Tournament: All | Round: 1 | Opponent: Any | Judge: Any
Feel free to contact me about anything, whether before a round or if you have any questions about a position I read. I'm reachable at all but I check texts and Facebook messages the most. I'm willing to meet whatever interps you have if you just contact me before round. 

Also, Debate should be fun and safe for all of us- please let me know if there is something that would be triggering/upsetting to you and I will not read it.

Phone - (713)454-3778
Facebook - Tess Welch
Email - bammytess8@gmail.com

Also check my any of my teammates' wikis for other broken positions.

Tournament: All | Round: 2 | Opponent: Any | Judge: Any
0 means cites that arent actually cites
1 means cites that are theory / interps and shells and stuff
2 means eveything else that isn't resolutional

Tournament: Any | Round: 3 | Opponent: All | Judge: All
A) Interp - All debaters with awareness and access to the NDCA 16-17 LD Wiki, located at “hsld.debatecoaches.org”, must disclose all broken positions on said wiki at least 30 minutes before the round or provide their own accessible contact information. All disclosure must occur on one’s own wiki page including the tags citation, and first and last three words of each card. 

B) Violation - 

C) Reasons to Prefer - 

1. small school inclusivity 

Bietz ’10:
Bietz, Mike. “The Case for Public Case Disclosure.” NFL Rostrum, Vol. 84, Issue 9. May 2010. https://nationalforensicleague.org/DownloadHandler.ashx?File=/userdocs/publications/05-201020Complete20Rostrum.pdf
Big teams already get
AND
have the resources to travel as much.

2. Educational benefits 

    a)

    b)

3. Engagability 

D) Implication

     (changes)

Tournament: Strake Jesuit | Round: 1 | Opponent: Clements HS AC | Judge: Kris Wright
A. Counter-Interp: the aff only needs to specify (X) if the spec interp of the neg is disclosed on the NDCA wiki at least an hour prior to the round. 

B. I meet: 

C. Net Benefits  

1. Overspec bad
      2. Time skew
      3. (something that doesn't have a short theory buzzword to explain but just a reason to prefer my interp)

Tournament: University of Houston | Round: 5 | Opponent: Earl Warren NO | Judge: Cathy Terrace
Anti-blackness is not an ontological antagonism-~--conflict is inevitable in politics, but does not have to be demarcated around whiteness and blackness.

Peter Hudson 13, Political Studies Department, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg , South Africa, has been on the editorial board of the Africa Perspective: The South African Journal of Sociology and Theoria: A Journal of Political and Social Theory and Transformation, and is a member of the Johannesburg Workshop in Theory and Criticism, The state and the colonial unconscious, Social Dynamics: A journal of African studies, 2013

Thus the self-same/other
AND
based on a determinate identity.

Tournament: Strake Jesuit | Round: 3 | Opponent: Earl Warren NO | Judge: Eddie Metelisa
If the structure of recognition is anti-black, then the aff’s radical form of resistance has no solvency. People become passive because nothing they do can change the structure of recognition and radical resistance seems impractical. Wilderson
“We’re trying to destroy the world” Anti-Blackness and Police Violence After Ferguson An Interview with Frank B. Wilderson, III  This is a transciption of an radio interview with Frank B. Wilderson, III taped in October of 2014, in the midst of the ongoing anti-police struggles taking place in Ferguson, MO. Wilderson is in conversation with IMIXWHATILIKE hosts Jared Ball, Todd Steven Burroughs and Dr. Hate. An audio recording of the interview can be found under the title “Irreconcilable Anti-Blackness and Police Violence” on the show’s website: http://imixwhatilike.org/2014/10/01/frankwildersonandantiblackness-2/
“Normally people are not
AND
on with us.’” (9)

The pervasiveness of anti-black simply leaves us with an analysis of the problem because it denies all forms of political resistance and hope for a new framework. Proves solvency is not so simple. Nothing in the status squo can lead us to true liberation. Wilderson 2
“Normally people are
AND
we actually experience.” (10-11)

Tournament: Colleyville | Round: 1 | Opponent: Winston Churchill BY | Judge: Jennifer Camacho
If the structure of recognition is anti-black, then the aff’s radical form of resistance has no solvency. People become passive because nothing they do can change the structure of recognition and radical resistance seems impractical.
Wilderson '10:
“We’re trying to destroy the world” Anti-Blackness and Police Violence After Ferguson An Interview with Frank B. Wilderson, III  This is a transciption of an radio interview with Frank B. Wilderson, III taped in October of 2014, in the midst of the ongoing anti-police struggles taking place in Ferguson, MO. Wilderson is in conversation with IMIXWHATILIKE hosts Jared Ball, Todd Steven Burroughs and Dr. Hate. An audio recording of the interview can be found under the title “Irreconcilable Anti-Blackness and Police Violence” on the show’s website: http://imixwhatilike.org/2014/10/01/frankwildersonandantiblackness-2/ 

“Normally people are not
AND
on with us.’” (9)

Tournament: UT | Round: 4 | Opponent: Seven Lakes JS | Judge: Alexander Chase

The nc said "disabled person," and other words of the sort numerous times, specifically in the first off and attacking my case – over 20 times.

Roberts ~1~:
Roberts 07 (Jeff, "The Rhetorical Structure of Disability: Bridging the Gap between What is 'Spoken' and What is 'Said' with Song – Over-Signifying with Personhood Against the Backdrop of Disease-Centric Discourse," Diss. 2007. TW )
Until recently, human "disability" has been conceptually understood as an abnormal, 
AND
, yet these examples are far from the textual norm in modern legislation. 

The destructive rhetoric of disability allows for the dehumanization and further oppression against people with disabilities.

Roberts ~2~:
Roberts 07 (Jeff, "The Rhetorical Structure of Disability: Bridging the Gap between What is 'Spoken' and What is 'Said' with Song – Over-Signifying with Personhood Against the Backdrop of Disease-Centric Discourse," Diss. 2007. TW )
The rhetoric surrounding disability, particularly as it is embodied in recent Congressional legislation, 
AND
to make pragmatic gains for people with disabilities in the spirit of equality?

Thus the alt is to reject disease-centered rhetoric and replace it with "people first language."

Roberts ~3~:
Roberts 07 (Jeff, "The Rhetorical Structure of Disability: Bridging the Gap between What is 'Spoken' and What is 'Said' with Song – Over-Signifying with Personhood Against the Backdrop of Disease-Centric Discourse," Diss. 2007. TW )
"People first language" is a way of speaking and writing, about individuals
AND
ever actually mentally ill, or if society creates the illness within individuals. 

Tournament: Grapevine | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Harvard Westlake SP | Judge: Kris Wright, Rodrigo Paramo, John Sims
THE ELECTION IS A CONSPIRACY – TRUMP IS A DOUBLE AGENT
Zurcher ’15:
Zurcher ’15 (Anthony, “ Is Donald Trump a Democratic secret agent?” BBC News, 12-11-15, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-35066940, TW)

Could Donald Trump
AND
than a friend.

Tournament: University of Houston | Round: 5 | Opponent: Earl Warren NO | Judge: Cathy Terrace

First, our body is a condensed history of millions of years of mutations, and we continue to be vulnerable to the random laws of genetics. Random mutations create the inevitable conditions for evolution and explain the diversity of life.

Haviland ~1~:

Haviland, William A. Anthropology: The Human Challenge, 15th Edition. Cengage Learning, 2017. ~Yuzu~. UH-DD
"At the level of an
AND
for some new adaptation." (Pg. 41)

Implications:
A) Analytic
B) Analytic
C) Analytic
D) Analytic
E) Analytic
F) Analytic

The evolution of our brains created the conditions for cultural adaptation. No longer did we have to wait generations to prevail environmental pressures. Through culture, we could overcome challenges that were not possible from a purely biology standpoint.

Haviland ~2~:

Haviland, William A. Anthropology: The Human Challenge, 15th Edition. Cengage Learning, 2017. ~Yuzu~. UH-DD
"In the quest for
AND
and cultural change." (Pg. 167-168) 

Implications:
A. Analytic
B. Analytic
C. Analytic
D. Analytic

And, if cultural conflict is inevitable, the goal of intercultural politics is not to eradicate conflict, but to channel conflict in ways productive to intercultural coexistence. This requires an agonistic commitment, which reframes the other as an advisory instead of an enemy.

Mouffe ~1~:

"On the Political" by Chantal Mouffe 2000 UH-DD
"Once the theoretical terrain
AND
in an ongoing confrontation." (Pg. 101-102)

Thus, the standard is promoting agonistic democracy. To clarify, the standard is concerned with following the constitutive procedures of agonistic democracy, not ends.

Mouffe ~2~:

On the Political" by Chantal Mouffe 2000 UH-DD
"To avoid any confusion,
AND
for conflicting interpretations." (Pg. 120-121)

Contention One –

A – Analytic.

B – Injurious speech subjugates agents but paradoxically marks them as socially recognizable within language. This presents a site of linguistic reversibility. Since language is temporal, we can reverse the norms that make injurious speech possible.

BUTLER ~1~:

"Excitable Speech: A Politics of Performativity" by Judith Butler 1997 UH-DD
"One is not simply fixed by the name that one is called. In being called an injurious name, one is derogated and demeaned. But the name holds out another possibility as well: by being called a name~d~, one is also, paradoxically, given a certain possibility for social existence, initiated into a temporal life of language that exceeds the prior purposes that animate that call. Thus the injurious address may appear to fix or paralyze the one it hails, but it may also produce an unexpected and enabling response. If to be addressed is to be interpellated, then the offensive call runs the risk of inaugurating a subject in speech who comes to use language to counter the offensive call. When the address is injurious, it works its force upon the one it injures. What is this force, and how might we come to understand its faultlines?" (Pg. 2)

Analytic

Contention Two –

A - Hate speech is different from hate crimes

Kamier:

Kaminer Wendy (author, lawyer, journalist at the Atlantic and civil libertarian) "Why We Need to Tolerate Hate" Nov. 28 2012, The Atlantic,  http://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2012/11/why-we-need-to-tolerate-hate/265654/ KA
Decorate your house
AND
business of the state. 

B - Agonism requires the diversity of beliefs to allow engagement.

Mouffe ~3~:

(Chantal Mouffe, Professor at the Department of Political Science of the Institute for Advanced Studies. June 2000. "The Democratic Paradox")\
I submit that this
AND
thinking is invaluable.

Contention Three –

Censorship allows our own logic to get co-opted crushing social movements.

Adler '96:

(Adler, Amy. "Whats Left?: Hate Speech, Pornography, And The Problem For Artistic Expression." California Law Review, Vol. 84, No. 6. December 1996. Web. December 07, 2016. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3481093.)
The failure of leftist
AND
left's very eyes.

Censorship is an issue of interpretation. This ensures cooption.

BUTLER ~2~:

"Excitable Speech: A Politics of Performativity" by Judith Butler 1997 UH-DD
"Indeed, recent efforts
AND
the moment of utterance." (Pg. 13)

Censorship only reifies the reigning hegemonic ideology.

Ward '90:

Ward '90 (Dr. David V, ~Phil Prof at Widener University,~ "Library Trends," Philosophical Issues in Censorship and Intellectual Freedom, Vol 39, No 1 and 2, 1990, pg 86-87)

Second, even if the opinion
AND
the expressions of others. 

Underview

Arguments about construction of certain identities can never turn the framework- that misses the goal of agonism. Identity politics homogenizes and turns their identity.

Mouffe 4 ~Chantal Mouffe, Professor at the Department of Political Science of the Institute for Advanced Studies. June 2000. "The Democratic Paradox"~

A well-functioning democracy
AND
basis of civility.

