to make political reforms through persuasion.

This locks in violence – we search for one political alternative rather than embracing flex and instability – political hierarchies remain, only in new forms.

2. Rationalism – their framework is based on a liberal rationalist model – for instance Eberley argues free speech is necessary to act as an autonomous, rational subject. This negates affective forms of engagement – rather than basing politics in the free flow of desire, we contain this desire in the cage of rational autonomy

3. Civic engagement – the aff seeks not to destroy power but to seize it for themselves. This reveals the micro-fascist within the affirmative – civic engagement uses the State for new, equally violent ends

4. Extinction – appealing to fear of death to animate politics forces us into rigidity – we flee from the terrifying flux of life rather than embracing the uncertainty that comes with looking into the face of Death rather than fleeing it

This negation of the flux of desire negates lines of flight, converting them into lines of death. Rigidity causes us to internalize micro-fascism, and allows war machines to take over the the State – the impact is totalitarianism and mass violence

Deleuze and Guattari 80
Gilles And Felix A Thousand Plateaus Micropolitics and Segmentary Csayani + mkultra
We cannot say that one of these three lines is bad and another good,
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the destruction. All the dangers of the other lines pale by comparison. 

The alt is becoming-revolutionary. This is an affective, localized mobilization that affirms radical flexibility and resists political subjection. The perm is impossible – our model requires affect while theirs banishes it, and we reject all-encompassing political models like the affs because they crystallize hierarchies

Kanngieser 13 (Anja, lecturer in the Department of Sociology, Goldsmiths College, University of London,. . And. . . and. . . and. . . "The Transversal Politics of Performative Encounters" featured in Deleuze Studies Volume 6 Issue 2 - Felix Guattari and the Age of Semiocapitalis pgs. 265-271)kbuck
We can no longer separate the prospect of revolutionary challenge from a collective assumption of
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network Berlin Umsonst (Berlin for Free) launched Nulltarif in protest against public

Tournament: HW | Round: 2 | Opponent: loyola JN | Judge: fee

Current protections against hate speech are working – on campus harrassment is decreasing nationally now.

Sutton 16 Halley Sutton, Report shows crime on campus down across the country, Campus Security Report 13.4 (2016), 9/9/16,http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/casr.30185/full LADI
A recent report released by the National Center for Education Statistics found an overall decrease 

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lower than in 2001 for every category except forcible sex offenses and murder.

Removing restrictions on free speech allows hate speech – hate speech IS free speech

Volokh 15 Eugene Volokh,No, There’s No "hate Speech" Exception to the First Amendment, The Washington Post, 5/7/15, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2015/05/07/no-theres-no-hate-speech-exception-to-the-first-amendment/?utm'term=.05cfdd01dea4 LADI
I keep hearing about a supposed "hate speech" exception to the First Amendment

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with any established definition of "hate speech" that I know of.) 

Hate speech will be amplified in the face of powerless minorities—it instills terror and destroys education—turns the 1ac because free speech becomes exclusionary

SCU, S. (2016). Campus Hate Speech Codes - Resources - Character Education - Santa Clara University. Scu.edu. Retrieved 11 December 2016, from https://www.scu.edu/character/resources/campus-hate-speech-codes/ AS
Those who advocate hate speech codes believe that the harm codes prevent is more important 

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free speech, and the just balance between individual rights and group rights.

Turn — Hate speech definitively incites violence – empirics prove

Joyce Arthur 11 ~(Joyce Arthur, Founder and Executive Director of the Abortion Rights Coalition of Canada, a national political pro-choice group.) The Limits of Free Speech, Rewire 9-21-2011~ AT
Violent acts of hate are generally preceded by hate speech that is expressed publicly and 

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and socially—and pays the consequences through increased discrimination and violence.

Tournament: CPS | Round: 2 | Opponent: Immaculate Heart | Judge: JJ

Their fear of "aggression" causes us to fight defensive wars, which causes more casualties and failure

Robert Tracinski, Received his undergraduate degree in Philosophy from the University of Chicago and studied with the Objectivist Graduate Center and Editorial Director of the Ayn Rand Institute, "The Prophets of Defeatism," Ayn Rand Institute, March 16, 2002, http://www.capmag.com/article.asp?ID=1491, UK: Fisher
Why does the press systematically ignore America's history of military success, obsessing instead over 

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the war will end in failure. On their terms, it would. 

Resolve is the THE determiner of American hegemony – it’s key to deterrence and conflict effectiveness – anything else just prolongs violence

Eyago ‘5  7 / 8 / 05    Political Commentary – Sound Politics Reporter ~http://www.soundpolitics.com/archives/004721.html, Sound Commentary on Current Events in Seattle, Puget Sound and Washington State~
Finally, I am angry at those who undermine our efforts to conduct this war

AND

our public leaders. What they do for political gain is completely unconscionable.

That’s key to solve great power war and existential governance crises

Brooks, Ikenberry, and Wohlforth ’13 (Stephen, Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, John Ikenberry is the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University in the Department of Politics and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, William C. Wohlforth is the Daniel Webster Professor in the Department of Government at Dartmouth College "Don’t Come Home America: The Case Against Retrenchment," International Security, Vol. 37, No. 3 (Winter 2012/13), pp. 7–51)
A core premise of deep engagement is that it prevents the emergence of a far 

AND

that of potential rivals is by many measures growing rather than shrinking. 85

TURN: War engenders worse forms of oppression and suppression of rights

Goldstein 1—Prof  PoliSci @ American University, Joshua, War and Gender , P. 412
First, peace activists face a dilemma in thinking about causes of war and working for peace. Many peace scholars and activists support the approach, "if you want peace, work for justice". Then if one believes that sexism contributes to war, one can work for gender justice specifically (perhaps among others) in order to pursue peace. This approach brings strategic allies to the peace movement (women, labor, minorities), but rests on the assumption that injustices cause war. The evidence in this book suggests that causality runs at least as strongly the other way. War is not a product of capitalism, imperialism, gender, innate aggression, or any other single cause, although all of these influences wars' outbreaks and outcomes. Rather, war has in part fueled and sustained these and other injustices. So, "if you want peace, work for peace." Indeed, if you want justice (gener and others), work for peace. Causality does not run just upward through the levels of analysis from types of individuals, societies, and governments up to war. It runs downward too. Enloe suggests that changes in attitudes toward war and the military may be the most important way to "reverse women's oppression/" The dilemma is that peace work focused on justice brings to the peace movement energy, allies and moral grounding, yet, in light of this book's evidence, the emphasis on injustice as the main cause of war seems to be empirically inadequate.

Tournament: CPS | Round: 2 | Opponent: immaculate heart | Judge: JJ

Focusing on the underpinings and societal norms of violence like isolating militarism ignores the real subjective violence. It creates a tradeoff with interpersonal violent thoughts and decisions that make violence permissible in the first place- Their Wingenbach evidence is damning

Susanne Kappeler, Freelance Writer, A History of Violence, 1995, pg 1-2 CS

Violence is recognized beings or things.

Their idea of ethical social policy as a foundation for stopping violence ignores the interpersonal element of violent behavior.

Kappeler, 1995

Susanne Kappeler, Freelance Writer, A History of Violence, 1995, pg 8 CS
Even a discourse on ethics which we might expect to address this issue increasingly addresses 

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the range of competence of persons which are the topic of this book.

We control the root cause and turn the case-To ignore the agency of those who decide to engage in violence only allows that violence to go on unabetted. Collective blaming and victimizing hijacks any effective political resistance to violence.

Kappeler, 1995

Susanne Kappeler, Freelance Writer, A History of Violence, 1995, pg 3 CS

To overlook this decision, however, is itself a political decision, serving particular interests. In the first instance it serves to exonerate the perpetrators, ...which we are to assume to be a zone of non-violence.

The alternative is to use the personal decision to engage in violence as a starting point for political conversations about violence.

We must move away from the use of state power and social control to fix the circumstances that cause violent behavior. Liberation from mass political violence requires placing the decision to engage in violence first.

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 5 | Opponent: Forgot | Judge: Forgot

The plan forces withdrawal—Counterrecruitment movements are rising now – social media technologies and movement miscibility allow an unprecedented rise which decks mobilsiation capabilities and army recruitment

Vasi 06 ~Ion Bogdan Vasi (2006) The New Anti-war Protests and Miscible Mobilizations, Social Movement Studies, 5:2, 137-153~ AT
Mobilization against war has been one of the most visible forms of collective action in 

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mobilization and to focus further research on the fluid processes of miscible mobilizations.

U.S. withdrawal from South Korea wrecks the overall nuclear non-prolif regime—-causes global prolif

Van Jackson 9-9, Senior Editor at War on the Rocks, a Visiting Fellow at the Center for a New American Security, and a Council on Foreign Relations International Affairs Fellow, 9/9/15, "THE POVERTY OF LIBERTARIAN THINKING ABOUT THE U.S.–KOREAN ALLIANCE," http://warontherocks.com/2015/09/the-poverty-of-libertarian-thinking-about-the-u-s-korean-alliance/
Second, were the United States to abandon South Korea, the global taboo against 

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simply doesn’t see the value in preventing the emergence of new nuclear states.

Effective global nonprolif regime’s key to prevent global great power war

The Economist 15, "The new nuclear age," 3/7/2015, http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21645729-quarter-century-after-end-cold-war-world-faces-growing-threat-nuclear
A quarter of a century after the end of the cold war, the world 

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growing nuclear threat is to stare it full in the face.
 

Asian prolif specifically causes nuclear war

Stephen J. Cimbala 15, Distinguished Professor of Political Science at Pennsylvania State University Brandywine, The New Nuclear Disorder: Challenges to Deterrence and Strategy, 2015, p. 149
Failure to contain proliferation in Pyongyang could spread nuclear fever throughout Asia. Japan and 

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attack as offensive preparations for attack, thus triggering a mistaken preemption.

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 1 | Opponent: Green Valley KD | Judge: OKrent

plan decks surveillance capabilities— empirics prove

Bowman 17 ~Bridget,Bowman, B. (2017). Internet protest to ‘fight back’ against surveillance. PBS NewsHour. Retrieved 21 January 2017, from http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/internet-protest-fight-back-surveillance/~~ CS
Activist groups, companies, and websites will encourage internet users to take a stand
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Day We Fight Back" will produce enough pressure on Congress to push.

All forms of surveillance are necessary to prevent attacks

James Andrew Lewis 14, senior fellow and director of the Strategic Technologies Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, December 2014, "Underestimating Risk in the Surveillance Debate," http://csis.org/files/publication/141209'Lewis'UnderestimatingRisk'Web.pdf
NSA carried out two kinds of signals intelligence programs: bulk surveillance to support counterterrorism
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harder to identify attacks and increase the time it takes to do this.

Univeristies key- theyre hotbeds of radicalization

Gardham 11 ~David, D.Gardham, D. (2011). University campuses are 'hotbeds of Islamic extremism'. Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 20 January 2017, from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/8478975/University-campuses-are-hotbeds-of-Islamic-extremism.html~~ CS
Islamic fundamentalism is being allowed to flourish at universities, endangering national security, MPs
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ut-Tahrir as president and vice-president of the student union.

Extinction

Schleifer 15 (Theodore, "Former CIA Official: ISIS Terrorist Attack in US is Possible")
Islamic militants have the ability to direct individuals to conduct small-scale attacks in
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that involved either chemical, biological or other nuclear weapons," he said.

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 1 | Opponent: Green Valley KD | Judge: OKrent

Colleges must continue banning offensive speech under Title IX provisions or lose federal funds. This does not follow the first amendment but is necessary to secure funding and maintain a suitable educational environment.

Bernstein 3 David E. Bernstein – professor of Constitutional law at George Mason University since 1995, visiting professor at Brooklyn Law School, Georgetown Law Center, University of Michigan Law School, and William and Mary Law School, You Can’t Say That: The Growing Threat to Civil Liberties From Antidiscrimination Laws, pg. 60-61, DS
Given these constitutional barriers, public university speech codes were on the way out until
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Amendment, then so can they. Unfortunately, they may be right. 

Federal funding is key to public universities and colleges by funding for research, student aid, and low-income students’ access to higher education.

Woodhouse 15 Kellie Woodhouse, journalist at Inside Higher Ed, digital media company with decades of journalism experience covering higher education. "Impact of Pell Surge" June 12, 2015 https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2015/06/12/study-us-higher-education-receives-more-federal-state-governments, DS
Federal spending has surpassed state spending as the main source of public funding in higher
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in Pell funding for every full-time-equivalent student in 2013.

Access to higher education is key to social mobility and US competitiveness under globalization and evolving technologies. Anything else risks the system going obsolete.

Spellings 6 Margaret Spellings, Secretary of Education. "A Test of Leadership: Chartering the Future of U.S. Higher Education"  a report of the commission. Pre-Publication Copy https://www2.ed.gov/about/bdscomm/list/hiedfuture/reports.html , DS
To reach these objectives, we believe that U.S. higher education institutions
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seeing their market share substantially reduced and their services increasingly characterized by obsolescence.

US leadership prevents great power war and existential governance crises. A decrease in competitiveness leads to great power war, its try or die.

Brooks, Ikenberry, and Wohlforth ’13 (Stephen, Associate Professor of Government at Dartmouth College, John Ikenberry is the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University in the Department of Politics and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, William C. Wohlforth is the Daniel Webster Professor in the Department of Government at Dartmouth College "Don’t Come Home America: The Case Against Retrenchment," International Security, Vol. 37, No. 3 (Winter 2012/13), pp. 7–51)
A core premise of deep engagement is that it prevents the emergence of a far
AND
that of potential rivals is by many measures growing rather than shrinking. 85

Tournament: Stanford | Round: 4 | Opponent: Servite PA | Judge: Kaya

North Korea is becoming more aggressive- armament testing is imminent and south korea is hapless to stop it

Kim 1/01 ~Sam, Kim Says North Korea Close to Testing Inter-Continental Missile. Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 19 January 2017, from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-01-01/kim-says-north-korea-in-last-stage-for-icbm-test-yonhap-reports~~ CS
Kim Jong Un said North Korea is in the "last stage" of preparations
AND
, after the country conducted its fifth test in September. Bottom of Form 

US prescence key to maintain stability and check aggression in the region

Mason 10 ~Jeff, Obama Tells Military: Prepare for North Korea Aggression. (2017). Common Dreams. Retrieved 19 January 2017, from http://www.commondreams.org/news/2010/05/24/obama-tells-military-prepare-north-korea-aggression~~ CS
WASHINGTON - President Barack Obama has directed the U.S. military to coordinate
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Korea counterparts to ensure readiness and to deter future aggression" he said.

The plan forces withdrawal—Counterrecruitment movements are rising now – social media technologies and movement miscibility allow an unprecedented rise which decks mobilsiation capabilities and army recruitment, the only thing keeping them down was college crackdown

Vasi 06 ~Ion Bogdan Vasi (2006) The New Anti-war Protests and Miscible Mobilizations, Social Movement Studies, 5:2, 137-153~ AT
Mobilization against war has been one of the most visible forms of collective action in
AND
information technologies such as the Internet offered efficient resources for the rapid mobilization of 

A phased withdrawal would start with the U.S. transferring wartime operational control of the ROK armed forces back to South Korea

Doug Bandow 14, aff guy, 7/28/14, "South Korea: Forever Dependent on America," http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/south-korea-forever-dependent-america
At the same time, there is widespread fear, mostly among South Koreans,
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, transforming the alliance from a relationship of dependence into one of cooperation.

University Restiction and Crackdown on free speech is the only deterrent from keeping the movement rising

SW 5 ~(Socialist Workers) Cracking down on student protests, International Socialist Review10-7-2005~ AT
CAMPUS ADMINISTRATORS are cracking down on student activists who stand up against the presence of
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HCC and GMU students have a more powerful movement that's got their back."

Withdrawal from korea goes nuclear

Cirincone 2000 ~Joseph, The Asian Nuclear Chain Reaction, Joseph Cirincione, Senior Fellow and Director for Nuclear Policy at the Center for American Progress, Foreign Policy, Spring 2000, p. 120~ CS
The blocks would fall quickest and hardest in Asia, where proliferation pressures are already
AND
, perhaps, the first combat use of a nuclear weapon since 1945.

Tournament: HW | Round: 5 | Opponent: Katy Taylor CR | Judge: Chapman

1NC – Reform Affs

Settler, Slave, Savage. Our demand- return turtle island to the savage. Repair the demolished subjectivity of the slave.

====The United States federal government institutionalized slavery against the brown body and then forgot about it - South Asian history in America has never been heard and we rewrite our history by acknowledging the first Indian Americans - runaway slaves who gasped for their freedom. ====
Assisi 06 (Francis C. Assisi, author for IndoLink, "Tracking South Asian American Slaves", IndoLink, 2006, IndoLink is the first and largest ethnic internet media network serving South-Asians and Indians worldwide since 1995, http://www.indolink.com/displayArticleS.php?id=071204025816)//NVG
In the quest to identify and track down the earliest Indian Americans I came upon 

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heritage – including that of the runaway slaves who gasped for their freedom.

Slavery does not die because it has never lived. Anti-blackness structures the field of Ontology—-black captivity is the perfection of metaphysics because Being itself became objectified. All of modernity relies on the fungibility of the black body as a conduit for unintelligibility—-Black emancipation is the literal destruction of the world.

Warren 15 (Calvin L., Assistant Professor of American Studies at George Washington University, "Black Nihilism and the Politics of Hope"rJ)
For the black nihilist, anti-blackness is metaphysics. It is the system 

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metaphysical thinking by foregrounding the function of anti-blackness in structuring thought.

their politics of hope libidinally invests itself into the conditions of its own suffering—-a psychoanalytic drive to perpetuate anti-blackness

Warren 15 (Calvin L., Assistant Professor of American Studies at George Washington University, "Black Nihilism and the Politics of Hope"rJ)
To speak of the "Politics of Hope" is to denaturalize or demystify a 

AND

have solutions, and hope provides the accessibility and realization of these solutions. 

Gender and sexuality are part of a drama of value that operates on the terrain of bodies, but the black is only flesh

Wilderson 10 (Frank B., Apparently just an unqualified film critic. Friends with Siskel and Ebert? Red, White 26 Black: Cinema and the Structure of U.S. Antagonisms, pages 313-316)
Above I suggested that Seshadri-Crooks, by way of Butler, contradicts my 

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excess of cinema lets ordinary White film say what extraordinary White folks won’t.

The process of racialization in America both subtends and fundamentally structures the question of gender, absent racial analysis gender as a category is impossible to effectively theorize and resist

White bodies have always occupied the realm of "free speech" and used it to legitimize violence against populations—the aff’s plea for free speech only serves to benefit dominant white culture.

National Center for Human Rights Education 11’~opened its doors and joined 21 other countries which launched human rights education projects as part of the United Nations Decade for Human Rights Education, "First Amendment and Racial Terrorism", 2011, University of Dayton, http://academic.udayton.edu/race/06hrights/waronterrorism/racial02.htm~~//JC//
Racists in the United States have always been able to cloak their ideas in the 

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a cross to intimidate a black family was equivalent to freedom of speech.

Their faith in discourse as an act of emancipation presumes an access to subjectivity that the black has no access to

Wilderson 10 (Red, White, and Black)
Unfortunately, cultural studies that theorizes the interface between Blacks and Humans is hobbled in 

AND

in the face of a subject position that is not a subject position—

Slavery disarticulates any conception that civil society is elastic enough to contemplate black liberation – we cannot operate within the rubric of civil society because the very imaginary of the political terrain they attempt to manipulate is fundamentally and irreconcilably parasitic on the Middle Passage.

The burden is on the Master, not the Slave – them, not us – to explain how the Slave is of the world.

Wilderson 10 /Frank B., Red, White, and Black/
I have little interest in assailing political conservatives. Nor is my ar- gument 

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occur? The woman at the gates of Columbia University awaits an answer.

The role of the ballot is to best deconstruct anti blackness—Our alternative is an unflinching paradigmatic analysis which forefronts discussions of black criminality in context of this year’s resolution. Blackness as a site of absolute dereliction de-conceptualizes society as incoherent. We are the only ethical demand.