Tournament: University of Houston | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Cedar Park MG | Judge: Arun Sharma, Neel Yereni, Daniel Conrad
First, our body is a condensed history of millions of years of mutations, and we continue to be vulnerable to the random laws of genetics. Random mutations create the inevitable conditions for evolution and explain the diversity of life.
Haviland 1:

Haviland, William A. Anthropology: The Human Challenge, 15th Edition. Cengage Learning, 2017. Yuzu. UH-DD
"At the level of an
AND
for some new adaptation." (Pg. 41)

Implications:
A) Analytic
B) Analytic
C) Analytic
D) Analytic
E) Analytic
F) Analytic

The evolution of our brains created the conditions for cultural adaptation. No longer did we have to wait generations to prevail environmental pressures. Through culture, we could overcome challenges that were not possible from a purely biology standpoint.
Haviland 2:

Haviland, William A. Anthropology: The Human Challenge, 15th Edition. Cengage Learning, 2017. Yuzu. UH-DD
"In the quest for
AND
and cultural change." (Pg. 167-168) 

Implications:
A. Analytic
B. Analytic
C. Analytic
D. Analytic

And, if cultural conflict is inevitable, the goal of intercultural politics is not to eradicate conflict, but to channel conflict in ways productive to intercultural coexistence. This requires an agonistic commitment, which reframes the other as an advisory instead of an enemy.
Mouffe 1:

"On the Political" by Chantal Mouffe 2000 UH-DD
"Once the theoretical terrain
AND
in an ongoing confrontation." (Pg. 101-102)

Thus, the standard is promoting agonistic democracy. To clarify, the standard is concerned with following the constitutive procedures of agonistic democracy, not ends.
Mouffe 2:

On the Political" by Chantal Mouffe 2000 UH-DD
"To avoid any confusion,
AND
for conflicting interpretations." (Pg. 120-121)

Contention One –

A – Analytic.
B – Injurious speech subjugates agents but paradoxically marks them as socially recognizable within language. This presents a site of linguistic reversibility. Since language is temporal, we can reverse the norms that make injurious speech possible.
BUTLER 1:

"Excitable Speech: A Politics of Performativity" by Judith Butler 1997 UH-DD
"One is not simply =
AND
understand its faultlines?" (Pg. 2)

Analytic

Contention Two –

Agonism requires the diversity of beliefs to allow engagement.
Mouffe 3:

(Chantal Mouffe, Professor at the Department of Political Science of the Institute for Advanced Studies. June 2000. "The Democratic Paradox")\
I submit that this
AND
thinking is invaluable.

Contention Three –

Censorship only reifies the reigning hegemonic ideology.
Ward '90:

Ward '90 (Dr. David V, Phil Prof at Widener University, "Library Trends," Philosophical Issues in Censorship and Intellectual Freedom, Vol 39, No 1 and 2, 1990, pg 86-87)

Second, even if the opinion
AND
the expressions of others. 

Censorship is an issue of interpretation. This ensures cooption.
BUTLER 2:

"Excitable Speech: A Politics of Performativity" by Judith Butler 1997 UH-DD
"Indeed, recent efforts
AND
the moment of utterance." (Pg. 13)

Underview

The role of the ballot is to vote for the debater who best meets their burden under a truth testing paradigm. Analytic
Prefer: 

Standards of goodness for any activity, like debate, inevitably collapse to the intrinsic form. The ends of debate are inseparable from the rules that govern it. This alone explains the possibility of binding standards.
BOYLE and LAVIN:
Boyle, Matthew and Douglas Lavin. 2010. Goodness and desire. In Desire, Practical Reason, and the Good, ed. Sergio Tenenbaum. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 32-33. DD
"A certain standard of goodness for a thing follows inevitably from its belonging to
AND
an arbitrary claim, but a premise up for debate under truth testing. 

Outweighs:
A. Analytic
B. Analytic
C. Analytic
D. Analytic 

Analytic

Tournament: Colleyville | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Keller MH | Judge: Preston Stolte
Prefer non-ideal theory: 

1. Social Ontology: Ideal theory fails to recognize that agency is political – focusing on a pre-given subject ignores our constitutive social relations. An ontology that recognizes differentiation in subjectivity is key.
   BUTLER:
   (Judith Butler. 1992. “Continent Foundations: Feminism and the Question of “Postmodernism” Feminists Theorize the Political)
   “In a sense, the subject
   AND
   be prior to politics itself.”

2. Standpoint Epistemology: Ideal theory strips away questions of particularities and isolates a universal feature of agents. This normalizes a single experience and epistemically skews ethical theorizing.
MILLS 3:
 (“Ideal Theory” as Ideology CHARLES W. MILLS 2004 UH-DD, http://www.douglasficek.com/teaching/phi-102/mills.pdf)   
“The crucial common claim—whether
AND
concepts arrived at may be misleading.” (175)

Embracing pluralism is key to acknowledging the social oppression of heterogeneous groups.
Young:

 Young, Iris Marion. Justice and the Politics of Difference. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, 1990. Print. CM
Second, because it
AND
public facilitates such expression.

Multiple impacts:
1 - ANALYTIC
2 - ANALYTIC

Thus the standard is resisting structural violence. 

Advantage 1 – Radicalized Racism
Speech codes just turn outspoken bigots into closeted ones, draining support from protest movements because the problem is buried under speech codes, and as a result less visible to the public. 

ACLU:
ACLU (American Civil Liberties Union), “Hate Speech on Campus,” 2016.  
Many universities, under
AND
inclusive approaches to all subject matter. 

And free speech cuts both ways – instead of silencing through speech codes, hate speech should be responded with deliberation
Piser ’16:
Piser ’16 (Karina, “Trump’s Bigotry Tests the Limits of Free Speech,” Aljazeera America, January 2016, http://america.aljazeera.com/opinions/2016/1/trumps-bigotry-tests-the-limits-of-free-speech.html, TW)
Stomaching hateful views
AND
to drown them out.

Letting people say what they want lets America OPEN THEIR EYES and DO SOMETHING
Burke ’16:
Burke ’16 (Cathy, “Joe Biden: ‘I Want to Thank’ Trump For Unmasking America’s Racism,” News Mask, March 01 2016, http://www.newsmax.com/Headline/joe-biden-thanks-donald-trump-exposing/2016/03/01/id/716945/, TW)
Vice President Joe Biden
AND
deals going on," he added.

Increasing prevalence of censorship culture and political correctness cedes the political - that’s why trump got elected.
Soave ’16:
Soave ’16 (Robby, Associate editor at reason.com with primary areas of interest in college news, education policy, criminal justice reform and television, “Trump Won Because Leftist Political Correctness Inspired a Terrifying Backlash,” November 2016, , http://reason.com/blog/2016/11/09/trump-won-because-leftist-political-corr, TW)

Trump won because of
AND
he isn't afraid to speak his.

Advantage 2 – Exictable Speech
Injurious speech is specifically conditioned by a history of social normalization. Strategies that account for the damage of the utterance in the moment cannot solve for the violence that precedes and follows the moment.
Butler:
BUTLER: “Excitable Speech: A Politics of Performativity” by Judith Butler 1997 UH-DD
As utterances, they
AND
instance of utterance.” (Pg. 3)

Implications- 

1. Linguistic Reversibility- injurious speech subjugates agents but paradoxically marks them as socially recognizable within language. This presents a site of linguistic reversibility. Since language is temporal, we can reverse the norms that make injurious speech possible.
   Butler 2:
   BUTLER 2: “Excitable Speech: A Politics of Performativity” by Judith Butler 1997 UH-DD
   “One is not
   AND
   we come to understand its faultlines?” (Pg. 2)

2. Censorship is guaranteed failure-- It prevents survival strategies and it requires using injurious speech in its own critique. This ensures recirculation.
Butler 3:
BUTLER 3: “Excitable Speech: A Politics of Performativity” by Judith Butler 1997 UH-DD
“Neither view can
AND
performance of hate speech.

Impacts:
A. Analytic
B. Analytic
C. Analytic

Underview
First - Public colleges only have jurisdiction over specific freedoms they could limit
Byrne ’06:
Byrne ‘06 (Peter J, Professor of Law at the Georgetown University Law Center, “Constitutional Academic Freedom After Grutter: Getter Real about the ‘Four Freedoms’ of a University,” University of Colorado Law Review, 2006, Volume 77, pg 929-953, http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1443andcontext=facpub, TW)

In a concurring opinion,
AND
valuable scholarship and teaching could exist.

ANALYTIC

Second – Restrictions of free speech on college campuses have empirically failed and were counter-productive.
Friedersdork writes in 2015:
Friedersdorf, 2015 (Conor Staff Writer at The Atlantic “The Lessons of Bygone Free-Speech Fights.” The Atlantic. 10 December 2015. Online. http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/12/what-student-activists-can-learn-from-bygone-free-speech-fights/419178/)

More than 20 years
AND
and civil-liberties community.”

Tournament: Colleyville | Round: 1 | Opponent: Winston Churchill BY | Judge: Jennifer Camacho
"If freedom of speech is taken away, then dumb and silent we may be led, like sheep to the slaughter"

It is because I agree with one of our founding fathers, George Washington, I affirm, 

“Resolved: Public colleges and universities in the United States ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech.”

For further clarification of the round, I’ll define the following terms through Oxford dictionary. https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/restrict https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/any https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/ought

First, any is defined as “Used to refer to one or some of a thing or number of things, no matter how much or how many:”

Second, restrict is defined as “Put a limit on; keep under control:”

And Lastly, ought is defined as “Used to indicate duty or correctness, typically when criticizing someone's actions:”

I value morality due to the evaluative term ought since morality is the best way to judge an action’s innate goodness or correctness.
Analytic  

Public colleges and universities are regulated by the government – which has to make tradeoffs in order to act since every action will always benefit some and harm others.
Gary Woller elaborates:
Gary Woller (Professor at Brigham Young University). “Policy Currents.” A Forum on the Role of Environmental Ethics. “An Overview by Gary Woller.” 1997. CM
Moreover, virtually all
AND
policy in a democracy.

The only way policies can pass is through an adoption of rule utilitarianism. This means that my framework sets up that we should evaluate actions based on whether or not they are a good rule on balance.
Analytic 

Contention One – Unabridged freedom of speech on college campuses is essential

Subpoint A) The right to free speech forms the basis for other rights which are key to fight oppression. There’s no guarantee that the legal precedent of letting colleges cherry-pick when rights are and aren’t protected will not be applied in other cases leading to a slippery slope of rights violations.
The American Civil Liberties Union explains:
ACLU (American Civil Liberties Union), “Freedom of Expression,” ACLU Position Paper, 2016.  

The ACLU has often
AND
example, are not constitutionally protected.

Subpoint B) Ethics arise through shared discourse – this means free speech is key to having morals and moral obligations. The dialogue from unrestricted speech allows for everyone to develop a comprehensive understanding of morality.
Dr. Haste illustrates in 1998:
Helen Haste, Ph.D., 1998 Communitarianism and the Social Construction of Morality, http://tigger.uic.edu/~lnucci/MoralEd/articles/haste.html

Communitarian thinkers start from a
AND
object rather than a person.

Analytic 

Subpoint C) Bans presume objective knowledge- unpopular opinions might be true so suppression only causes knowledge deficits.
Professor Dry argues:
Dry ’94 (Murray, Professor of Political Science at Middlebury College, “FREE SPEECH IN POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY AND ITS RELATION TO AMERICAN CONSTITUTIONAL LAW: A CONSIDERATION OF MILL, MEIKLEJOHN, AND PLATO,” Constitutional Commentary, Vol 11:18, 1994, pg 81-100, https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/167054/11_01_Dry.pdf?sequence=1andisAllowed=y, TW)

In the second case, the received
AND
proposal "is practically impossible. "23 

Discourse is key to challenging eco-chambers that knowledge deficits create, as well as stopping regimes of truth from controlling society.
Dungey clarifies:
Dungey ’01 (Nicholas, PhD graduate from the University of California and a current lecturer in Political Science there, “(Re)Turning Derrida to Heidegger: Being-with-Others as Primordial Politics,” Polity, Vol. 33, No. 3 (Spring, 2001), pp. 455-477, https://www.jstor.org/stable/3235444, TW)

The desire for communal
AND
to separate and isolate.

Analytic 

Contention Two – Restrictions of constitutionally protected speech fail. 

Subpoint A) Restrictions of free speech on college campuses have empirically failed and were counter-productive.
Friedersdork writes in 2015:
Friedersdorf, 2015 (Conor Staff Writer at The Atlantic “The Lessons of Bygone Free-Speech Fights.” The Atlantic. 10 December 2015. Online. http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/12/what-student-activists-can-learn-from-bygone-free-speech-fights/419178/)

More than 20 years ago,
AND
and civil-liberties community.”

The impact of Friedersdork is twofold:
1 - Analytic
2 - Analytic 

Subpoint B) Arbitrary determinations of what speech is good versus what’s bad locks trauma of the oppression in the words themselves not to the bad people.
Judith Butler concludes:
Butler, Judith (Professor of Rhetoric and Comparative Literature, University of California-Berkeley), Excitable Speech: A Politics of the Performative, Routledge, 1997.

Keeping such terms unsaid
AND
future is partially open.

Subpoint C) In order to pass a norm of censorship, one has to circulate what they’re censoring – this creates a perpetual and inevitable cycle of recirculation with the only way to break it is through free speech.
Judith Butler emphasizes:
“Excitable Speech: A Politics of Performativity” by Judith Butler 1997 UH-DD'

“Neither view can account
AND
not yet precisely a context.” (Pg. 13-14)


Analytic 

For all of the above reasons and more, I urge an affirmative ballot and am now open for cross-examination.