Wilderson 10 /Frank B., The Prison Slave as Hegemony's (Silent) Scandal, April 13^th, 2002/
Civil society is not a terrain intended for the Black subject. It is coded as waged and wages are White. Civil society is the terrain where hegemony is produced, contested, mapped. And the invitation to participate in hegemony's gestures of influence, leadership, and consent is not extended to the unwaged. We live in the world, but exist outside of civil society. This structurally impossible position is a paradox, because the Black subject, the slave, is vital to political economy: s/he kick-starts capital at its genesis and rescues it from its over-accumulation crisis at its end. But Marxism has no account of this phenomenal birth and life-saving role played by the Black subject: from Marx and Gramsci we have consistent silence. In taking Foucault to task for assuming a universal subject in revolt against discipline, in the same spirit in which I have taken Gramsci to task for assuming a universal subject, the subject of civil society in revolt against capital, Joy James writes : The U.S. carceral network kills, however, and in its prisons, it kills more blacks than any other ethnic group. American prisons constitute an "outside" in U.S. political life. In fact, our society displays waves of concentric outside circles with increasing distances from bourgeois self-policing. The state routinely polices the unassimilable in the hell of lockdown, deprivation tanks, control units, and holes for political prisoners (Resisting State Violence 1996: 34 ) But this peculiar preoccupation is not Gramsci's bailiwick. His concern is with White folks; or with folks in a White (ned) enough subject position that they are confronted by, or threatened by the removal of, a wage — be it monetary or social. But Black subjectivity itself disarticulates the Gramscian dream as a ubiquitous emancipatory strategy, because Gramsci, like most White activists, and radical American movements like the prison abolition movement, has no theory of the unwaged, no solidarity with the slave. Fanon (1968: 37) writes, "decolonization, which sets out to change the order of the world, is, obviously, a program of complete disorder." If we take him at his word, then we must accept that no other body functions in the Imaginary, the Symbolic, or the Real so completely as a repository of complete disorder as the Black body. Blackness is the site of absolute dereliction at the level of the Real, for in its magnetizing of bullets the Black body functions as the map of gratuitous violence through which civil society is possible: namely, those bodies for which violence is, or can be, contingent. Blackness is the site of absolute dereliction at the level of the Symbolic, for Blackness in America generates no categories for the chromosome of history, and no data for the categories of immigration or sover- eignty. It is an experience without analog — a past without a heritage. Blackness is the site of absolute dereliction at the level of the Imaginary, for "whoever says ‘rape’ says Black" (Fanon), whoever says "prison" says Black, and whoever says "AIDS" says Black (Sexton) — the "Negro is a phobogenic object" (Fanon). Indeed, it means all those things: a phobogenic object, a past without a heritage, the map of gratuitous violence, and a program of complete disorder. Whereas this realization is, and should be, cause for alarm, it should not be cause for lament, or worse, disavowal — not at least, for a true revolutionary, or for a truly revolution- ary movement such as prison abolition. If a social movement is to be neither social democratic nor Marxist, in terms of structure of political desire, then it should grasp the invitation to assume the positionality of subjects of social death. If we are to be honest with ourselves, we must admit that the "Negro" has been inviting whites, as well as civil society’s junior partners, to the dance of social death for hundreds of years, but few have wanted to learn the steps. They have been, and remain today — even in the most anti-racist movements, like the prison abolition movement — invested elsewhere. This is not to say that all oppositional political desire today is pro-

Tournament: CPS | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Sunset AB | Judge: Sur, damerdiji, leigh

Every protest and revolutionary project in the 1ac has already been trapped, enmeshed in the code, confined in the social fabric that conscribes it. The aff’s naïve belief that we just need more speech to challenge "the system" is a dangerous illusion, one that results in false hope, futility, and ultimately nihilism as it repeatedly fails to break free of the repression it targets.

Andrew Robinson 13 ~(Andrew Robinson, political theorist and activist based in the UK. His bookandnbsp;Power, Resistance and Conflict in the Contemporary World: Social Movements, Networks and Hierarchies (co-authored with Athina Karatzogianni) was published in Sep 2009 by Routledge, ) Jean Baudrillard and Activism: A critique, Ceasefire Magazine 2-7-2013~ AT
Baudrillard also seems to have a sharp sense of the strategic issues facing resistance today

AND

for an Event has become such a popular theme in contemporary radical theory. 

Lets pull some specific lines from the aff

Their Maloney Ev: "We should be able to participate in the free market of ideas."

Their Khan Evidence also indicates the desirability of open dialogue as a means to challenge imperialism

Their Hudson evidence indicates that free speech is key to coalition building and social movements that challenge imperialism

In the age of simulation, the system is so saturated with meaning, that even the social becomes meaningless. The mass comes to represent nothing, unable to speak or be spoken for. Thousands act while millions are sequestered by their profound indifference. This fission of the social produces harmonic violence. Politics becomes an empty simulacrum, a form of powerless power capable of ruling us only while we buy into its insidious illusion that it can still speak for the faceless mass. The aff's project of free speech is based on the precisely this illusion - they are obsessed with producing more meaning, mobilizing the masses with information, activism, and protest. This project is frustrated by the fundamental antagonism between the meaningless mass and the system's desperate drive to synthesize meaning. Reject the aff's call for protest and action; instead of injecting the mass with more meaning, more information you should let the system's inability to produce meaning overtake the system itself in a beautiful implosion. The aff sustains the system's power; vote neg to watch it burn.

Baudrillard 83 ~Jean, IN THE SHADOW OF THE SILENT MAJORITIES ••• OR THE END OF THE SOCIAL. 1983~ AT
There is no longer any polarity between the one and the other in the mass

AND

every chance that our passage towards implosion may also be violent and catastrophic.

Consumer capitalism simulates liberation to enforce social control – even radical politics does nothing to challenge the symbolic underpinnings of the system, which means zero aff solvency

Pawlett 10 ~(William Pawlett, senior lecturer in media, communications and cultural studies at University of Wolverhampton) "The Baudrillard Dictionary" under "Code" Edinburgh University Press, 2010~ AT
The concept of the code (le code, la grille) is an important 

AND

reality’: the complete and final replacement for the world as symbolic form.

In an attempt to rid society of the otherness, society has reduced the duality of the world to binary oppositions that fail to capture the unknown of the radically dual other. Good and Evil have been distilled by modern morality to reduce Evil to the accidental, that which can be controlled and eradicated. This allows for the violence of the axis of good. The diversion of Good and Evil has given Evil the autonomy to change the rules of the game. Strategies of sudden, ironic reversions through symbolic exchange have the potential to bring back Evil and radical otherness and disrupt the ‘hell of the same’

Pawlett 14 (William Pawlett, a professor of media and cultural studies at the University of Wolverhampton, International Journal of Baudrillard Studies, Baudrillard and War, "Society at War With Itself," Volume 11, Number 2, May 2014, http://www2.ubishops.ca/baudrillardstudies/vol-11'2/v11-2-pawlett.html, LD)
III. Duality There is a kind of progressive break with the world, the 

AND

, and in events or exchanges between people caught up in the cycle.

This means zero aff solvency – exploitation is inevitable even if the aff liberates speech since they make people’s lives net worse

Value to life also outweighs the aff – the lives the aff saves are meaningless because the aff erases the value in them

Second, necronomy – as the foundations of capitalism erode, war and violence are used to respond

Bifo 11 ~(Franco Berardi, Italian Marxist theorist and activist in the autonomist tradition, whose work mainly focuses on the role of the media and information technology within post-industrial capitalism) "After the Future" 09/20/11~
Thanks to digitalization and immaterialization of the production process, the economic nomos of private 

AND

and the hope. Death is the best future that capitalism may secure. 

Third, a consumption-driven system causes every impact

Smith 10 ~(Richard G. Smith, Associate Professor of Geography at Swansea university) "The Baudrillard Dictionary" under "Code" Edinburgh University Press, 2010~ AT
According to Baudrillard, a ‘perverse’ logic (SC, 97) drives consumer 

AND

(SC, 98) – in the name of science and progress.

We do not have an alternative, because to ask for an alternative would be to play into the system’s hands, playing in the language of empty political signs without referents. Instead, we offer a singularity: symbolically challenge the system by rejecting the gift of free speech. The system’s power requires the unilateral giving of these gifts, which the alternative reverses.

Pawlette 7 ~(William Pawlett,senior lecturer in media, communications and cultural studies at University of Wolverhampton) "The 'Break' with Marxism"~ AT
For Baudrillard, the system is so 'indifferent' it is scarcely meaningful to call it 

AND

to accept, the 'gifts' of self, career, status and information.

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 1 | Opponent: Green Valley KD | Judge: OKrent

The late-capitalist system has been so saturated with meaning that society has become meaningless; the masses represent nothing, unable to speak or be spoken for. Politics becomes an empty simulacrum, a theater-play of power asking us to join in even when this "power" is unable to liberate us – it is only capable of controlling us when we buy into its illusion. The aff's endorsement of free speech is precisely this illusion – they are obsessed with producing more meaning, mobilizing the masses with information, activism, and protest – it fuels the code’s desperate drive to synthesize meaning. Reject the aff's call for protest and action; instead of injecting the mass with more meaning, you should let the system's inability to produce meaning overtake the system itself in a beautiful implosion.

Baudrillard 83 ~Jean, IN THE SHADOW OF THE SILENT MAJORITIES ••• OR THE END OF THE SOCIAL. 1983~ AT
There is no longer any polarity between the one and the other in the mass
AND
cyclotron. Information is exactly this. Not a mode of communication or of 

This causes every impact – culminates in extinction

Smith 10 ~(Richard G. Smith, Associate Professor of Geography at Swansea university) "The Baudrillard Dictionary" under "Code" Edinburgh University Press, 2010~ AT
According to Baudrillard, a ‘perverse’ logic (SC, 97) drives consumer
AND
(SC, 98) – in the name of science and progress.

The alternative’s act of silent refusal disr-upts and outpaces the system’s demand for meaning, causing the system to I m p l o d e from within – our alternative is radically incompatible with the affirmative’s call for speech – this turns every framing card in the aff.