Tournament: Colleyville | Round: 4 | Opponent: Westwood AD | Judge: Jane Boyd
For further clarification of the round, I’ll define the following terms through Oxford dictionary. https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/restrict https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/any https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/ought

First, any is defined as “Used to refer to one or some of a thing or number of things, no matter how much or how many:”

Second, restrict is defined as “Put a limit on; keep under control:”

And Lastly, ought is defined as “Used to indicate duty or correctness, typically when criticizing someone's actions:”

I value morality due to the evaluative term ought since morality is the best way to judge an action’s innate goodness or correctness.
Analytic  

Public colleges and universities are regulated by the government – which has to make tradeoffs in order to act since every action will always benefit some and harm others.
Gary Woller elaborates:
Gary Woller (Professor at Brigham Young University). “Policy Currents.” A Forum on the Role of Environmental Ethics. “An Overview by Gary Woller.” 1997. CM
Moreover, virtually all
AND
policy in a democracy.

The only way policies can pass is through an adoption of rule utilitarianism. This means that my framework sets up that we should evaluate actions based on whether or not they are a good rule on balance.
Analytic 

Contention One – Unabridged freedom of speech on college campuses is essential

Subpoint A) The right to free speech forms the basis for other rights which are key to fight oppression. There’s no guarantee that the legal precedent of letting colleges cherry-pick when rights are and aren’t protected will not be applied in other cases leading to a slippery slope of rights violations.
The American Civil Liberties Union explains:
ACLU (American Civil Liberties Union), “Freedom of Expression,” ACLU Position Paper, 2016.  

The ACLU has often
AND
example, are not constitutionally protected.

Subpoint B) Ethics arise through shared discourse – this means free speech is key to having morals and moral obligations. The dialogue from unrestricted speech allows for everyone to develop a comprehensive understanding of morality.
Dr. Haste illustrates in 1998:
Helen Haste, Ph.D., 1998 Communitarianism and the Social Construction of Morality, http://tigger.uic.edu/~lnucci/MoralEd/articles/haste.html

Communitarian thinkers start from a
AND
object rather than a person.

Analytic 

Subpoint C) Bans presume objective knowledge- unpopular opinions might be true so suppression only causes knowledge deficits.
Professor Dry argues:
Dry ’94 (Murray, Professor of Political Science at Middlebury College, “FREE SPEECH IN POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY AND ITS RELATION TO AMERICAN CONSTITUTIONAL LAW: A CONSIDERATION OF MILL, MEIKLEJOHN, AND PLATO,” Constitutional Commentary, Vol 11:18, 1994, pg 81-100, https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/167054/11_01_Dry.pdf?sequence=1andisAllowed=y, TW)

In the second case, the received
AND
proposal "is practically impossible. "23 

Discourse is key to challenging eco-chambers that knowledge deficits create, as well as stopping regimes of truth from controlling society.
Dungey clarifies:
Dungey ’01 (Nicholas, PhD graduate from the University of California and a current lecturer in Political Science there, “(Re)Turning Derrida to Heidegger: Being-with-Others as Primordial Politics,” Polity, Vol. 33, No. 3 (Spring, 2001), pp. 455-477, https://www.jstor.org/stable/3235444, TW)

The desire for communal
AND
to separate and isolate.

Analytic 

Contention Two – Restrictions of constitutionally protected speech fail. 

Subpoint A) Restrictions of free speech on college campuses have empirically failed and were counter-productive.
Friedersdork writes in 2015:
Friedersdorf, 2015 (Conor Staff Writer at The Atlantic “The Lessons of Bygone Free-Speech Fights.” The Atlantic. 10 December 2015. Online. http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/12/what-student-activists-can-learn-from-bygone-free-speech-fights/419178/)

More than 20 years ago,
AND
and civil-liberties community.”

The impact of Friedersdork is twofold:
1 - Analytic
2 - Analytic 

Subpoint B) Arbitrary determinations of what speech is good versus what’s bad locks trauma of the oppression in the words themselves not to the bad people.
Judith Butler concludes:
Butler, Judith (Professor of Rhetoric and Comparative Literature, University of California-Berkeley), Excitable Speech: A Politics of the Performative, Routledge, 1997.

Keeping such terms unsaid
AND
future is partially open.

Subpoint C) In order to pass a norm of censorship, one has to circulate what they’re censoring – this creates a perpetual and inevitable cycle of recirculation with the only way to break it is through free speech.
Judith Butler emphasizes:
“Excitable Speech: A Politics of Performativity” by Judith Butler 1997 UH-DD'

“Neither view can account
AND
not yet precisely a context.” (Pg. 13-14)


Analytic 

Contention Three - Free speech cuts both ways – instead of silencing through speech codes, hate speech should be responded with deliberation.
Piser ’16:
Piser ’16 (Karina, “Trump’s Bigotry Tests the Limits of Free Speech,” Aljazeera America, January 2016, http://america.aljazeera.com/opinions/2016/1/trumps-bigotry-tests-the-limits-of-free-speech.html, TW)

Stomaching hateful views is
AND
the right to drown them out.

Tournament: University of Houston | Round: 2 | Opponent: Dulles JZ | Judge: Rebecca Gelfer
I affirm, 

I value morality because ought denotes a moral obligation.

In order for morality to be act functional, it must be able to recognize subjective differences between individuals.  Absent an examination of individual differences, ethics becomes a tool to dominate and is useless as an impartial guide to action.

Young:

Young, Iris Marion. Justice and the Politics of Difference. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, 1990. Print. CM
Some feminist and postmodern writers have suggested that a denial of difference structures Western reason
AND
offer a vision of a heterogeneous public that acknowledges and affirms group differences.

This requires a reconciliation between different group's values. Embracing pluralism is key to acknowledging the social oppression of heterogeneous groups.

Young 2:

Young, Iris Marion. Justice and the Politics of Difference. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, 1990. Print. CM
Second, because it assures a voice for the oppressed as well as the privileged
AND
silenced by cultural imperialism. Group representation in the public facilitates such expression.

Multiple impacts:

Controls the internal link to any ethical system- ethics cannot operate if they exclude voices because they would be incomplete and arbitrary. Arbitrariness is a side constraint on ethical theories, because if they could exclude voices they would never be able to be a guide to action because they wouldn't be able to prescribe consistent rules.

Excluding voices reinforces hierarchies which inherently privileges the have's in society over the have not's

AND

voices in the political system is the only way to create ethical rules.

Thus the standard is resisting structural violence.

Independently prefer: 

Social Ontology - Ideal theory fails to recognize that agency is political – focusing on a pre-given subject ignores our constitutive social relations. An ontology that recognizes differentiation in subjectivity is key.

BUTLER:

(Judith Butler. 1992. "Continent Foundations: Feminism and the Question of "Postmodernism" Feminists Theorize the Political)
"In a sense, the subject is constituted through an exclusion and differentiation,
AND
the point in which it is claimed to be prior to politics itself."

Motivation - Ideal theory can't guide action since its starting point has diverged from the descriptive model of the real world. Non-ideal theory is key for ethical motivation.

MILLS:

Charles W. Mills, "Ideal Theory" as Ideology, 2005
("Ideal Theory" as Ideology CHARLES W. MILLS 2004 UH-DD, http://www.douglasficek.com/teaching/phi-102/mills.pdf)
"A first possible argument might be the simple denial that moral theory should have
AND
? Isn't this, on the face of it, just completely implausible?"

Observation: Universities are the most important site of first amendment activity.

Goodman 5:

( S. Mark Goodman, Michael C. Hiestand, Student Press Law Center 2005 WL 2736314 (U.S.) (Appellate Petition, Motion and Filing) Supreme Court of the United States. Margaret L. HOSTY, Jeni S. Porche, and Steven P. Barba, Petitioners, v. Patricia CARTER, Respondent. No. 05-377. October 20, 2005. On Petition for a Writ of Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit Brief of Amici Curiae Student Press Law Center, Associated Collegiate Press, College Media Advisers, Community College Journalism Association, Society for Collegiate Journalists, Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press, American Society of Newspaper Editors, National Newspaper Association, Newspaper Association of America, Society of Professional Journalists, Associated Press Managing Editors, College Newspaper Business and Advertising Managers, National Federation of Press Women, National Lesbian and Gay Journalists Association and the Independent Press Association/Campus Journalism Project in Support of Petition of Margaret L. Hosty, Jeni S. Porche, and Steven P. Barba for Writ of Certiorari Of Counsel: S. Mark Goodman, Michael C. Hiestand, Student Press Law Center, 1101 Wilson Blvd., Ste 1100, Arlington, VA 22209-2211, (703) 807-1904. Richard M. Goehler, (Counsel of Record), Frost Brown Todd LLC, 2200 PNC Center, 201 East Fifth Street, Cincinnati, Ohio 45202, (513) 651-6800, Counsel for Amici Curiae.)
The University is the paradigmatic "marketplace of ideas," rendering "the vigilant protection
AND
venerated balance favoring free and independent thought on America's college and university campuses.

Contention one – co-option

Censorship allows our own logic to get co-opted crushing social movements.

Adler '96:

(Adler, Amy. "Whats Left?: Hate Speech, Pornography, And The Problem For Artistic Expression." California Law Review, Vol. 84, No. 6. December 1996. Web. December 07, 2016. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3481093.)
The failure of leftist censors to consider the shifting nature of lan-guage may
AND
is as if language's infidelity were be- fore the left's very eyes.

Contention two – education

Prohibitions creates conformist ideology that spills over into creating the mindless student.

Uelmen '90:

A pro-con discussion of speech codes and free speech Campus Hate Speech Codes Gerald Uelmen https://www.scu.edu/character/resources/campus-hate-speech-codes/  Markkula Center for Applied Ethics
Additionally, critics assert that the costs of hate speech codes far outweigh their benefits
AND
by administrators eager to create egalitarian institutions in a non-egalitarian world.

A~ Analytic

B~ Analytic

Contention three – exitable speech

Arbitrary determinations of what speech is good versus whats bad locks trauma of the oppression in the words themselves not to the bad people.

Butler:

Butler, Judith (Professor of Rhetoric and Comparative Literature, University of California-Berkeley), Excitable Speech: A Politics of the Performative, Routledge, 1997.
Keeping such terms unsaid and unsayable can also work to lock them in place,
AND
~ originary subordination for another purpose, one whose future is partially open.

Censorship is guaranteed to fail – injurious speech just becomes recirculated.

Butler ~2~:

"Excitable Speech: A Politics of Performativity" by Judith Butler 1997 UH-DD
"Neither view can account for the restaging and resignifying of offensive utterance, deployments
AND
, not yet precisely a context." (Pg. 13-14)


A. Analytic.

B. Analytic.

C. Analytic.

Contention four – journalism

Censorship of student journalism happening now which discourages government critique.

Schuman '16:

(Rebecca, http://www.slate.com/articles/life/education/2016/12/student_journalists_are_under_threat.html)
Well, here's some great news to cheer you up: The American student press
AND
an entire generation of fledgling journalists who've come up thinking censorship is acceptable.

Censoring college journalism kills engagement.

LoMonte '16:

(Frank D., http://www.splc.org/article/2016/12/college-media-threats-report-2016)**
Frank D. LoMonte, executive director of the SPLC, said, "It
AND
. Their rights of free speech and free press must always be guaranteed."

Tournament: Strake Jesuit | Round: 1 | Opponent: Clements HS AC | Judge: Kris Wright

Part 1 is Truth-Conditions

The phrase "Any constitutionally protected speech" implies the resolution is questioning whether public colleges ought to follow the constitution. Prefer:

A. Analytic

B. "Any" is defined as "used to indicate a maximum or whole." Analytic Implcication

Public colleges are extensions of the state's will. Two warrants:

A. The government is highly invested in our public education and carries laws that oversees compliance Armstrong 15:

RECALIBRATING REGULATION OF COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES Report of the Task Force on Federal Regulation of Higher Education - 2015 FINAL - Bipartisan group of U.S. Senators—Lamar Alexander (R-TN), Barbara Mikulski (D-MD), Richard Burr (R-NC), and Michael Bennet (D-CO) created the Task Force on Federal Regulation of Higher Education in the fall of 2013 and directed it to consider these issues in depth. https://www.help.senate.gov/imo/media/Regulations_Task_Force_Report_2015_FINAL.pdf 
The federal government's
AND
 federal investments. 

B. Public colleges and universities are funded by the state which is how the gov extends its will. Edwards 13:

Fiscal Federalism Chris Edwards -Writer for the Fiscal Federalism - June 1, 2013 https://www.downsizinggovernment.org/fiscal-federalism**
Unfortunately, policymakers and  
AND
by the state. 

C. Analytic 

Thus the aff burden is to prove the state should follow its own constitution.

Part 2 is Offense

The constitutive feature of any legal action within the U.S. is consistency with the constitution. The US is constrained by the constitution, which means it ultimately frames our sovereignty. The State Department:

The Constitution of the United States of America." Almanac of Policy Issues. June 2004. Web. http://www.policyalmanac.org/government/archive/constitution.shtml
It ~The Constitution~ establishes the form of the national government and defines the
AND

2. The people in the government and citizens of the country change

Impacts:

1. Constitutivism.

A. Analytic
B. Analytic

2. State of Exception- The state cannot limit its own power. So, if the states power is affirmed through the constitution, then the state violating its own constitution would limit its authority. Agamben:

Agamben, Giorgio. "Homo Sacer – Sovereign Power and Bare Life".
The paradox of sovereignty consists in the fact the sovereign is, at the same
AND
. Schmitt presents this structure as the structure of the exception (Ausnahme)

3. Analytic

A. Turns Freedom NCs: Freedom implies an innate right to determine the course of your actions. In the state of nature, might rather than right governs these judgements. In a state of nature, rights violations are inevitable. VARDEN:

 "A Kantian Conception of Free Speech" by Helga Varden Chapter from: "Freedom of Expression in a Diverse World" edited by Deirdre Golash 2010  LM-DD
"The first important distinction between Kant and much contemporary liberal thought issues from Kant's
AND
rather than as subject to anyone's arbitrary choices." (46-47) 

B. Turns Ks: The state of nature is counter-productive to critical liberation – while legal structures may be flawed, the state of nature is uniquely dangerous because it provides no check whatsoever on full-scale brutality and inhumanity.

If the state is good for political progress, then it follows that the state should follow its own constitution because it affirms its rule of authority. The state is key for political progress, 2 warrants:

The state is a valuable heuristic that is key to tangible liberation. Zanotti 14

 (Dr. Laura Zanotti is an Associate Professor of Political Science at Virginia Tech.  Her research and teaching include critical political theory as well as international organizations, UN peacekeeping, democratization and the role of NGOs in post-conflict governance."Governmentality, Ontology, Methodology: Re-thinking Political Agency in the Global World" – Alternatives: Global, Local, Political – vol 38(4):p. 288-304, obtained via school library being awesome.)
While there are important variations in the way international relations scholars use governmentality theory,
AND
where they are made rather than based upon their universal normative aspirations. 13

Liberation is impossible without state, and non-tangible strategies cede the political.

Shaw:

Shaw 99, professor of IR at the University of Sussex, 1999  (Martin, "The Unfinished Global Revolution: Intellectuals and the New Politics of International Relations", http://sussex.ac.uk/Users/hafa3/unfinished.pdf)
The mistakes in this passage are also twofold. First, the myth of globalisation
AND
sustaining local democracies, we have hardly begun to fashion a new agenda.

Part 3 – Truth Testing

The role of the ballot is to vote for the debater who best meets their burden under a truth testing paradigm. Analytic
Prefer: 

1. Standards of goodness for any activity, like debate, inevitably collapse to the intrinsic form. The ends of debate are inseparable from the rules that govern it. This alone explains the possibility of binding standards.

BOYLE and LAVIN:

Boyle, Matthew and Douglas Lavin. 2010. Goodness and desire. In Desire, Practical Reason, and the Good, ed. Sergio Tenenbaum. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 32-33. DD
"A certain standard of goodness for a thing follows inevitably from its belonging to
AND
an arbitrary claim, but a premise up for debate under truth testing. 

Outweighs:
A. Analytic
B. Analytic
C. Analytic
D. Analytic 

2. Truth testing doesn't exclude comparative ground, CPs, or Ks. If the neg's advocacy is morally required and it competes with the AFFs burden, then it proves the res false since the tradeoff proves we are morally obligated to reject the AFFs burden as being satisfied. This means that if the comparative world, CP or K doesn't compete on a post fiat level with the AFFs burden, it doesn't prove the res false.

This CP, K, and comparative ground outweighs: 

A. Actual World's Comparison

B. Engagement

Tournament: Strake Jesuit | Round: 3 | Opponent: Earl Warren NO | Judge: Eddie Metelisa
Part 1 is Truth-Conditions

The phrase "Any constitutionally protected speech" implies the resolution is questioning whether public colleges ought to follow the constitution. Prefer:
A. Analytic

B. "Any" is defined as "used to indicate a maximum or whole." Analytic Implcication
Public colleges are extensions of the state's will. Two warrants:
A. The government is highly invested in our public education and carries laws that oversees compliance Armstrong 15:
RECALIBRATING REGULATION OF COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES Report of the Task Force on Federal Regulation of Higher Education - 2015 FINAL - Bipartisan group of U.S. Senators—Lamar Alexander (R-TN), Barbara Mikulski (D-MD), Richard Burr (R-NC), and Michael Bennet (D-CO) created the Task Force on Federal Regulation of Higher Education in the fall of 2013 and directed it to consider these issues in depth. https://www.help.senate.gov/imo/media/Regulations_Task_Force_Report_2015_FINAL.pdf
The federal government's
AND
 federal investments. 

B. Public colleges and universities are funded by the state which is how the gov extends its will. Edwards 13:
Fiscal Federalism Chris Edwards -Writer for the Fiscal Federalism - June 1, 2013 https://www.downsizinggovernment.org/fiscal-federalism**
Unfortunately, policymakers and  
AND
by the state. 

C. Analytic 

Thus the aff burden is to prove the state should follow its own constitution.
Part 2 is Offense

The constitutive feature of any legal action within the U.S. is consistency with the constitution. The US is constrained by the constitution, which means it ultimately frames our sovereignty. The State Department:
The Constitution of the United States of America." Almanac of Policy Issues. June 2004. Web. http://www.policyalmanac.org/government/archive/constitution.shtml
It The Constitution establishes the form of the national government and defines the
AND

2. The people in the government and citizens of the country change

Impacts:

1. Constitutivism.
   A. Analytic
   B. Analytic

2. State of Exception- The state cannot limit its own power. So, if the states power is affirmed through the constitution, then the state violating its own constitution would limit its authority. Agamben:
Agamben, Giorgio. "Homo Sacer – Sovereign Power and Bare Life".
The paradox of sovereignty consists in the fact the sovereign is, at the same
AND
. Schmitt presents this structure as the structure of the exception (Ausnahme)

3. Analytic
A. Turns Freedom NCs: Freedom implies an innate right to determine the course of your actions. In the state of nature, might rather than right governs these judgements. In a state of nature, rights violations are inevitable. VARDEN:
 "A Kantian Conception of Free Speech" by Helga Varden Chapter from: "Freedom of Expression in a Diverse World" edited by Deirdre Golash 2010  LM-DD
"The first important distinction between Kant and much contemporary liberal thought issues from Kant's
AND
rather than as subject to anyone's arbitrary choices." (46-47) 

B. Turns Ks: The state of nature is counter-productive to critical liberation – while legal structures may be flawed, the state of nature is uniquely dangerous because it provides no check whatsoever on full-scale brutality and inhumanity.
If the state is good for political progress, then it follows that the state should follow its own constitution because it affirms its rule of authority. The state is key for political progress, 2 warrants:
The state is a valuable heuristic that is key to tangible liberation. Zanotti 14
 (Dr. Laura Zanotti is an Associate Professor of Political Science at Virginia Tech.  Her research and teaching include critical political theory as well as international organizations, UN peacekeeping, democratization and the role of NGOs in post-conflict governance."Governmentality, Ontology, Methodology: Re-thinking Political Agency in the Global World" – Alternatives: Global, Local, Political – vol 38(4):p. 288-304, obtained via school library being awesome.)
While there are important variations in the way international relations scholars use governmentality theory,
AND
where they are made rather than based upon their universal normative aspirations. 13

Liberation is impossible without state, and non-tangible strategies cede the political.
Shaw:

Shaw 99, professor of IR at the University of Sussex, 1999  (Martin, "The Unfinished Global Revolution: Intellectuals and the New Politics of International Relations", http://sussex.ac.uk/Users/hafa3/unfinished.pdf)
The mistakes in this passage are also twofold. First, the myth of globalisation
AND
sustaining local democracies, we have hardly begun to fashion a new agenda.

Part 3 – Truth Testing

The role of the ballot is to vote for the debater who best meets their burden under a truth testing paradigm. Analytic
Prefer: 

1. Standards of goodness for any activity, like debate, inevitably collapse to the intrinsic form. The ends of debate are inseparable from the rules that govern it. This alone explains the possibility of binding standards.
   BOYLE and LAVIN:

Boyle, Matthew and Douglas Lavin. 2010. Goodness and desire. In Desire, Practical Reason, and the Good, ed. Sergio Tenenbaum. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 32-33. DD
"A certain standard of goodness for a thing follows inevitably from its belonging to
AND
an arbitrary claim, but a premise up for debate under truth testing. 

Outweighs:
A. Analytic
B. Analytic
C. Analytic
D. Analytic 

2. Truth testing doesn't exclude comparative ground, CPs, or Ks. If the neg's advocacy is morally required and it competes with the AFFs burden, then it proves the res false since the tradeoff proves we are morally obligated to reject the AFFs burden as being satisfied. This means that if the comparative world, CP or K doesn't compete on a post fiat level with the AFFs burden, it doesn't prove the res false.
This CP, K, and comparative ground outweighs: 

A. Actual World's Comparison

B. Engagement

3. The use of educational spaces as sites of empowerment place the judge into the role of the authoritarian adjudicator who molds students in accordance to a particular political end. This kills any conception of critical citizenship and advocacy skills.
RICKERT:
Rickert, Thomas. ""Hands Up, You're Free": Composition in a Post-Oedipal World." JacOnline Journal DD
“An example of the connection between
AND
writing produced in class.” (299-300)

Tournament: Strake Jesuit | Round: Semis | Opponent: Lake Highland Prep MK | Judge: Sunay Nanavati, Ruben Delgado, Joe Zaghrini
Part 1 is Truth-Conditions

The phrase "Any constitutionally protected speech" implies the resolution is questioning whether public colleges ought to follow the constitution. Prefer:
A. Analytic

B. "Any" is defined as "used to indicate a maximum or whole." Analytic Implcication
Public colleges are extensions of the state's will. Two warrants:
A. The government is highly invested in our public education and carries laws that oversees compliance Armstrong 15:
RECALIBRATING REGULATION OF COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES Report of the Task Force on Federal Regulation of Higher Education - 2015 FINAL - Bipartisan group of U.S. Senators—Lamar Alexander (R-TN), Barbara Mikulski (D-MD), Richard Burr (R-NC), and Michael Bennet (D-CO) created the Task Force on Federal Regulation of Higher Education in the fall of 2013 and directed it to consider these issues in depth. https://www.help.senate.gov/imo/media/Regulations_Task_Force_Report_2015_FINAL.pdf
The federal government's
AND
 federal investments. 

B. Public colleges and universities are funded by the state which is how the gov extends its will. Edwards 13:
Fiscal Federalism Chris Edwards -Writer for the Fiscal Federalism - June 1, 2013 https://www.downsizinggovernment.org/fiscal-federalism**
Unfortunately, policymakers and  
AND
by the state. 

C. Analytic 

Thus the aff burden is to prove the state should follow its own constitution.
Part 2 is Offense

The constitutive feature of any legal action within the U.S. is consistency with the constitution. The US is constrained by the constitution, which means it ultimately frames our sovereignty. The State Department:
The Constitution of the United States of America." Almanac of Policy Issues. June 2004. Web. http://www.policyalmanac.org/government/archive/constitution.shtml
It The Constitution establishes the form of the national government and defines the
AND

2. The people in the government and citizens of the country change

Impacts:

Constitutivism.
A. Analytic
B. Analytic
2. State of Exception- The state cannot limit its own power. So, if the states power is affirmed through the constitution, then the state violating its own constitution would limit its authority. Agamben:
Agamben, Giorgio. "Homo Sacer – Sovereign Power and Bare Life".
The paradox of sovereignty consists in the fact the sovereign is, at the same
AND
. Schmitt presents this structure as the structure of the exception (Ausnahme)

3. Analytic
A. Turns Freedom NCs: Freedom implies an innate right to determine the course of your actions. In the state of nature, might rather than right governs these judgements. In a state of nature, rights violations are inevitable. VARDEN:
 "A Kantian Conception of Free Speech" by Helga Varden Chapter from: "Freedom of Expression in a Diverse World" edited by Deirdre Golash 2010  LM-DD
"The first important distinction between Kant and much contemporary liberal thought issues from Kant's
AND
rather than as subject to anyone's arbitrary choices." (46-47) 

B. Turns Ks: The state of nature is counter-productive to critical liberation – while legal structures may be flawed, the state of nature is uniquely dangerous because it provides no check whatsoever on full-scale brutality and inhumanity.
If the state is good for political progress, then it follows that the state should follow its own constitution because it affirms its rule of authority. The state is key for political progress, 2 warrants:
The state is a valuable heuristic that is key to tangible liberation. Zanotti 14
 (Dr. Laura Zanotti is an Associate Professor of Political Science at Virginia Tech.  Her research and teaching include critical political theory as well as international organizations, UN peacekeeping, democratization and the role of NGOs in post-conflict governance."Governmentality, Ontology, Methodology: Re-thinking Political Agency in the Global World" – Alternatives: Global, Local, Political – vol 38(4):p. 288-304, obtained via school library being awesome.)
While there are important variations in the way international relations scholars use governmentality theory,
AND
where they are made rather than based upon their universal normative aspirations. 13

Liberation is impossible without state, and non-tangible strategies cede the political.
Shaw:

Shaw 99, professor of IR at the University of Sussex, 1999  (Martin, "The Unfinished Global Revolution: Intellectuals and the New Politics of International Relations", http://sussex.ac.uk/Users/hafa3/unfinished.pdf)
The mistakes in this passage are also twofold. First, the myth of globalisation
AND
sustaining local democracies, we have hardly begun to fashion a new agenda.