Baudrillard 83 ~Jean, IN THE SHADOW OF THE SILENT MAJORITIES ••• OR THE END OF THE SOCIAL. 1983~ AT
From Resistance to Hyperconformity The emergence of silent majorities must be located within the entire
AND
every chance that our passage towards implosion may also be violent and catastrophic.

Tournament: HW | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Brentwood RY | Judge: Eckert, Walton, Koh

1nc—Beautiful Implosions

Every protest and revolutionary project in the 1ac has already been trapped, enmeshed in the code, confined in the social fabric that conscribes it. The aff’s naïve belief that we just need more speech to challenge "the system" is a dangerous illusion, one that results in false hope, futility, and ultimately nihilism as it repeatedly fails to break free of the repression it targets.

Andrew Robinson 13 ~(Andrew Robinson, political theorist and activist based in the UK. His bookandnbsp;Power, Resistance and Conflict in the Contemporary World: Social Movements, Networks and Hierarchies (co-authored with Athina Karatzogianni) was published in Sep 2009 by Routledge, ) Jean Baudrillard and Activism: A critique, Ceasefire Magazine 2-7-2013~ AT
Baudrillard also seems to have a sharp sense of the strategic issues facing resistance today

AND

for an Event has become such a popular theme in contemporary radical theory.

The University is a site of social death – they are the ultimate space to facilitate semiotic consumption and simulated reality

Anarchist News 10 ~(Anarchistnews, ) The University, Social Death And The Inside Joke,  2-18-2010~ AT
In Baudrillard, the city is a semiotic factory; it constitutes "the ghetto 

AND

Yudoff so proudly calls a cemetery, a necropolis to rival no other. 

In the age of simulation, the system is so saturated with meaning, that even the social becomes meaningless. The mass comes to represent nothing, unable to speak or be spoken for. Thousands act while millions are sequestered by their profound indifference. This fission of the social produces violence. Politics becomes an empty simulacrum, a form of powerless power capable of ruling us only while we buy into its insidious illusion that it can still speak for the faceless mass. The aff's project of free speech is based on the precisely this illusion - they are obsessed with producing more meaning, mobilizing the masses with information, activism, and protest. This project is frustrated by the fundamental antagonism between the meaningless mass and the system's desperate drive to synthesize meaning. Reject the aff's call for protest and action; instead of injecting the mass with more meaning, more information you should let the system's inability to produce meaning overtake the system itself in a beautiful implosion. The aff sustains the system's power; vote neg to watch it burn.

Baudrillard 83 ~Jean, IN THE SHADOW OF THE SILENT MAJORITIES ••• OR THE END OF THE SOCIAL. 1983~ AT
There is no longer any polarity between the one and the other in the mass

AND

every chance that our passage towards implosion may also be violent and catastrophic.

The affirmative’s will to represent falls into the cycle of a self-defeating transparency. All attempts at transparency fundamentally act in congruence with the representational violence of geopolitics that attempts to render the whole world transparent.  This is the violence of geopolitics, the radical elimination of the other.

Artrip and Debrix 14. Ryan E. Artrip, Doctoral Student, ASPECT, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, and Francois Debrix, professor of political science at Virginia Polytechnical Institute, "The Digital Fog of War: Baudrillard and the Violence of Representation," Volume 11, Number 2 (May, 2014)
Such an expectation about the ontological "location" of the objects, subjects, 

AND

immune systems and our capacities to resist" (2003; our italics).

The alternative’s act of silent refusal disrupts and outpaces the system’s demand for meaning, causing the system to implode from within – our alternative is radically incompatible with the affirmative’s call for speech—THIS TURNS EVERY SINGLE FRAMING CARD IN THE AFF

Baudrillard 83 ~Jean, IN THE SHADOW OF THE SILENT MAJORITIES ••• OR THE END OF THE SOCIAL. 1983~ AT
From Resistance to Hyperconformity The emergence of silent majorities must be located within the entire 

AND

chance that our passage towards implosion may also be violent and catastrophic.

Tournament: Berkeley | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Kinkaid JY | Judge: Peries, Lonham, Overing

The late-capitalist system has been so saturated with meaning that society has become meaningless; the masses represent nothing, unable to speak or be spoken for. Politics becomes an empty simulacrum, a theater-play of power asking us to join in even when this "power" is unable to liberate us – it is only capable of controlling us when we buy into its illusion. The aff's endorsement of free speech is precisely this illusion – they are obsessed with producing more meaning, mobilizing the masses with information, activism, and protest – it fuels the code’s desperate drive to synthesize meaning. Reject the aff's call for protest and action; instead of injecting the mass with more meaning, you should let the system's inability to produce meaning overtake the system itself in a beautiful implosion.

Baudrillard 83 ~Jean, IN THE SHADOW OF THE SILENT MAJORITIES ••• OR THE END OF THE SOCIAL. 1983~ AT
There is no longer any polarity between the one and the other in the mass

AND

struggle nor in the molecular hodge-podge of desire-breaching minorities. 

In an attempt to rid society of the otherness, society has reduced the duality of the world to binary oppositions that fail to capture the unknown of the radically dual other. Good and Evil have been distilled by modern morality to reduce Evil to the accidental, that which can be controlled and eradicated. This allows for the violence of the axis of good. The diversion of Good and Evil has given Evil the autonomy to change the rules of the game. Strategies of sudden, ironic reversions through symbolic exchange have the potential to bring back Evil and radical otherness and disrupt the ‘hell of the same’

Pawlett 14 (William Pawlett, a professor of media and cultural studies at the University of Wolverhampton, International Journal of Baudrillard Studies, Baudrillard and War, "Society at War With Itself," Volume 11, Number 2, May 2014, http://www2.ubishops.ca/baudrillardstudies/vol-11'2/v11-2-pawlett.html, LD)
III. Duality There is a kind of progressive break with the world, the 

AND

, and in events or exchanges between people caught up in the cycle.

Yet radical Otherness haunts this system, emerging as a violent trap for these humanist attempts to contain the world within language. Any attempt to critique the global system of control must begin with a critique of the political economy of the sign.

Grace 2000.  Victoria Grace, professor of sociology at the University of Canterbury (UK), Baudrillard’s Challenge: A Feminist Reading, 2000, pg. 89
This distinction between a form of ‘otherness’ that is indeed structurally irreducible, neither 

AND

in the flesh of Third World people. (Latouche 1982: 42) 

The ROTB is to vote for the debater that best deconstructs Semiocapitalism

The alternative’s act of silent refusal disr-upts and outpaces the system’s demand for meaning, causing the system to I m p l o d e from within – our alternative is radically incompatible with the affirmative’s call for speech – this turns every framing card in the aff.

Baudrillard 83 ~Jean, IN THE SHADOW OF THE SILENT MAJORITIES ••• OR THE END OF THE SOCIAL. 1983~ AT
From Resistance to Hyperconformity The emergence of silent majorities must be located within the entire 

AND

chance that our passage towards implosion may also be violent and catastrophic.

Tournament: CPS | Round: 2 | Opponent: Immaculate Heart | Judge: JJ

The affs grounding in the desirability of free speech is a paranoiac take all mindset that is grounded endless violence and the expansion of democracy

Murphy 05 ~Dr. Paula Murphy (Mater Dei Institute of Education, Dublin City University, Ireland) The Simulacra of Global Conflict Volume 5, Number 2 (July, 2008).~ AT
If the media has become so powerful that it changes our modes of knowledge, 

AND

postmodern modes of representation, belying the ostensible divide between the two groups. 

As democracy spreads and repression is removed, the forces that created the oppression do not go away, rather they infect the whole of democracy.  The more democracy spreads, the less value it has—the specific link is the Giroux card at the end, they say the absence of the aff compromises democracy

Baudrillard in 94 ~Jean, "The Illusion of the End" p. 39-44~
However this may be, what is going to come of this transfusion of Good 

AND

might be the case with financial speculation, these same values may crash. 

That project of liberal subject building is a nihilistic violent enterprise that destroys value to life and causes endless warfare

Evans and Reid 13 ~Brad, Senior Lecturer in International Relations at the University of Bristole, and Julian, "Dangerously exposed: the life and death of the resilient subject," Resilience, 2013, Vol. 1 (2), pp. 83-98~
Resilient subjects are subjects that have accepted the imperative not to resist or secure themselves 

AND

that contemporarily permeate our ways of living devoid of any meaning as such. 

The alternative is exhaustion- by refusing the gifts the  technocracy grants us we obligate the system to suicide

Bifo 11 – Whit Whitmore’s pen name (Franco "Bifo" Berardi, After the Future pg 106-108)
Nothing, not even the system, can avoid the symbolic obligation, and it 

AND

new concatenation, where collective intelligence is only subjected to the common good.

Tournament: NDCA | Round: 3 | Opponent: Presentation AS | Judge: Braden James

1

Settler, Slave, Savage. Our demand- return turtle island to the savage. Repair the demolished subjectivity of the slave.

====The United States federal government institutionalized slavery against the brown body and then forgot about it - South Asian history in America has never been heard and we rewrite our history by acknowledging the first Indian Americans - runaway slaves who gasped for their freedom. ====
Assisi 06 (Francis C. Assisi, author for IndoLink, "Tracking South Asian American Slaves", IndoLink, 2006, IndoLink is the first and largest ethnic internet media network serving South-Asians and Indians worldwide since 1995, http://www.indolink.com/displayArticleS.php?id=071204025816)//NVG
In the quest to identify and track down the earliest Indian Americans I came upon
AND
heritage – including that of the runaway slaves who gasped for their freedom.

Reject the 1AC's anthropology of sentiment – gender is inessential at the level of ontology and speaking of alienation crowds out discussions of accumulation and fungibility's gratuitous violence. The question is not how the Black feels as a gendered subject, but rather how to break down the structure beween the living and the dead.

Wilderson 10 ~Frank B., Red White and Black:  Cinema and the Structure of U.S. Antagonisms/
The prescriptive register, on the other hand, might be called the Nat Turner
AND
the dead ask themselves how to put the living out of the picture.

Gender and sexuality are part of a drama of value that operates on the terrain of bodies, but the black is only flesh

Wilderson 10 (Frank B., Apparently just an unqualified film critic. Friends with Siskel and Ebert? Red, White 26 Black: Cinema and the Structure of U.S. Antagonisms, pages 313-316)
Above I suggested that Seshadri-Crooks, by way of Butler, contradicts my
AND
excess of cinema lets ordinary White film say what extraordinary White folks won't.