Part 3 – Truth Testing

The role of the ballot is to vote for the debater who best meets their burden under a truth testing paradigm. Analytic
Prefer: 

Standards of goodness for any activity, like debate, inevitably collapse to the intrinsic form. The ends of debate are inseparable from the rules that govern it. This alone explains the possibility of binding standards.
BOYLE and LAVIN:
Boyle, Matthew and Douglas Lavin. 2010. Goodness and desire. In Desire, Practical Reason, and the Good, ed. Sergio Tenenbaum. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 32-33. DD
"A certain standard of goodness for a thing follows inevitably from its belonging to
AND
an arbitrary claim, but a premise up for debate under truth testing. 

Outweighs:
A. Analytic
B. Analytic
C. Analytic
D. Analytic 

A. 

B. 

C. Any property assumes the truth of the property -. Thus any counter-role of the ballot collapses to truth testing—. 

FREGE:
Frege ’03. Frege, Gottlob. “The Thought: A Logical Inquiry” in Logicism and the Philosophy of Language: Selections from Frege and Russell. Broadview Press. March 2003. Pg. 204. 

“It may nevertheless
AND
point is found.” 

2. Truth testing doesn't exclude comparative ground, CPs, or Ks. If the neg's advocacy is morally required and it competes with the AFFs burden, then it proves the res false since the tradeoff proves we are morally obligated to reject the AFFs burden as being satisfied. This means that if the comparative world, CP or K doesn't compete on a post fiat level with the AFFs burden, it doesn't prove the res false.
This CP, K, and comparative ground outweighs: 

A. Actual World's Comparison

B. Engagement

Tournament: University of Houston | Round: 4 | Opponent: Cedar Park MT | Judge: Adam Brown
Part 1 is Truth-Conditions

The phrase "Any constitutionally protected speech" implies the resolution is questioning whether public colleges ought to follow the constitution. Prefer:
A. Analytic

B. "Any" is defined as "used to indicate a maximum or whole." Analytic Implcication
Public colleges are extensions of the state's will. Two warrants:
A. The government is highly invested in our public education and carries laws that oversees compliance Armstrong 15:
RECALIBRATING REGULATION OF COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES Report of the Task Force on Federal Regulation of Higher Education - 2015 FINAL - Bipartisan group of U.S. Senators—Lamar Alexander (R-TN), Barbara Mikulski (D-MD), Richard Burr (R-NC), and Michael Bennet (D-CO) created the Task Force on Federal Regulation of Higher Education in the fall of 2013 and directed it to consider these issues in depth. https://www.help.senate.gov/imo/media/Regulations_Task_Force_Report_2015_FINAL.pdf
The federal government's
AND
 federal investments. 

B. Public colleges and universities are funded by the state which is how the gov extends its will. Edwards 13:
Fiscal Federalism Chris Edwards -Writer for the Fiscal Federalism - June 1, 2013 https://www.downsizinggovernment.org/fiscal-federalism**
Unfortunately, policymakers and  
AND
by the state. 

C. Analytic 

Thus the aff burden is to prove the state should follow its own constitution.
Part 2 is Offense

The constitutive feature of any legal action within the U.S. is consistency with the constitution. The US is constrained by the constitution, which means it ultimately frames our sovereignty. The State Department:
The Constitution of the United States of America." Almanac of Policy Issues. June 2004. Web. http://www.policyalmanac.org/government/archive/constitution.shtml
It The Constitution establishes the form of the national government and defines the
AND

2. The people in the government and citizens of the country change

Impacts:

1. Constitutivism.
   A. Analytic
   B. Analytic

2. Analytic
A. Turns Freedom NCs: Freedom implies an innate right to determine the course of your actions. In the state of nature, might rather than right governs these judgements. In a state of nature, rights violations are inevitable. VARDEN:
 "A Kantian Conception of Free Speech" by Helga Varden Chapter from: "Freedom of Expression in a Diverse World" edited by Deirdre Golash 2010  LM-DD
"The first important distinction between Kant and much contemporary liberal thought issues from Kant's
AND
rather than as subject to anyone's arbitrary choices." (46-47) 

B. Turns Ks: The state of nature is counter-productive to critical liberation – while legal structures may be flawed, the state of nature is uniquely dangerous because it provides no check whatsoever on full-scale brutality and inhumanity.

3. If the state is good for political progress, then it follows that the state should follow its own constitution because it affirms its rule of authority. The state is key for political progress, 2 warrants:
The state is a valuable heuristic that is key to tangible liberation. Zanotti 14
 (Dr. Laura Zanotti is an Associate Professor of Political Science at Virginia Tech.  Her research and teaching include critical political theory as well as international organizations, UN peacekeeping, democratization and the role of NGOs in post-conflict governance."Governmentality, Ontology, Methodology: Re-thinking Political Agency in the Global World" – Alternatives: Global, Local, Political – vol 38(4):p. 288-304, obtained via school library being awesome.)
While there are important variations in the way international relations scholars use governmentality theory,
AND
where they are made rather than based upon their universal normative aspirations. 13

Liberation is impossible without state, and non-tangible strategies cede the political.
Shaw:

Shaw 99, professor of IR at the University of Sussex, 1999  (Martin, "The Unfinished Global Revolution: Intellectuals and the New Politics of International Relations", http://sussex.ac.uk/Users/hafa3/unfinished.pdf)
The mistakes in this passage are also twofold. First, the myth of globalisation
AND
sustaining local democracies, we have hardly begun to fashion a new agenda.

Part 3 – Truth Testing

The role of the ballot is to vote for the debater who best meets their burden under a truth testing paradigm. Analytic
Prefer: 

Standards of goodness for any activity, like debate, inevitably collapse to the intrinsic form. The ends of debate are inseparable from the rules that govern it. This alone explains the possibility of binding standards.
BOYLE and LAVIN:
Boyle, Matthew and Douglas Lavin. 2010. Goodness and desire. In Desire, Practical Reason, and the Good, ed. Sergio Tenenbaum. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 32-33. DD
"A certain standard of goodness for a thing follows inevitably from its belonging to
AND
an arbitrary claim, but a premise up for debate under truth testing. 

Outweighs:
A. Analytic
B. Analytic
C. Analytic
D. Analytic 

A. Analytic

B. Analytic

C. Any property assumes the truth of the property -. Thus any counter-role of the ballot collapses to truth testing—. 

FREGE:
Frege ’03. Frege, Gottlob. “The Thought: A Logical Inquiry” in Logicism and the Philosophy of Language: Selections from Frege and Russell. Broadview Press. March 2003. Pg. 204. 

“It may nevertheless
AND
point is found.” 

2. Truth testing doesn't exclude comparative ground, CPs, or Ks. If the neg's advocacy is morally required and it competes with the AFFs burden, then it proves the res false since the tradeoff proves we are morally obligated to reject the AFFs burden as being satisfied. This means that if the comparative world, CP or K doesn't compete on a post fiat level with the AFFs burden, it doesn't prove the res false.
This CP, K, and comparative ground outweighs: 

A. Actual World's Comparison

B. Engagement

3. ====The use of educational spaces as sites of empowerment place the judge into the role of the authoritarian adjudicator who molds students in accordance to a particular political end. This kills any conception of critical citizenship and advocacy skills. ====

RICKERT:

Rickert, Thomas. ""Hands Up, You're Free": Composition in a Post-Oedipal World." JacOnline Journal DD
"An example of the connection between violence and pedagogy is implicit in the notion
AND
prove the res true, and still allows them to read their args. 

outweighs
A.
B.

Tournament: TFA State | Round: 1 | Opponent: Greenhill BZ | Judge: Derek Liles
I affirm, 

I value morality because ought denotes a moral obligation. 

Morality requires a reconciliation between different group’s values. Embracing pluralism is key to acknowledging the social oppression of heterogeneous groups. 

Young 1:
Young, Iris Marion. Justice and the Politics of Difference. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, 1990. Print. CM

Second, because it
AND
facilitates such expression.

Multiple impacts: 

1. Analytic 

2. Analytic

3. Analytic

Ideal theory can’t guide action since its starting point has diverged from the descriptive model of the real world. Non-ideal theory is key for ethical motivation.

MILLS:
Charles W. Mills, “Ideal Theory” as Ideology, 2005
(“Ideal Theory” as Ideology CHARLES W. MILLS 2004 UH-DD, http://www.douglasficek.com/teaching/phi-102/mills.pdf)

“A first possible argument
AND
just completely implausible?”

Thus the standard is resisting structural violence.

The affirmative engages in an intersectional analysis of homelessness. This accounts for structural violence and material identity politics. Failure to meet both is a disad to their method. 

McCARTHY:
Lindsey McCarthy, “People Homelessness and identity: a critical review of the literature and theory” Place and Policy Online (2013): 7/1, pp. 46-58.  UH-DD

“For the most part,
AND
for social justice.” (48-49)

This also justifies the AFF needs to focus on a specific group intersection of the resolution. Anything else contributes to a homogenizing homeless identity politic that ignores intersections of individual agency. How we represent homelessness has implications on whether we can address the problem. 

McCARTHY 2:
Lindsey McCarthy, “People Homelessness and identity: a critical review of the literature and theory” Place and Policy Online (2013): 7/1, pp. 46-58.  UH-DD
“The term, 'homeless identity'
AND
of ‘homeless identities’.” (46-48)

Inherency - Discrimination is still legal

Badger ’16:
Badger Emily (Reporter for The Washington Post), “A pervasive form of housing discrimination that’s still legal” The Washington Post, August 2 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/08/03/a-pervasive-form-of-housing-discrimination-thats-still-legal/?utm_term=.21130d56eb22 KA

Washington, D.C., Chicago,
AND
the bill, 6 to 1.

I affirm the right to housing as a negative right - in that the United States ought to guarantee a right to housing absent of racial, social, or economic backgrounds.

Alexander 15:
Lisa T. Alexander, Occupying the Constitutional Right to Housing, 94 Neb. L. Rev. 245 (2015) Available at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/nlr/vol94/iss2/2, DD

America’s failure to
AND
right to housing.

Impacts
A. Analytic
B. Analytic
C. Analytic
D. Analytic

Affirm: 

1. Segregation wrongly limits choice. Discrimination based on ethnicity structurally excludes people from rightful opportunities. 

YOUNG 2:
Iris Marion Young, “Inclusion and Democracy”, Oxford Political Theory, 2000  UH-DD

“Wrongly limits choice
AND
racially marked groups.” (205)  

2. Racial segregation is cyclical. Communities are structurally set up to fail, which further rationalizes segregation and violence by marking others as racially inferior. 

YOUNG 3:
Iris Marion Young, “Inclusion and Democracy”, Oxford Political Theory, 2000  UH-DD

“Reproduces structures of
AND
service is poor.” (205-207)

Impacts:
A. Analytic
B. Analytic 

3. Racial segregation obscures white privilege. Spatial exclusion allows white people to construct their privilege as invisible. 

YOUNG 4:
Iris Marion Young, “Inclusion and Democracy”, Oxford Political Theory, 2000  UH-DD

“Obscures the privilege
AND
most abstract terms.” (208) 

4. Desegregation is prerequisite to any reform. It makes possible a political space where marginalized groups can contest and debate policy reforms. 