This turns and outweighs the case - Focus on sexual power mystifies the plantation resulting in the intersection of subjective and objective vertigo that recreates all violence

Sexton 8 (Jared Sexton, Director of African American Studies at UC Irvine, 2008, "Amalgamation Schemes: Antiblackness and the Critique of Multiracialism", pages 111-114)
FYI: Randall Kennedy is "one of the first black scholars in this generation
AND
" of slaves is something to honor or celebrate rather than to fear.

Impossible pedagogical demands precede any "radical politics"- the alternative is to begin from the black matrix by burning down the 1AC.

The black matrix describes the position of the black female's body as dispossessed of gender identity to civil society − our position begins understanding anti-blackness through racial and intimate violence and forced re-productivity against both black females and the black body writ large

James 2013 ~Joy (professor of humanities @ Williams College), "Afrarealism and the Black Matrix: Maroon Philosophy at Democracy's Border", The Black Scholar, Vol. 43, No. 4, Special Issue: Role of Black Philosophy (Winter 2013), pp. 124-131, this card is all of those pages, AX~
Introduction: Resilience Black philosophy functions as both a corrective and a creative source for
AND
of such women illuminated freedom flights and shaped a legacy for black philosophy.

Tournament: CPS | Round: Octas | Opponent: Lynbrook NA | Judge: Phillips, Duran, Cohen

The 1nc is a perverse bastardization of liberal subject formation

European conceptions of reason/body dualism posit non-white people – especially women – as irrational and closer to nature, and therefore dominable and exploitable

Quijano 2000 (Anibal, Professor of sociology at Binghamton University, "Coloniality of Power, Eurocentrism, and Latin America," http://www.unc.edu/~~aescobar/wan/wanquijano.pdf, 2000)
With Descartes the mutation of the ancient dualist approach to¶ the bodyand the nonbodytook 

AND

the explanation of the character and trajectory¶ of this perspective of knowledge.

Ill pull out a specific line from their hastings evidence

"We become full human agents, capable of understanding ourselves, and hence defining an identity, through our acquisition of rich human languages of expression"

Their faith in discourse as an act of emancipation presumes an access to subjectivity that the black has no access to

Wilderson 10 (Red, White, and Black)
Unfortunately, cultural studies that theorizes the interface between Blacks and Humans is hobbled in 

AND

its very nature, crowds out and forecloses the Slave's grammar of suffering.

Theories must take into account their historical and social conditions – anything else fails since it assumes the wrong starting point for a moral theory. Theories that are colorblind don’t take into account the social background that all theories are embedded in – a social background of racism – this makes their theories a tool of racism

Walsh 4 ~(Kenneth, Staff Writer, Boston College Third World Law Journal) "COLOR-BLIND RACISM IN GRUTTER AND GRATZ" Boston College Third World Law Journal, Volume 24 No 2, 2004. Review of RACISM WITHOUT RACISTS: COLOR-BLIND RACISM AND THE PERSISTENCE OF RACIAL INEQUALITY IN THE UNITED STATES. By Eduardo Bonilla-Silva. Lanham, Boulder, New York, and Oxford: Rowman and Littlefield 2003. Pp. 213.~ AT
In his book, Racism Without Racists: Color-Blind Racism and the Persistence 

AND

by obscuring the fact that there is even a problem to fix.161

There is no progress from the slave; freedom is an illusion created by the shackles of civil society – we must burn the 1ac to the ground.

Farley 5 /Anthony, "Perfecting Slavery", http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1028andcontext=lsfp/
What is to be done? Two hundred years ago, when the slaves in 

AND

the slave must become to pursue its calling that is not a calling.

The black body is the map of gratuitous violence which disarticulates their notions of resistance and freedom – the black is always already marked with criminality – contingent interactions do not alter black ontology.

Our alternative is an unflinching paradigmatic analysis which forefronts discussions of black criminality in context of this year’s resolution. Blackness as a site of absolute dereliction de-conceptualizes society as incoherent. We are the only ethical demand.

Wilderson 10 /Frank B., The Prison Slave as Hegemony's (Silent) Scandal, April 13^th, 2002/
Civil society is not a terrain intended for the Black subject. It is coded 

AND

via reform or reparation), but must nonetheless be pursued to the death.

Racism is the foremost impact – it makes all ethical action impossible

Albert Memmi, Professor Emeritus of Sociology @ U of Paris, Naiteire, Racism, Translated by Steve Martinot, p. 163-165 2000
The struggle against racism will be long, difficult, without intermission, without remission

AND

True, it is a wager, but the stakes are irresistible.

Tournament: Stanford | Round: Octas | Opponent: Harvard Westlake EE | Judge: Lonham, Perieis, forgot

Interpretation: Any means every

Definition of ANY. (2016). Merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 14 December 2016, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/any
b :  every —used to indicate one selected without restriction any child would know that

1. In the context of free speech, Any refers to all legally—prefer our evidence

Danilina NO DATE (S., staff writer for black's law dictionary, "Is Flag Burning Illegal?" http://thelawdictionary.org/article/is-flag-burning-illegal///LADI)
Interesting that the burning of the flag has been against the law until 1969.
AND
decision to award the First Amendment protection to the burning of the flag.

2. Semantically – Any in this context is a universal, satisfies the almost test

Lallas 17 ~Jackson, ladi extraoirdinare,  In defense of T-Any, http://www.theladi.org/blog/~~ CS
A good rule of thumb for telling the difference between a universal and existential any
AND
of the resolution favor a generic reading, as we would intuitively expect.

Violation: their defend the protection of only some constitutionally protected free speech, not all of it, this is in the plan text

Aff skew

Research Burden

3. Resolutionality

4. Neg Ground

Lallas 17 ~Jackson, ladi extraoirdinare,  In defense of T-Any, http://www.theladi.org/blog/~~ CS
The quality of neg ground is inversely correlated to the aff's instead of roughly equivalent
AND
about offensive publications and potentially a small link to kritiks of free speech.

Tournament: CPS | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Harvard Westlake AM | Judge: Amestoy, Tan, Leigh

1nc – T "Any"

Interpretation: Any means every

Definition of ANY. (2016). Merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 14 December 2016, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/any
b :  every —used to indicate one selected without restriction any child would know that

In the context of free speech, Any refers to all legally—prefer our evidence

Danilina NO DATE (S., staff writer for black’s law dictionary, "Is Flag Burning Illegal?" http://thelawdictionary.org/article/is-flag-burning-illegal///LADI)
Interesting that the burning of the flag has been against the law until 1969. 

AND

decision to award the First Amendment protection to the burning of the flag.

Violation: their defend the protection of only some constitutionally protected free speech, not all of it

Standards:

Aff skew – the interpretation incentivizes increasingly unpredictable and small affs the negative will always be behind in the affirmative’s interpretation – they will always be unable to prepare and research against the infinite number of affs that the affirmative can bring up ie. The affirmative could be protecting something like "Public colleges and universities in the United States ought not restrict students’ right to write papers on Kant" or that "Colleges shouldn’t restrict students’ right to say racism bad" that kill discussion and make the debate impossible for the neg – destroys fairness

Research Burden – the negative will always be behind in the affirmative’s interpretation – they will always be unable to prepare and research against the infinite number of affs that the affirmative can bring up – destroys education because this leads to shallow debates with no valuable clash occurring and destroys fairness for the negative to be able to win1. Vote on fairness - the judge needs to enforce competitive equity to serve their role of evaluating the winner.

D. Voter

1. Vote on fairness - the judge needs to enforce competitive equity to serve their role of evaluating the winner.

2. Education – the game itself is valuable since it teaches us about the topic and other portable skills that apply outside of debate, which should be preserved to make the game worth playing.

3. Drop the debater because it chills abusive practices

4. Competing interps:

It sets norms since we find the best practice for debate which checks more abusive practices in the future

Reasonability leads to a race to the bottom since people will constantly toe the line and read increasingly abusive arguments

Reasonability is arbitrary since we don’t know what is "reasonable," inviting judge intervention or random unjustified thresholds

5. No RVIs

Chills theory – fear of the loss discourages debaters from running theory to check abuse and encourages abuse. Good theory debaters will run abusive positions to bait theory and win the round. T is a stock issue, don’t reward them for meeting their burden

Forces theory – RVI’s center the debate on t since substance has zero utility, so each speech has an incentive to go solely for t, which destroys substantive education.

Tournament: Minneapple | Round: 4 | Opponent: Bettendorf RN | Judge: Pandacham

1nc

There are 4 dangers inherent in the 1ac-Fear, Clarity, Power, and Abolition, their revolutionary lines of flight become reordered in the logic of microfascism

Deleuze and Guattari 80
Gilles And Felix A Thousand Plateaus Micropolitics and Segmentary ASherm + mkultra
We cannot say that one of these three lines is bad and another good,
AND
the destruction. All the dangers of the other lines pale by comparison. 

The 1ac is a capitulation to the logic of the control society, institutions may change, but in name alone. There is no need for fear or hope however, but simply a need to look for new weapons

Deleuze 90 ~Gilles Deleuze, "Postscript on Control Societies," L'autre Journal 1, May 1990~
Edited for gendered language

1. History Foucault located the disciplinary societies in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries;
   AND
   in one and the same modulation, like a universal system of deformation.

That independently results in the formulation of hierarchical structures, microfascism constructs vertical relationships between individuals

Deleuze and Guattari 80
Gilles And Felix A Thousand Plateuas pg 15 CS
To be rhizomorphous is to produce stems and filaments that seem to be roots,
AND
a rhizome), and thus arrives at an entirely different state of the unconscious

We're key to politics

Newman '9 (Saul Newman, Professor of Political Theory@ ULondon, "Politics in the Age of Control", Deleuze and New Technology, ed. Mark Poster, pg 115-120,)
Politics in Search of a People When discussing the new society of control, Deleuze
AND
- a new collective politics based on the people and its radical potential. 

There is no impact to social death

Land 92 
Nick, lecturer in continental philosophy at the university of warwick, The Thirst For Annihilation Georges Bataille and Virulent nihilism CS
How much dying can a body do? At least one dose, and even
AND
the ephemera in its nerves that it has so little attachment to them? 