YOUNG 5:
Iris Marion Young, “Inclusion and Democracy”, Oxford Political Theory, 2000  UH-DD

“Impedes political communication
AND
experience and perspective.” (208-210)

Tournament: TFA State | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Klein Oak AG | Judge: Arun Sharma, Robey Holland, Emily Jackson
Subjects are always vulnerable towards the other, 2 warrants:

Any judgement we take as agents is governed by a set of norms of understanding that are not our own.
Butler 1:
Butler '05 (Judith, American philosopher and gender theorist whose work has influenced political philosophy, ethics and the fields of feminist, queer and literary theory, "Giving An Account of Oneself,"  Fordham University Press, 2005, TW)
"In all the talk
AND
the agency of its use."

2. Our body is precarious towards the other before agency.
Butler 2:

Butler '05 (Judith, American philosopher and gender theorist whose work has influenced political philosophy, ethics and the fields of feminist, queer and literary theory, "Giving An Account of Oneself,"  Fordham University Press, 2005, TW) 

We can surely
AND
Notion of narrative accountability 

And, the subject does not have jurisdiction over its own opacity so it cannot ignore obligations from precariousness because they ground the subject in ways that cannot be repossessed in giving an account one's self.
Butler 3:

Giving an Account of Oneself.  Judith Butler.  Diacritics, Vol. 31, No. 4. (Winter, 2001), pp. 22-40. UH-DD
"In recent years,
AND
important ethical bonds." 

Thus, the standard is rejecting norms that deny the precariousness of subjects.

Independently prefer-

Violence and difference is ontologically inevitable.

Any moral theory because it requires one to distinguish between the ethical and anti-ethical. Discrimination becomes a condition for any decision, so justice is found in violence.

HÄGGLUND 1:
"THE NECESSITY OF DISCRIMINATION DISJOINING DERRIDA AND LEVINAS" MARTIN HÄGGLUND UH-DD
"Derrida targets precisely
AND
perpetrating the better." (46-48) 

Encountering radical difference is to encounter the limits of acknowledgement itself. You can never know the radically different as they know themselves because your identity depends on the exclusion of theirs, yet nonetheless you need them to have any conception of yourself. Embracing radical difference requires we embrace precariousness in order to better understand the other.
Butler 4:

Giving an Account of Oneself.  Judith Butler.  Diacritics, Vol. 31, No. 4. (Winter, 2001), pp. 22-40. UH-DD

Can a new
AND
 partial opacity to themselves. 

Contention One – Homeless lives are rendered ungrievable 

A) Homeless deaths are routinized. 

Graham:
Graham Jordan (covers Orange County government for the Register, Journalist ), “ Orange County homeless deaths hit all-time high”, The Orange County Resister, Feburary 3 2017, http://www.ocregister.com/articles/homeless-743047-county-people.html  KA

The deaths are so
AND
prevented with better resources.

B) Those viewed as homeless are in an ethnic genocide to reduce the risk of contraction of ‘their filth.’
Amster ‘3:
Amster Randall (author, activist, and educator in areas including peace, ecology, homelessness, and anarchism. Program on Justice and Peace at Georgetown University), “Patterns of Exclusion: Sanitizing Space, Criminalizing Homelessness” Social Justice/ Global Options, 2003 KA

In analyzing "new urban spaces,"
AND
editorial image of Tempe’s major downtown thoroughfare, Mill Avenue (February 12,2000)

C) Structural barriers are to blame --- lack of adequate housing spills over into more infection and healthcare. 

Foucault ’01:
Foucault ’01. Cedric Foucault, Didir Raoult, Phillippe Brouqi. “Infections in the Homeless.” Vol. 1 No. 2. The  Lancet. September 2001.  MK  

Homeless people in
AND
neglected field of study.

As a result, they are criminalized and socially excluded --- they’re stuck in a static identity based on sexual orientation squo insufficiency means try or die.

Bagby ’14:
BAGBY ’14. It’s time for Truvada — Atlanta HIV/AIDS activists in praise of PrEP Dyana Bagby June 5, 2014 11:38 pm http://thegavoice.com/time-truvada-atlanta-hivaids-activists-praise-prep/ MK

In most states
AND
people living with HIV.  

D) The state of being rendered ungrievable is more than just being oppressed. Non-grievability separates death from having any impact on a social relationship, which reduces agency to something outside of precariousness. Grievability is necessary to apprehended the vulnerability in our ontology. 

Butler 6:
“Frames of War” by Judith Butler 2009 UH-DD
“Over and against
AND

exposed to non-life from the start.” 14-15

Contention Two – the right to housing is key to solve 

In order to solve the exclusionary narrative constructed around homeless people we must recognize their right to exist – the right to housing is key

Nunez ’04:
Ralph Da Costa Nunez, Homes for the homeless, Inc. NY, “Book Reviews: Citizens Without Shelter: Homelessness, Democracy, and Political Exclusion by Leonard C. Feldman.” Ithaca NY Cornell University Press 2004 AL

The author advances
AND
provides such an environment. 

Norms of non-grievability depend upon the reproduction of their usage through frames, such as the manipulation of the filthy homeless man. Our stance must impede upon the reproduction of this frame, which requires we recognize that ‘homeless’ from its norms of usage. 

Butler 7:
“Frames of War” by Judith Butler 2009 UH-DD

“The frame that
AND
of illegitimate authority?” 10-11

Underview 

1. It cannot prescribe a motivational reason to follow their theory—especially to the oppressed and ungrievable—since the ideal has diverged from the descriptive conditions that motivate agents. 

MILLS:
Charles W. Mills, “Ideal Theory” as Ideology, 2005
(“Ideal Theory” as Ideology CHARLES W. MILLS 2004 UH-DD)

“A first possible
AND
just completely implausible?”

2. Abstracting away from the particularities of the body adopts the white man ethic. This is not an ad hominin—only privilege’s identities can exist without being burdened by the material particularities of their body. 

MILLS 2:
(“Ideal Theory” as Ideology CHARLES W. MILLS 2004 UH-DD)   

“The crucial common
AND
may be misleading.” (175)

Tournament: TFA State | Round: 5 | Opponent: Athens MP | Judge: Varad Argawala

I Kant Believe We Don't Have the Right to Housing

Framework:

I value morality since ought denotes a moral obligation 

Morality's directives can only be categorically binding if they are constitutive of agency, i.e., if an agent is subject to normative principles by virtue of being an agent.  Only a constitutivist account of moral motivation provides agents with non-optional reasons for acting. .

Katsafanas 

 Enter a third theory, which attempts to do just that: constitutivism.
AND
for action that arise merely from the fact that one is an agent.

Rationality that is to set and pursue an end, is constitutive of our agency.

FERRERO:

(Luca Ferrero, "Constitutivism and the Inescapability of Agency". Oxford Studies in Metaethics, vol. IV, Jan 12, 2009.(https://pantherfile.uwm.edu/ferrero/www/pubs/ferrero-constitutivism.pdf) Professor of Philosophy, University of Wesconsin at Milwaukee.)
"The initial appeal of the shmagency objection rests on the impression that there is
AND
they are bestowed and not intrinsic. Only rational agency is unconditionally normative. 

And, rational agency commits agents to universalizability. 2 Warrants-

A. Only universally willing can be self-determined. Anything else justifies that your desire is the law of your will, but then you are not an agent.

KORSGAARD:

"Self-Constitution in the Ethics of Plato and Kant" by Christine M. Korsgaard
"The second step is to see that particularistic willing makes it impossible for you
AND
opposed to an action of something within him." (123-124)

B. You cannot set an end without willing it as universal. Anything else justifies that someone could impede your ability to achieve your end in the first place, which also means reason constrains end-based frameworks.

SIYAR:

Jamsheed Aiam Siyar: Kant's Conception of Practical Reason. Tufts University, 1999
"Recall that insofar as I represent a rationally determined end, I represent it
AND
as I represent it as constraining my actions." (80-81)

Thus, the standard is refraining from willing non-universal maxims.

To clarify, the standard is not ends based. Consequences are independent of what an agent determines because they are dependent upon things external to the will so only intentions can be rationally determined.
Independently prefer:

A priori cognition is a necessary constraint on experience.

KANT:

"Critique of Pure Reason" by Immanuel Kant 1787 Translated and Edited by Paul Guyer and Allen W. Wood "The Cambridge Edition of the Works of Immanuel Kant" re published 1998
"Now it is easy to show that in human cognition there actually are such
AND
is the case, there is such a thing as a priori knowledge.

A priori knowledge requires universally willing.

KANT 2:

"Critique of Pure Reason" by Immanuel Kant 1787 Translated and Edited by Paul Guyer and Allen W. Wood "The Cambridge Edition of the Works of Immanuel Kant" re published 1998
"At issue here is a mark by means of which we can securely distinguish
AND
, each of which is in itself infallible." (137-138)

Offence:

Advocacy Text: The United States ought to guarantee the right to housing. I won't defend implementation. The framework questions whether or not the affirmative's rights based approach to housing passes the test of non-contradiction, which is prerequisite to policy action.

KING:

"Housing as a Freedom Right" PETER KING Housing Studies, Vol. 18, No. 5, 661–672, September 2003 Centre for Comparative Housing Research, Department of Public Policy, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK DD
 "This paper has suggested there is great merit in presenting housing as a
AND
you, which impedes upon your freedom to coerce in the first place. 

This affirms:

First, the right to housing is an intrinsic extension of our right to freedom. It serves as the bedrock that allows us to freely exercise all other rights.

KING 2:

"Housing as a Freedom Right" PETER KING Housing Studies, Vol. 18, No. 5, 661–672, September 2003 Centre for Comparative Housing Research, Department of Public Policy, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK DD
 "Freedom rights can be seen as negative rights, in that they prohibit
AND
, in that all rights must be situated." (665-666)

Second, the situated nature of existence requires we own property before we are able to freely will actions. The right to housing ensures that everyone can wills freely regardless of your starting point.

KING 3:

"Housing as a Freedom Right" PETER KING Housing Studies, Vol. 18, No. 5, 661–672, September 2003 Centre for Comparative Housing Research, Department of Public Policy, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK DD
"Property rules determine where one has a right to be. They define rights
AND
order functions that lead to a full right to housing." (667)

Third, an absolutist account of property is coercive. It constrains the homeless from literally doing anything by using the logic of violating someone's property rights.

KING 4:

"Housing as a Freedom Right" PETER KING Housing Studies, Vol. 18, No. 5, 661–672, September 2003 Centre for Comparative Housing Research, Department of Public Policy, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK DD
 "Homelessness is defined by Waldron as the very condition where one is "
AND
unable to do anything without infringing the rights of others." (667) 

Finally, rights based approaches are key. They reaffirm individual freedom and check power relations. Consequential considerations collapse to rights in order to preserve their overall utility.

KING 5:

"Housing as a Freedom Right" PETER KING Housing Studies, Vol. 18, No. 5, 661–672, September 2003 Centre for Comparative Housing Research, Department of Public Policy, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK DD
"First, though, it is necessary to suggest briefly why rights-based
AND
the interests of others count as much as our own." (662) 

Underview

The hegemonic capitalist relies on profits over the basic need for shelter – the right to housing solves

Duhalde '13:

Duhalde '13 (David, "Capitalism and Poverty: A Socialist Analysis," Democratic Socialists of America, Feb 2013, http://www.dsausa.org/capitalism_and_poverty, TW)
A socialist analysis of homelessness illustrates how the workings of capitalism cause one major aspect
AND
of the superior housing stock in such countries as the Netherlands and Germany.

Tournament: TFA State | Round: 4 | Opponent: Flower Mound KW | Judge: Greg McGee

I value morality because ought denotes a moral obligation.

In order for morality to be act functional, it must be able to recognize subjective differences between individuals.  Absent an examination of individual differences, ethics becomes a tool to dominate and is useless as an impartial guide to action.

Young:

Young, Iris Marion. Justice and the Politics of Difference. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, 1990. Print. CM
Some feminist and postmodern writers have suggested that a denial of difference structures Western reason
AND
offer a vision of a heterogeneous public that acknowledges and affirms group differences.

This requires a reconciliation between different group's values. Embracing pluralism is key to acknowledging the social oppression of heterogeneous groups.

Young 2:

Young, Iris Marion. Justice and the Politics of Difference. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, 1990. Print. CM
Second, because it assures a voice for the oppressed as well as the privileged
AND
silenced by cultural imperialism. Group representation in the public facilitates such expression.

Multiple impacts:

Controls the internal link to any ethical system- ethics cannot operate if they exclude voices because they would be incomplete and arbitrary. Arbitrariness is a side constraint on ethical theories, because if they could exclude voices they would never be able to be a guide to action because they wouldn't be able to prescribe consistent rules.

Excluding voices reinforces hierarchies which inherently privileges the have's in society over the have not's

AND

teacher has an obligation to teach their students but a janitor does not.

Ideal theory can't guide action since its starting point has diverged from the descriptive model of the real world. Non-ideal theory is key for ethical motivation.