In response to a control society, we call for minoritarian war machines against the control assemblage through becoming

Newman '9 (Saul Newman, Professor of Political Theory@ ULondon, "Politics in the Age of Control", Deleuze and New Technology, ed. Mark Poster, pg 115-120,)
Politics in Search of a People When discussing the new society of control, Deleuze
AND
- a new collective politics based on the people and its radical potential. 

This becomes a D-rule- The ROB is to vote for the debater that best recognizes the world as an assemblage of desires.

Hegarty and Ericson 00
Kevin and Richard The surveillant assemblage CS
The philosopher Gilles Deleuze only occasionally wrote directly on the topic of surveillance, usually
AND
this "fork in the road" stuff and start using a different metaphor

Vote neg: the 1ac was the latest iteration in the soporific story of debate: reactionary confrontation with difference—reactive forces and negation abound. The aff proposes a curriculum of dialectical laboring against difference. We say revel in difference; instead of laboring at the walls of a 1ac house, put down floorboards and dance with us.

Deleuze 62. Gilles, Nietzsche and Philosophy. p. 8-10 mkultra
Is Nietzsche a "dialectician"? Not all relations between "same" and "
AND
. Underneath the Hegelian image of the master we always find the slave.

Tournament: Apple Valley | Round: 3 | Opponent: Forgot | Judge: Forgot

Counterplan: The United States Federal Government should approve Obama’s funding request for body cameras

Obama’s budget request for a full 263 million for body cameras was rejected by the senate—this fails to adequately fund the elements necessary to fully support law enforcement and improve relations with the community to solve for police brutality

Kokalitcheva, K. (2014). Obama announces $263M in funding for police body cameras and training. VentureBeat. Retrieved 16 November 2016. Published 12/1/2014. http://venturebeat.com/2014/12/01/president-obama-announces-263m-in-funding-for-police-body-cameras/
The measure cuts back Obama's request for police body cameras and new community policing initiatives

AND

is essential," said Tuesday's letter from White House budget chief Shaun Donovan. 

Body cameras solve for police brutality

Wing, Nick Study Shows Less Violence, Fewer Complaints When Cops Wear Body Cameras. (2015). The Huffington Post. Retrieved 16 November 2016. Published 10/13/2015. Wing graduated from UC Berkeley with a B.A. in History and has extensively worked as a reporter at cnet, WSJ, Westside School’s Member Board of Trustees, and at The NYT.
Equipping police with body cameras may be an effective way to improve the behavior of 

AND

87 percent drop in civilian complaints, compared to the previous year’s totals.

Tournament: Apple Valley | Round: 3 | Opponent: Forgot | Judge: Forgot

1nc shell: Broken Windows policing

Counterplan: The United States Federal Government should increase funding and require more training hours in the areas of conflict management training and mediation skills in police training

Police departments only offer an average of eight hours in mediation skills and only 39 percent of agencies mandate that all officers go through conflict management training. These should be reformed to decrease police brutality

Gutierrez, D. (2016). Why Police Training Must be Reformed - Harvard Political Review. Harvard Political Review. Retrieved 16 November 2016, from http://harvardpolitics.com/united-states/police-training-must-reformed/**
On February 9, David Joseph, an unarmed African American teen, was killed 

AND

communities they operate in rather than enemy combatants can America end police brutality.

Tournament: Apple Valley | Round: 3 | Opponent: Forgot | Judge: Forgot

1nc shell

The plan decimates municipal budgets—litigation costs drain public funds leading to worse policing

Hitt 15

• • ~Jack, writer, journalist, for mother jones, http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2015/07/police-shootings-traffic-stops-excessive-fines~~ CS
    When you ask why such "bad" cops are nevertheless armed and allowed to 

AND

and removing them from the job force makes sense in no reasonable world." 

Municipal economies key to national econ

Morath 10/26 
~Eric; Economics analyst at the WSJ; http:www.wsj.com/articles/slowdown-in-state-local-investment-dents-u-s-economy-1477495758;~ CS but swooped from Jonas’ wiki
A sharp pullback in spending by cities and states on infrastructure—from highways to 

AND

rising, leaving many states with little discretion to deploy tax dollars elsewhere.

The impact is nuclear war

Royal 10 – Jedediah Royal, Director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense, 2010, "Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises," in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 213-214
Less intuitive is how periods of economic decline may increase the likelihood of external conflict

AND

popularity, are statistically linked to an increase in the use of force. 

Extinction

Wickersham ’10 - University of Missouri adjunct professor of Peace Studies and a member of The Missouri University Nuclear Disarmament Education Team, author book about nuclear disarmament education (Bill, 4/11/10, "Threat of ‘nuclear winter’ remains New START treaty is step in right direction." http://www.columbiatribune.com/news/2010/apr/11/threat-of-nuclear-winter-remains/)
In addressing the environmental consequences of nuclear war, Columbian Steve Starr has written a 

AND

war fought with thousands of strategic nuclear weapons would leave the Earth uninhabitable."

Tournament: GBX | Round: Octas | Opponent: Millard North GB | Judge: Lonnam, Maddie, Zhou

The 1AC conceives of power in a purely negative, legalistic form that misunderstands the operation of power

Fink 13 ~(Bruce, practicing Lacanian psychoanalyst, member of the psychoanalytic institute Jacques Lacan created, the École de la Cause freudienne in Paris, obtained his Ph.D. from the Department of Psychoanalysis at the University of Paris VIII, Professor of Psychology from 1993 to 2013 at Duquesne University in Pittsburgh, affiliated member of the Pittsburgh Psychoanalytic Center) "Against Understanding, Volume 1: Commentary and Critique in a Lacanian Key" google books~ AT
A more far-reaching critique that Foucault offers in his History of Sexuality concerns
AND
with it" (p. ISO), not those that are outdated.

This retrogressive vision of power allows biopolitics and disciplinary power to operate beneath the level of the law, unseen and impervious to criticism

Foucault 78 ~(Michel, philosopher) A History of Sexuality, Volume 1: The Deployment of Sexuality. Translated 1978 by Robert Hurley~ AT
Underlying both the general theme that power represses sex and the idea that the law
AND
of power that no longer takes law as a model and a code.

The impact is fascism

O'Farrell 10 ~(Clare, senior lecturer in the School of Cultural and Language Studies in Education, Queensland Univ of Technology) "Foucault and the disciplinary society 2" Refracted Inputs blog, Sep 1~ AT
Critics have often read Foucault's notion of a disciplinary society as meaning that people subject
AND
old problems in new guises is frequently not recognised for what it is.

The alternative is a reinterpretation of psychoanalytic theory through the lense of soverign violence- this corrects for the paradoxes of their ethic

Kornbluh 12 ~(Anna, Associate Professor of English at the University of Illinois, Chicago) "ENJOYING LAW: PSYCHOANALYSIS AND SOVEREIGN BODIES" JCRT 12.1 Spring 2012 17~ AT
One ambitious goal of Eric Santner's beautifully composed and brilliantly observed The Royal Remains:
AND
—of reserving the real as excess, and as seat of enjoyment.

Tournament: Mineapple | Round: 5 | Opponent: Millard North TQ | Judge: Rebecca Kuang

The presence of the slave makes ethics impossible. All actions within the matrix of anti-blackness are parasitic on the existence of blackness as the over-determination of incoherence, which precipitates anti-black freedom as a means of policing and disavowing black suffering.

Wilderson 10 /Frank Wilderson, Red, White, and Black: Cinema and the Structure of US Antagonisms/
Due to the presence of prior existing relations within a world of contemporaries, no
AND
being, and is positioned, by an a priori violence of genocide. 

Emancipatory discourses are white flights of fancy on the vehicle of black fungibility; blackness prefigures modernity which means blackness is a prior question.

Wilderson 10 /Frank B., Red, White, and Black 20-21/
Again, what is important for us to glean from these historians is that the
AND
symbiosis between the political ontology of Humanity and the social death of Blacks.

It's a question of intellectual frameworks − is your investment in the state productive or not- impossible demands centered around spaces outside of civil society is our refusal to sustain the framework of the neo-carceral state.

It's unethical to think of the state as a site of productive demands − even if the affirmative is a good in the abstract you paper over the other historical injuries that ought to make us question − why do we keep investing in the state??

Our alternative is the ONLY productive form of intellectual engagement that serves as an analytical tool to dismantle the prison regime- every other approach makes it inevitable

Rodriguez 2010 ~Dylan (professor in the Department of Ethnic Studies @ University of California Riverside), "The Disorientation of the Teaching Act: Abolition as Pedagogical Position", RADICAL TEACHER NUMBER 88, pg. 12-15, AX~
It is virtually indisputable—though always worth restating—that most pedagogical practices (
AND
captivity, a linkage that increasingly lays bare racism's logical outcome in genocide.

Impossible pedagogical demands precede any "radical politics"- the alternative is to begin from the black matrix.

The black matrix describes the position of the black female's body as dispossessed of gender identity to civil society − our position begins understanding anti-blackness through racial rape and the intimate violence and forced re-productivity against black females

James 2013 ~Joy (professor of humanities @ Williams College), "Afrarealism and the Black Matrix: Maroon Philosophy at Democracy's Border", The Black Scholar, Vol. 43, No. 4, Special Issue: Role of Black Philosophy (Winter 2013), pp. 124-131, this card is all of those pages, AX~
Introduction: Resilience Black philosophy functions as both a corrective and a creative source for
AND
of such women illuminated freedom flights and shaped a legacy for black philosophy.

Tournament: Mineapple | Round: 2 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit CP VL | Judge: You

The affs resistance to qualified immunity represents a violent endorsement of positivism and a resistance to indeterminacy- the coherentist demand on modernity papers over the disparate temporality inherent to qualified immunity—politicizing a fundamental anxiety to the unknown

Meyer 15 ~Linda ross, Associate Professor of Law, Quinnipiac College. B.A., 1984, University of Kansas; J.D., 1987, Ph.D., 1991, University of California, Berkeley., published in NYU law review~ CS
A look at these doctrinal areas reveals that acknowledgements of radical legal "indeterminacy"
AND
norms are more available to us than any circuit or district court decision.