MILLS:

Charles W. Mills, "Ideal Theory" as Ideology, 2005
("Ideal Theory" as Ideology CHARLES W. MILLS 2004 UH-DD, http://www.douglasficek.com/teaching/phi-102/mills.pdf)
"A first possible argument might be the simple denial that moral theory should have
AND
? Isn't this, on the face of it, just completely implausible?"

Thus the standard is resisting structural violence.

Advantage 1 – Prostitution

The right to housing is key to end stigmatization against prostitution.

Gruen and Panichas:

Gruen and Panichas '97 (Lori and George E, " Sex, Morality and the Law," Routledge, 1997, https://books.google.com/books?id=lrecCVxsRvwCandpg=PA103andlpg=PA103anddq=prostitutes+ought+to+have+the+right+to+housingandsource=blandots=oT_cvU7Odfandsig=iNDnRlKFtwJKMB9PcsZhq7SDM_Yandhl=enandsa=Xandved=0ahUKEwjR8qfas5LSAhUC4oMKHX0DCMIQ6AEIHzAB~~#v=onepageandq=prostitutes20ought20to20have20the20right20to20housingandf=false, TW)
The second step is to improve the housing situation for prostitutes. The prostitute must
AND
, it would tend to weaken the association between prostitution and organized crime… 

Advantage 2 – HIV

Structural barriers are to blame —- lack of adequate housing spills over into more infection and healthcare.

Foucault '01:

Foucault '01. Cedric Foucault, Didir Raoult, Phillippe Brouqi. "Infections in the Homeless." Vol. 1 No. 2. The  Lancet. September 2001.  MK  
Homeless people in developed countries have specific problems predisposing them to infectious diseases. Respiratory
AND
on this topic in what seems to be a neglected field of study.

As a result, they are criminalized and socially excluded —- they're stuck in a static identity based on sexual orientation squo insufficiency means try or die.

Bagby '14:

BAGBY '14. It's time for Truvada — Atlanta HIV/AIDS activists in praise of PrEP Dyana Bagby June 5, 2014 11:38 pm http://thegavoice.com/time-truvada-atlanta-hivaids-activists-praise-prep/ MK
In most states in our country (as well as at the federal level),
AND
, discourage HIV testing, and perpetuate stigma against people living with HIV.  

Advantage 3 – IPV

Housing instability is rampant among survivors of IPV

American Journal of Preventive Medicine:

Pavao, Joanne, Jennifer Alvarez, Nikki Baumrind, Marta Induni, and Rachel Kimerling. "Intimate Partner Violence and Housing Instability." American Journal of Preventive Medicine 32.2 (2007): 143-46. Web. HT
This cross-sectional study examines the relationship between recent IPV and housing instability among
AND
between IPV and housing instability and the possible associated negative health consequences.'

The right to housing is key to helping end IPV and the issues with housing that stem from it

Paglione 06

Giulia Paglione (obtained her LL.M. degree in Public International Law at the University of Oslo, Norway, and her M.A. degree in Philosophy at the University "La Sapienza" of Rome, Italy; she was a Research Fellow at the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly and is currently working as Senior Executive Officer for the asylum section of the Norwegian Immigration Appeals Board). "Domestic Violence and Housing Rights: A Reinterpretation of the Right to Housing." Human Rights Quarterly. February 2006. HW. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20072726 HT
The CESCR legal security should protect the individual from "forced eviction, harassment and
AND
lacking such protection, in genuine consultation with affected persons and groups."32

Advantage 4 – Racism

The right to housing is key since the antithesis to racism is making people feel safe at home.

Shutika 11:
Shutika Debra Lattanzi. 2011. Beyond the Borderland: Migration and Belonging in the United States and Mexico. Los Angeles: University of California Press. http://www.ucpress.edu/book.php?isbn=9780520269590, JN
Among the places that a person can occupy on a given day, the home
AND
er of belonging, of being deeply and ineluctably connected to a place.

Advantage 5 – Capitalism

The hegemonic capitalist relies on profits over the basic need for shelter – the right to housing solves

Duhalde '13:

Duhalde '13 (David, "Capitalism and Poverty: A Socialist Analysis," Democratic Socialists of America, Feb 2013, http://www.dsausa.org/capitalism_and_poverty, TW)
A socialist analysis of homelessness illustrates how the workings of capitalism cause one major aspect
AND
of the superior housing stock in such countries as the Netherlands and Germany. 

UNDERVIEW 

Rights  Welfare

Tournament: UT | Round: 1 | Opponent: Woodlands DK | Judge: Jasmine Sun
I affirm,
"Resolved: The United States ought to limit qualified immunity for police officers."
Assume all evidence bracketed for grammar and problematic discourse.

Part 1 is the Framework

I value morality since ought in the res implies a moral obligation. 

Wagner '01 explains structural violence:

Christie, D. J., Wagner,(Former professor of social psychology, current Maine House of Representatives.)  R. V., and Winter, D.A. (Eds.). (2001).Peace, Conflict,and Violence: Peace Psychology for the 21st Century Englewood Cliffs, NewJersey: Prentice-Hal
Structural violence, however, is almost always invisible, embedded in ubiquitous social structures, normalized by stable institutions and regular experience. Structural violence occurs whenever people are disadvantaged by political, legal, economic, or cultural traditions
Thus my standard is resisting structural violence. 

Structural violence is based in moral exclusion, which is fundamentally flawed because exclusion is based on arbitrarily perceived differences.

Winter and Leighton 99:

• • |Deborah DuNann Winter and Dana C. Leighton. Winter|~Psychologist that specializes in Social Psych, Counseling Psych, Historical and Contemporary Issues, Peace Psychology. Leighton: PhD graduate student in the Psychology Department at the University of Arkansas. Knowledgable in the fields of social psychology, peace psychology, and justice and intergroup responses to transgressions of justice~ "Peace, conflict, and violence: Peace psychology in the 21st century." Pg 4-5  KA
    Finally, to recognize the operation of structural violence forces us to ask questions about
    AND
    , will be our most surefooted path to building lasting peace.
     

ROB: Vote for the debater who provides the best post-fiat plan for liberating the oppressed.

Curry '14:

Dr. Tommy J. Curry 14, "The Cost of a Thing: A Kingian Reformulation of a Living Wage Argument in the 21st Century", Victory Briefs, 2014, CM
Despite the pronouncement of debate as an activity and intellectual exercise pointing to the real
AND
remedy our cast-away-ness among our ideological tendencies and politics.

Part 2 is the Plan

For clarity: Section 1983 is the "Qualified immunity doctrine"

Thus the plan text "The United States ought to limit qualified immunity for police officers in instances of when the plaintiff has been discriminated due to their disability."

Auner ~1~:

Auner, Thomas. "For The Protection of Society's Most Vulnerable, The ADA Should Apply To Arrests." Los Angeles Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review. 2016. Web. October 07, 2016. http://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/llr/vol49/iss1/10. CH 
In 1990, Congress passed the Americans with Disabilities Act.39 The ADA's purpose
AND
have been more receptive to applying the ADA to law enforcement activities.49

ADA essential to help people with disabilities.

Auner ~2~:

Auner 2, Thomas. "For The Protection of Society's Most Vulnerable, The ADA Should Apply To Arrests." Los Angeles Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review. 2016. Web. October 07, 2016. http://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/llr/vol49/iss1/10. CH
Excessive force claims stemming from the Fourth Amendment and section 1983 of the Civil Rights 
AND
to arrest situations faces a greater risk of violent encounters with the police.

ADA is key to limiting qualified immunity.

Auner ~3~:

Auner, Thomas. "For The Protection of Society's Most Vulnerable, The ADA Should Apply To Arrests." Los Angeles Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review. 2016. Web. October 07, 2016. http://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/llr/vol49/iss1/10. CH
Furthermore, when bringing a section 1983 claim of excessive force, the plaintiff faces
AND
rendering~s~ the barriers of qualified and municipal immunity inapplicable.79

The plan specifically targets a structurally embedded form of discrimination.

Brodin ~1~:

BRODIN, RACHEL. "REMEDYING A PARTICULARIZED FORM OF DISCRIMINATION: WHY DISABLED PLAINTIFFS CAN AND SHOULD BRING CLAI." UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA LAW REVIEW. 2005. Web. October 07, 2016. http://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1296andcontext=penn_law_ review. CH
Discrimination against ~individuals with disabilities~ disabled individuals during arrests is a particularly structural
AND
the disabled. Actions under the ADA will send precisely such a message.

Part 3 is Advantages

Sub A- Accountability

Without Accountability, police actively target people with disabilities.

Appelbaun '15:

Appelbaum, Paul. "Can The Americans With Disabilities Act Reduce The Death Toll From Police Encounters With Persons Wi." Psychiatric Services. October 01, 2015. Web. October 07, 2016. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26423161. CH 
Roughly every 36 hours, somewhere in the United States, a person with mental
AND
mental impairments of citizens into account as they interact with them (4).

ADA claims hold police departments accountable for training.

Brodin ~2~:

BRODIN, RACHEL. "REMEDYING A PARTICULARIZED FORM OF DISCRIMINATION: WHY DISABLED PLAINTIFFS CAN AND SHOULD BRING CLAI." UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA LAW REVIEW. 2005. Web. October 07, 2016. http://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1296andcontext=penn_law_ review. CH
In addition to the benefits that a claim under the ADA or the Rehabilitation Act
AND
so as to prevent situations from escalating and resulting in injury or death.

Sub B – Legal action causes policy change

Auner ~4~:

Auner, Thomas. "For The Protection of Society's Most Vulnerable, The ADA Should Apply To Arrests." Los Angeles Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review. 2016. Web. October 07, 2016. http://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/llr/vol49/iss1/10.CH**
When courts deem the ADA applicable to specific situations, public and private entities typically
AND
improve the safety of ~people with mental illnesses~ the mentally ill.

Sub C – ADA is always net beneficial

Brodin ~3~:

BRODIN, RACHEL. "REMEDYING A PARTICULARIZED FORM OF DISCRIMINATION: WHY DISABLED PLAINTIFFS CAN AND SHOULD BRING CLAI." UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA LAW REVIEW. 2005. Web. October 07, 2016. http://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1296andcontext=penn_law_ review. CH
Even if courts are willing to apply Title II to police actions, questions arise
AND
substance,140 but allows for greater flexibility in overcoming potential defenses.141

Subpoint D - Being able to sue officers has led to changes within the system – empirics prove

Hing '16:
Hing, Bill Ong. "From Ferguson to Palestine: Disrupting Race-Based Policing" Spring, 2016, Howard Law Journal, 59 How. L.J. 559
One measure for deterrence of police misconduct is the implementation of overall changes in departmental
AND
officers should make a commitment to change, otherwise their inaction is imprudent.

Tournament: Grapevine | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Harvard Westlake SP | Judge: Kris Wright, Rodrigo Paramo, John Sims
Nuclear power is increasing. 

Scoblic ’08:
Scoblic ’08 (J.Peter, Executive Editor of New Republic, “Nuclear Spring,” New Republic, Vol 238:7, April 2008, https://newrepublic.com/article/62164/nuclear-spring, TW)

The Middle East is
AND
Union of Concerned Scientists.

Tournament: Grapevine | Round: 1 | Opponent: Edina AM | Judge: Jen Melin

AC

Assume all evidence bracketed for grammar and problematic discourse. 

Subjects are always vulnerable towards the other, 2 warrants:

1. Any judgement we take as agents is governed by a set of norms of understanding that are not our own.

Butler ~1~:

Butler '05 (Judith, ~American philosopher and gender theorist whose work has influenced political philosophy, ethics and the fields of feminist, queer and literary theory,~ "Giving An Account of Oneself,"  Fordham University Press, 2005, TW)
"In all the talk
AND
the agency of its use."

2. Our body is precarious towards the other before agency.

Butler ~2~:

Butler '05 (Judith, ~American philosopher and gender theorist whose work has influenced political philosophy, ethics and the fields of feminist, queer and literary theory,~ "Giving An Account of Oneself,"  Fordham University Press, 2005, TW) 

We can surely
AND
Notion of narrative accountability 

And, the subject does not have jurisdiction over its own opacity so it cannot ignore obligations from precariousness because they ground the subject in ways that cannot be repossessed in giving an account one's self.

Butler ~3~:

Giving an Account of Oneself.  Judith Butler.  Diacritics, Vol. 31, No. 4. (Winter, 2001), pp. 22-40. UH-DD
"In recent years,
AND
important ethical bonds." 

Thus, the standard is rejecting norms that deny the precariousness of subjects. Independently prefer-

Violence is ontologically inevitable. 2 Warrants:

1. Any moral theory because it requires one to distinguish between the ethical and anti-ethical. Discrimination becomes a condition for any decision, so justice is found in violence.