State sovereignty serves as a universal lens through which to view the world and conduct political life – it constitutes a fantasy attempting to avoid confronting uncertainty, even to the point of violent imposition.

Edkins, professor at Aberystwyth 2002 ~Jenny "The Subject of the Political" Sovereignty and Subjectivity~
We have shown that the subject is of necessity incomplete, or impossi¬ble. It
AND
. Their actions respond to what they sup¬pose are the desires of authority.

Conceiving of Law as a Form of Ethics Fails—It Maintains Metaphysics At the Cost of a Higher Goal, Making the True Ethical Act Less Possible

Steven D. Smith, Professor, Notre Dame Law School, ARTICLE: Believing Like a Lawyer, Boston College Law Review, September, 1999, p.lexis  
In this spirit, some recent scholarship presents legal discourse as a method of practical
AND
of "practical reason" in less exotic, more plausible forms. n71

The aff's political project is impossible—the plan stands in for a future world, but there is always some obstacle to our political visions which will met with violence and ultimately risks extinction—examining the structure of desire and enjoyment rather than projecting better political worlds is the only means of channeling the death drive away from catastrophe

McGowan 2013 —- Associate Professor at the University of Vermont (Todd, Enjoying What We Don't Have, Project Muse)trepka
There is no path leading from the death drive to utopia. The death drive
AND
recognize that we enjoy the lost object only insofar as it remains lost.

The alternative is an ethic of desire—The act of demanding government change is doomed to failure because situating our demands with the state creates an addiction to refusal that maintains the worst elements of our political structure—their framework arguments are only coherent within this perverse commitment to the status quo, and all of the purported benefits to their model of debate require the intervention of our alternative first

Lundberg 12 —- ‎Professor and Communication Strategies Consultant (Christian, Lacan in Public, Published by The University of Alabama Press, Project Muse) CS
On Resistance: The Dangers of Enjoying One's Demands The demands of student revolutionaries and
AND
and productivity of frustrated demand as part and parcel of antagonistic democratic struggle.

The impact is endless war —- the refusal to use psychoanalysis means we ignore the collective unconscious of the public and the leaders which allows manipulation of values to justify irrational invasions —- our internal anxieties about failing to solve the aff are projected onto the other, creating them as an enemy to be exterminated and legitimating nuclear conflict

Jacobsen 2013 —- University of Chicago (Kurt, "Why Freud matters: Psychoanalysis and international relations revisited", International Relations, SagePub)CS
Psyche, self-interest, and warfare Updating Thucydides, 'what made war
AND
not a compelling slogan to emblazon on a scholarly banner, Occam notwithstanding.

Tournament: Mineapple | Round: Doubles | Opponent: WDM SC | Judge: Pandacham, Theis, McNeil

There exists a spectre haunting the 1AC: the ghosts of the black body have come to roost. The message of the 1AC is fantastic but it's a question of how do we best address issues of inequity

Thinking queerness as an identity, performance or set of practices obscures the prior ontological queerness of blackness, which exists as the absolute index of otherness over and against which humanity and modernity vouchsafe their value and coherence. This failure to theorize gender and sexuality from the underside of the human is a failure to interrogate the very template of deviance that haunts queerness, ensuring anti-black homonormative identification.

Jackson 2011 /Zakiyyah, "Waking Nightmares," GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies, Vol. 17, No. 2-3~
Marriott's scholarship reminds us that queer theory may unwittingly diminish its criticality if it fails
AND
black practices as criminal, queer, nationally polluting, and pathological.15

It is unethical to be free in the presence of the slave. All actions within the matrix of anti-blackness are parasitic on the existence of blackness as the overdetermination of incoherence, which precipitates anti-black freedom as a means of policing and disavowing black suffering.

Wilderson 10 /Frank Wilderson, Red, White, and Black: Cinema and the Structure of US Antagonisms/
Due to the presence of prior existing relations within a world of contemporaries, no
AND
being, and is positioned, by an a priori violence of genocide. 

Emancipatory discourses are white flights of fancy on the vehicle of black fungibility; blackness prefigures modernity which means blackness is a prior question.

Wilderson 10 /Frank B., Red, White, and Black 20-21/
Again, what is important for us to glean from these historians is that the
AND
symbiosis between the political ontology of Humanity and the social death of Blacks.

The black body is the map of gratuitous violence which disarticulates their notions of resistance and freedom ¬– the black is always already marked with criminality – contingent interactions do not alter black ontology.

Wilderson 10 /Frank B., The Prison Slave as Hegemony's (Silent) Scandal, April 13^th, 2002/
Civil society is not a terrain intended for the Black subject. It is coded
AND
via reform or reparation), but must nonetheless be pursued to the death.

Slavery does not die because it has never lived. The anti-black grammar of suffering of the slave trade continues the crisis of language in which all actions and thoughts are contextualized within the slave trade. Their race-neutral intellectual project ignores the singularity of the black experience, appropriating black suffering as the template for non-black greivances, misrecognizing the afterlife of slavery.

Sexton 10 /Jared Sexton 'The Curtain of the Sky': An Introduction 2010 Critical Sociology/
The disqualification of black resistance by the logic of racial slavery is not unrelated to
AND
predicament of freedom: there is no such thing as a fugitive slave.

There is no progress from the slave; freedom is an illusion created by the shackles of civil society – we must burn the 1ac to the ground—start from the 1NC's callout, it's a more productive strategy

Farley 5 /Anthony, "Perfecting Slavery", http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1028andcontext=lsfp/
What is to be done? Two hundred years ago, when the slaves in
AND
the slave must become to pursue its calling that is not a calling.

Tournament: GBX | Round: Octas | Opponent: Millard North GB | Judge: Lonnam, Maddie, Zhou

Expressing the unconscious through the use of decipherable semiotics is the pitfall of expression – language and communication seeks to codify the uncodifiable, to know the unknowable, removing fantasy and mystery from the equation

Baudrillard and Hildreth, 81 ~Jean and Lee, "Beyond The Unconscious: The Symbolic," Discourse journal, vol. 3, spring edition, pg. 79-81, MW~
Treating words as things ... in order to express the thing - the unconscious -
AND
and exorcism, even orgiastic mysticism, is well known, witness Héliogabale.). 

The Impact  is a bastaridzation of language and eternal violence—the discursive framing of the unconscious dooms us to become spectators and participants in the reality show of violence

Baudrillard 96 ~Jean, March 4, "Disneyworld Company"~
But the Disney enterprise goes beyond the imaginary. Disney, the precursor, the
AND
to imagine a virtual universe or the fourth dimension ~la quatrieme dimension~. 

The alternative is the disjunction of language – language will never be a reference to the real.  Instead, it should be used to further distance from the real, and return it more disjointed and confused than it is now.

Baudrillard 95 ~Jean, April 19, "Radical Thought"~
Our point is not to defend radical thought. Any idea that can be defended
AND
return it a little bit more unintelligible. A little bit more enigmatic.

Tournament: Voices | Round: 6 | Opponent: Harker RS | Judge: Kaya

Next is the CP

Text: The United States Federal Government should

-ratify the draft Treaty on Prevention of the Placement of Weapons in Outer Space and of the Threat or Use of Force against Outer Space Objects,

-fully fund its unilateral efforts to colonize Mars,

-propose to cooperate with Japan and Russia.

Last two planks solve colonization – NRC is in the context of general cooperation

First plank solves space militarization

Jaramillo 9 (Cesar Jaramillo, graduated with a BA and an MA in political science and global governance, 12/1/09, "In Defence of the PPWT Treaty: Toward a Space Weapons Ban" Space Security, Volume 30, Issue 4, http://ploughshares.ca/pl_publications/in-defence-of-the-ppwt-treaty-toward-a-space-weapons-ban/, JSO)
The existing legal regime that tackles the potential weaponization of outer space is outdated,
AND
latter that is the primary focus of proponents of a space security treaty.

Tournament: Voices | Round: 3 | Opponent: Forgot | Judge: Forgot

1NC

The Goods and Services Tax is set to pass now – but it’s close and requires political effort by Modi

Rajesh Roy 15 ~(Rajesh Roy, ) Will the Indian Parliament Pass Key Legislation This Session?, WSJ 7-21-2015~ AT
India’s Parliament is set to reconvene Monday for its monsoon session, which looks set 

AND

introduced a uniform entrance examinations for all medical educational institutions across the country.

Nuclear power is unpopular

Rebecca Byerly 11 ~(Rebecca Byerly, For National Geographic News, ) India Maps Out a Nuclear Power Future, Amid Opposition, National Geographic News 7-23-2011~ AT
Jaitapur is meant to be the flagship location for the Indian nuclear energy renaissance that 

AND

—a fact underscored in protests that turned violent this spring at Jaitapur.

Tournament: Voices | Round: 6 | Opponent: Harker RS | Judge: Kaya

1

Nuclear power k2 space col- only feasible source of generating thrust

Zolfagharifard 16 , Ellie, writer for the daily mail(http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3499441/Nasa-wants-use-nuclear-rockets-Mars-Space-agency-claims-technique-effective-way-reaching-red-planet.html)
Nuclear thermal propulsion is 'the most effective' way of sending humans to Mars. That's
AND
'Advanced nuclear propulsion systems could have extremely high performance and unique capabilities.'

Nuclear's key – cuts down travel times and ensures the missions succeeds

Richard Gray 15 ~(Richard Gray For Mailonline, ) Nasa is developing new NUCLEAR rockets to send astronauts into space, Mail Online 2-3-2015~ AT
Nuclear thermal rockets weigh around half as much as chemical rockets for the same amount
AND
'Advanced nuclear propulsion systems could have extremely high performance and unique capabilities.'

Every second we don't colonize ends 10²⁹ future human lives – outweighs literally any other impact

Bostrom3— Nick Bostrom, Nick Bostrom is a Swedish philosopher at the University of Oxford known for his work on existential risk, the anthropic principle, human enhancement ethics, superintelligence risks, the reversal test, and consequentialism. ("Astronomical Waste: The Opportunity Cost of Delayed Technological Development", Utilitas, 2003, Available Online at http://www.nickbostrom.com/astronomical/waste.html, accessed 7-15-2016, JSO)
As I write these words, suns are illuminating and heating empty rooms, unused
AND
lost for every second of postponement of colonization of our supercluster.~6~

The impact is extinction

Fox News 10 (Fox News, "Abandon Earth or Face Extinction, Stephen Hawking Warns – Again", http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2010/08/09/abandon-earth-face-extinction-warns-stephen-hawking/, 6/9/10) SV
It's time to abandon Earth, warned the world's most famous theoretical physicist. In
AND
species should be safe, as we spread into space," he said.

Intermittency and launch costs means no solar

Hsu 09 ( Jeremy, writer for astrobiology magazine http://www.space.com/7617-controversy-flares-space-based-solar-power-plans.html)
Hoffert is wary of Solaren's latest step forward and the company's promise of delivering 200
AND
e-mail to colleagues. "But scientists should not do this."

Tournament: Voices | Round: 6 | Opponent: Harker RS | Judge: Kaya

Nuclear power is key to stable desalinization – demand is high and rising

IAEA 15 ~— widely known as the world's "Atoms for Peace" organization within the United Nations family. Set up in 1957 as the world's centre for cooperation in the nuclear field, the Agency works with its Member States and multiple partners worldwide to promote the safe, secure and peaceful use of nuclear technologies, "New Technologies for Seawater Desalination Using Nuclear Energy," IEAE TecDoc Series, 2015~
 It is anticipated that by 2025, 33 of the world population,
AND
for coupling nuclear reactors and desalination systems for specific sites in the Mediterranean region

Only solution to water shortages

IAEA 15 ~— widely known as the world's "Atoms for Peace" organization within the United Nations family. Set up in 1957 as the world's centre for cooperation in the nuclear field, the Agency works with its Member States and multiple partners worldwide to promote the safe, secure and peaceful use of nuclear technologies, "New Technologies for Seawater Desalination Using Nuclear Energy," IEAE TecDoc Series, 2015~
Addressing water shortages is a difficult challenge for many countries due to population growth and
AND
applied to optimize the energy use in the integrated power and water plants.

Water crises cause escalating global conflict

Rasmussen 11 ~(Erik, CEO, Monday Morning; Founder, Green Growth Leaders) "Prepare for the Next Conflict: Water Wars" HuffPo 4/12~ AT
For years experts have set out warnings of how the earth will be affected by
AND
and "business as usual" prevails, then water wars will accelerate.

Tournament: Voices | Round: 6 | Opponent: Harker RS | Judge: kaya

1NC – Warming DA

Nuclear power is critical to stop catastrophic warming

Waldman 15 - Susanne, PhD in Risk Communication at Carleton University ("Why we Need Nuclear Power to Save the Environment" http://energyforhumanity.org/climate-energy/need-nuclear-power-save-environment/) RMT
The idea we might need nuclear power to save the environment may have seen farfetched
AND
they provide is typically quite cheap and not sensitive to fuel price volatility.

There's an unquestionable scientific consensus about warming.

Nuccitelli 16 — Dana Nuccitelli, Climate Writer for the Guardian, Environmental Scientist at Tetra Tech—a private environmental consulting firm, holds an M.A. in Physics from the University of California-Davis and a B.A. in Astrophysics from the University of California-Berkeley, 2016 ("It's settled: 90–100 of climate experts agree on human-caused global warming," Climate Consensus – The 97—a Guardian blog about climate change, April 13^th, Available Online at https://www.theguardian.com/environment/climate-consensus-97-per-cent/2016/apr/13/its-settled-90100-of-climate-experts-agree-on-human-caused-global-warming, Accessed 07-15-2016)
There is an overwhelming expert scientific consensus on human-caused global warming. Authors
AND
climate scientists, this paper should be the final word on the subject.

Global warming definitively causes extinction

Sharp and Kennedy 14 – (Associate Professor Robert (Bob) A. Sharp is the UAE National Defense College Associate Dean for Academic Programs and College Quality Assurance Advisor. He previously served as Assistant Professor of Strategic Security Studies at the College of International Security Affairs (CISA) in the U.S. National Defense University (NDU), Washington D.C. and then as Associate Professor at the Near East South Asia (NESA) Center for Strategic Studies, collocated with NDU. Most recently at NESA, he focused on security sector reform in Yemen and Lebanon, and also supported regional security engagement events into Afghanistan, Turkey, Egypt, Palestine and Qatar; Edward Kennedy is a renewable energy and climate change specialist who has worked for the World Bank and the Spanish Electric Utility ENDESA on carbon policy and markets; 8/22/14, "Climate Change and Implications for National Security," International Policy Digest, http://intpolicydigest.org/2014/08/22/climate-change-implications-national-security/, Accessed 7/11/16, HWilson) Our planet is 4.5 billion years old.
AND
and political decisions; it will be hard to fix!

Tournament: Voices | Round: 3 | Opponent: Forgot | Judge: Forgot

1NC – Meltdowns K

Meltdown fears are hype and cause panic that distracts attention from more salient disasters

McCartney 11 – general practitioner, Glasgow (Margaret, 3/22. "Panic about nuclear apocalypse overshadows Japan’s real plight." http://www.bmj.com/content/342/bmj.d1845?ijkey=xsmHzm92sZxFQz2andkeytype=ref)
Yet it is not this human disaster that is the source of ongoing headlines and 

AND

nuclear-panic-is-over-reaction-say-scientists).

The aff’s fear of inevitable radiation risks causes more harm than the radiation itself – panic leads to psychological trauma and death, radiation’s inevitable and good in low doses, and meltdowns are extremely unlikely

George Johnson 15 ~(George Johnson, ) When Radiation Isn’t the Real Risk, New York Times 9-21-2015~ AT
This spring, four years after the nuclear accident at Fukushima, a small group 

AND

avoid the horrors we imagine, we risk creating ones that are real. 

Fear is not inevitable or natural – the aff’s "riskiness" script institutionalizes a narrative of fear and deactivates human agency

Frank Furedi 07 ~(Frank Furedi, author of Politics of Fear: Beyond Left and Right, published by Continuum, ) The only thing we have to fear is the ‘culture of fear’ itself, This essay is based on a talk delivered at the NY Salon debate, ‘Living in a state of fear’ at the New School on 20 March 2007~ AT
The terms ‘fear’ and ‘risk’ have been used pretty much interchangeably in many 

AND

of individual choice appears to be restricted by today’s harsh regime of uncertainty.

Tournament: Voices | Round: 3 | Opponent: Forgot | Judge: Forgot

Burke 1NC

The aff’s invocation of unpredictable threats to national existence is a futile drive for ontological certainty – this makes endless violence inevitable and turns humans into mere tools as it destroys the world

Burke 7 ~(Anthony, Associate Professor of Politics and International Relations in the University of New South Wales) "Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason," Theory and Event, Volume 10, Issue 2, 2007~ AT
This essay develops a theory about the causes of war — and thus aims to 

AND

to end the global rule of insecurity and violence? Will our thought?

Vote negative to reject the 1AC’s enframing and interrogate its epistemological failures—-this is a prereq to successful policy and prevents extinction

Ahmed 12 Dr. Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed is Executive Director of the Institute for Policy Research and Development (IPRD), an independent think tank focused on the study of violent conflict, he has taught at the Department of International Relations, University of Sussex "The international relations of crisis and the crisis of international relations: from the securitisation of scarcity to the militarisation of society" Global Change, Peace and Security Volume 23, Issue 3, 2011 Taylor Francis
While recommendations to shift our frame of orientation away from conventional state-centrism toward 

AND

, effective, and joined-up policy-making on these issues.

Tournament: Voices | Round: 1 | Opponent: Loyola AB | Judge: Kumar

Settler, slave, savage. Our demand: return Turtle Island to the savage. Repair the demolished subjectivity of the slave.

Frank B. Wilderson 2010 ~Frank B., killed apartheid officials in South Africa, nuff said, Red, White and Black: Cinema and the Structure of U.S. Antagonisms, pages 1-5~
When I was a young student at Columbia University in New York there was a
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foundation of the close reading of feature films and political theory that follows. 

All antagonisms derive from Western notions of humanity – slavery set the stage for other all forms of contingent violence like patriarchy, capitalism and heteronormativity

Wilderson 10 ~2010, Frank B. Wilderson is an Associate Professor of African-American Studies at UC Irvine and has a Ph.D. from UC Berkeley, "Red, White and Black: Cinema and the Structure of U.S. Antagonisms,"~
Without this gratuitous violence, a violence that marks everyone experientially until the late Middle
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symbiosis between the political ontology of Humanity and the social death of Blacks.

Demands made to the government can be granted as a shield to the rest of their atrocities. What happens when their demands are met? This type of plastic memory hurts their end-goal—cx proves, their evidence is about social movements pressuring the government

Dylan Rodriguez, 2010 (Professor at UCR of Latin American Studies, "The Terms of Engagement: Warfare, White Locality, and Abolition", http://crs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/36/1/151
White supremacist political, cultural, and economic formations are utterly foundational to the emergence
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incorporation and inclusion become crucial to the historical project of white supremacist globality. 

Black positionality renders their strategy of legal reformism incoherent—blackness is the site of absolute dereliction and blackness can only be the total disconfiguration of civil society

Wilderson 2007 ~Frank B., "The Prison Slave as Hegemony's Silent Scandal" in Warfare in the American Homeland ed. Joy James, p. 31-2~
Slavery is the great leveler of the black subjects positionality. The black American subject
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." Perhaps there is something more terrifying about the joy of black than there

====Anti blackness outweighs and turns the case – it is the interection of objective and subjective vertigo====
Wilderson '3 ~Frank Wilderson revolutionary, "The Vengeance of Vertigo: Aphasia and Abjection in the Political Trials of Black Insurgents," http://www.scribd.com/doc/79282989/Wilderson-the-Vengeance-of-Vertigo :~
Subjective vertigo is vertigo of the event. But the sensation that one is  not
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, as for the slave, there are no cognitive maps, no conceptual

Weigh the K first opposing racism is the precondition to moral coherence

Albert Memmi, 2000, Racism, p. 159-161
Evidently, I am a moderate optimist. The struggle against racism will be long
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us act so that no one is any longer treated like a beast.