HÄGGLUND ~1~:

"THE NECESSITY OF DISCRIMINATION DISJOINING DERRIDA AND LEVINAS" MARTIN HÄGGLUND UH-DD
"Derrida targets precisely
AND
perpetrating the better." (46-48) 

2) Democracy can't be founded on universal equality without concern for homogeneity. Democracy requires distinguishing between them and us in the constitution of the demos.

Mouffe:

"The Democratic Paradox" by Chantal Mouffe 2000 UH-DD
“In order to illustrate
AND
of absolute violence." (49)  

Encountering radical difference is to encounter the limits of acknowledgement itself. You can never know the radically different as they know themselves because your identity depends on the exclusion of theirs, yet nonetheless you need them to have any conception of yourself. Embracing radical difference requires we embrace precariousness in order to better understand the other.

Butler ~4~:

Giving an Account of Oneself.  Judith Butler.  Diacritics, Vol. 31, No. 4. (Winter, 2001), pp. 22-40. UH-DD

Can a new
AND
 partial opacity to themselves. 

Observations:

A. States prohibiting themselves from pursuing an action implies a constant reflection over the reason for the prohibition because agency allows us to chose otherwise at any given time.
B. Any account of our actions requires self reflection over our relationship with the
AND
the basis of a transference ~see Felman~." (31-32)

Advantage 1: Grievability

Companies disproportionately place nuclear power and cover it up

Erickson '16:

Erickson '16 (Jim, "Targeting minority, low-income neighborhoods for hazardous waste sites," University of Michigan, 01-19-16, http://www.ns.umich.edu/new/releases/23414-targeting-minority-low-income-neighborhoods-for-hazardous-waste-sites, TW)

Minority and low-income
AND
hazardous waste facilities.

Nuclear power is full of lies.

Black and Stone '05:

Black and Stone '05 (Mary and Andrew, "Ecology against Capitalism: Nuclear Reaction," The Socialist Review: Feature, July/August 2005, 298, http://socialistreview.org.uk/298/ecology-against-capitalism-nuclear-reaction, TW)
                 
The nuclear industry
AND
of new designs.

And, the state of being rendered ungrievable is more than just being oppressed. Non-grievability separates death from having any impact on a social relationship, which reduces agency to something outside of precariousness. Grievability is necessary to apprehended the vulnerability in our ontology.

Butler ~6~:

"Frames of War" by Judith Butler 2009 UH-DD
Over and against
AND
Non-life from the start." 14-15

And, the prohibition is key. Norms of non-grievability depend upon the reproduction of their usage through frames, such as the manipulation and under-determination of data. Our stance must impede upon the reproduction of this frame, which requires we recognize that nuclear power is inseparable from its norms of usage.

Butler ~7~:

"Frames of War" by Judith Butler 2009 UH-DD
"The frame that
AND
of illegitimate authority?" 10-11

Advantage 2: Condemnation

The nuclearization of society enforces an epistemologically bankrupt mode of thinking.

WISE '93:

WISE 93 ~Environmental Racism and Nuclear Development By the WISE-Amsterdam Collective WISE News Communique; 387-388; March 28, 1993; www.antenna.nlwise; Accessed August 8 2016~ DD

Racism, by itself,
AND
different vantage point."

If the subject is opaque to itself it cannot expect the other to give a full account of themselves. This requires we suspend judgement in order to better understand the other.

Butler 08:

Butler '05 (Judith, ~American philosopher and gender theorist whose work has influenced political philosophy, ethics and the fields of feminist, queer and literary theory,~ "Giving An Account of Oneself,"  Fordham University Press, 2005, TW)

The scene of
AND
as constitutively limited.

And, the prohibition is key. Historical injustice commits us to historical rectification. This means we undo what has historically caused the problem.

Mills:

 ("White Time: The chronic Injustice of Ideal Theory" Du Bois Review. 2014 — DD)

"Would it be
AND
their moral consideration."

Tournament: Grapevine | Round: 5 | Opponent: Cedar Park MT | Judge: Abbey Chapman
AC
Assume all evidence bracketed for gender, grammar and problematic discourse. 

Subjects are always vulnerable towards the other, 2 warrants:

1. Any judgement we take as agents is governed by a set of norms of understanding that are not our own.
   Butler 1:

Butler '05 (Judith, American philosopher and gender theorist whose work has influenced political philosophy, ethics and the fields of feminist, queer and literary theory, "Giving An Account of Oneself,"  Fordham University Press, 2005, TW)
"In all the talk
AND
the agency of its use."

2. Our body is precarious towards the other before agency.
Butler 2:

Butler '05 (Judith, American philosopher and gender theorist whose work has influenced political philosophy, ethics and the fields of feminist, queer and literary theory, "Giving An Account of Oneself,"  Fordham University Press, 2005, TW) 

We can surely
AND
Notion of narrative accountability 

And, the subject does not have jurisdiction over its own opacity so it cannot ignore obligations from precariousness because they ground the subject in ways that cannot be repossessed in giving an account one's self.
Butler 3:

Giving an Account of Oneself.  Judith Butler.  Diacritics, Vol. 31, No. 4. (Winter, 2001), pp. 22-40. UH-DD
"In recent years,
AND
important ethical bonds." 

Thus, the standard is rejecting norms that deny the precariousness of subjects.
Independently prefer-

Violence and difference is ontologically inevitable. 2 Warrants:

1. Any moral theory because it requires one to distinguish between the ethical and anti-ethical. Discrimination becomes a condition for any decision, so justice is found in violence.
   HÄGGLUND 1:

"THE NECESSITY OF DISCRIMINATION DISJOINING DERRIDA AND LEVINAS" MARTIN HÄGGLUND UH-DD
"Derrida targets precisely
AND
perpetrating the better." (46-48) 

2) Democracy can't be founded on universal equality without concern for homogeneity. Democracy requires distinguishing between them and us in the constitution of the demos.
Mouffe:

"The Democratic Paradox" by Chantal Mouffe 2000 UH-DD
“In order to illustrate
AND
of absolute violence." (49)  

Encountering radical difference is to encounter the limits of acknowledgement itself. You can never know the radically different as they know themselves because your identity depends on the exclusion of theirs, yet nonetheless you need them to have any conception of yourself. Embracing radical difference requires we embrace precariousness in order to better understand the other.
Butler 4:

Giving an Account of Oneself.  Judith Butler.  Diacritics, Vol. 31, No. 4. (Winter, 2001), pp. 22-40. UH-DD

Can a new
AND
 partial opacity to themselves. 

Observations:
A. States prohibiting themselves from pursuing an action implies a constant reflection over the reason for the prohibition because agency allows us to chose otherwise at any given time.

B. Any account of our actions requires self reflection over our relationship with the other.
Butler 5:
Giving an Account of Oneself  Judith Butler  Diacritics, Vol. 31, No. 4. (Winter, 2001), pp. 22-40. UH-DD
“So how do these concerns relate to the question
AND
the basis of a transference see Felman." (31-32)

Advantage 1: Grievability

Companies disproportionately place nuclear power and cover it up.
Erickson '16:

Erickson '16 (Jim, "Targeting minority, low-income neighborhoods for hazardous waste sites," University of Michigan, 01-19-16, http://www.ns.umich.edu/new/releases/23414-targeting-minority-low-income-neighborhoods-for-hazardous-waste-sites, TW)

Minority and low-income
AND
hazardous waste facilities.

Nuclear power is full of lies and dishonesty.
Black and Stone '05:

Black and Stone '05 (Mary and Andrew, "Ecology against Capitalism: Nuclear Reaction," The Socialist Review: Feature, July/August 2005, 298, http://socialistreview.org.uk/298/ecology-against-capitalism-nuclear-reaction, TW)
                
The nuclear industry
AND
of new designs.

And, the state of being rendered ungrievable is more than just being oppressed. Non-grievability separates death from having any impact on a social relationship, which reduces agency to something outside of precariousness. Grievability is necessary to apprehended the vulnerability in our ontology.
Butler 6:

"Frames of War" by Judith Butler 2009 UH-DD
Over and against
AND
Non-life from the start." 14-15

And, the prohibition is key. Norms of non-grievability depend upon the reproduction of their usage through frames, such as the manipulation and under-determination of data. Our stance must impede upon the reproduction of this frame, which requires we recognize that nuclear power is inseparable from its norms of usage.
Butler 7:

"Frames of War" by Judith Butler 2009 UH-DD
"The frame that
AND
of illegitimate authority?" 10-11

And, the prohibition is key. Historical injustice commits us to historical rectification. This means we undo what has historically caused the problem.
Mills:

 ("White Time: The chronic Injustice of Ideal Theory" Du Bois Review. 2014 — DD)

"Would it be
AND
their moral consideration."

Advantage 2: Condemnation

The nuclearization of society enforces an epistemologically bankrupt mode of thinking.
WISE '93:

WISE 93 Environmental Racism and Nuclear Development By the WISE-Amsterdam Collective WISE News Communique; 387-388; March 28, 1993; www.antenna.nlwise; Accessed August 8 2016 DD

Racism, by itself,
AND
different vantage point."

If the subject is opaque to itself it cannot expect the other to give a full account of themselves. This requires we suspend judgement in order to better understand the other.
Butler 08:

Butler '05 (Judith, American philosopher and gender theorist whose work has influenced political philosophy, ethics and the fields of feminist, queer and literary theory, "Giving An Account of Oneself,"  Fordham University Press, 2005, TW)

The scene of
AND
as constitutively limited.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 6 | Opponent: Immaculate Heart MC | Judge: Kamil Merchant
The standard is minimizing oppression.

Ideal theory fails to recognize that agency is political – focusing on a pre-given subject ignores our constitutive social relations. An ontology that recognizes differentiation in subjectivity is key.
BUTLER:
(Judith Butler. 1992. “Continent Foundations: Feminism and the Question of “Postmodernism” Feminists Theorize the Political)

“In a sense, the
AND
claimed to be prior to politics itself.”

Universal ethics are useless as guides to action because they generate perspectives of the privileged as universal. Only an inclusion of the oppressed in a conception of justice affirms difference.
Young
Young, Iris Marion. Justice and the Politics of Difference. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, 1990. Print. 19 July 2016.

Some feminist and postmodern
AND
affirms group differences.

The role of the ballot is to decide on the best post-fiat policy that best includes oppressed groups; to clarify, you must evaluate the desirability of a concrete topical action.
We must speak the language of power—this creates political activism.
Coverstone 5
Alan Coverstone (masters in communication from Wake Forest, longtime debate coach) “Acting on Activism: Realizing the Vision of Debate with Pro-social Impact” Paper presented at the National Communication Association Annual Conference November 17th 2005

It is very important
AND
participatory abstention in America today.

Advantage 1 is Centralization

Nuclear power is “hard” energy—it is always necessarily centralized and bureaucratic.
Lovins
Lovins, Amory B. Parisi, Anthony J (intro author). "‘Soft’ Energy, Hard Choices." Friends of the Earth’s Not Man Apart 6.20 (1977): n. pag. 2013. Web. 15 Sept. 2016. 

To Mr. Lovins any
AND
with a technocratic ideology."

Nuclear power makes state centralization inevitable. 3 warrants-

1. Nuclear power’s fallibility makes social exclusion and rigidity inevitable—only elitists get access to industry decisions.
   Lovins 2
   Lovins, Amory B. Parisi, Anthony J (intro author). "‘Soft’ Energy, Hard Choices." Friends of the Earth’s Not Man Apart 6.20 (1977): n. pag. 2013. Web. 15 Sept. 2016. 

For all these
AND
is in favor of them.

2. Centralized energy is categorically inaccessible for the poor – nuclear power is pitted against local autonomy- this propagates militarization.
Lovins 3
Lovins, Amory B. Parisi, Anthony J (intro author). "‘Soft’ Energy, Hard Choices." Friends of the Earth’s Not Man Apart 6.20 (1977): n. pag. 2013. Web. 15 Sept. 2016. 

Perhaps the most profound
AND
akin to a garrison state. 

3. Even if plants are durable, they are always targets—this makes militarized state control inevitable and suppresses activism.
Lovins 4
Lovins, Amory B. Parisi, Anthony J (intro author). "‘Soft’ Energy, Hard Choices." Friends of the Earth’s Not Man Apart 6.20 (1977): n. pag. 2013. Web. 15 Sept. 2016. 

In times of social
AND
resists political remedy.

4. The State prioritizes economic and security interests in the nuclear power debate —this makes us oblivious to long term militarization.
Stoett 03
Stoett, Peter, Global Environmental Politics “Toward Renewed Legitimacy? Nuclear Power, Global Warming, and Security”, , Volume 3, Number 1, February 2003, pp. 99-116),  MIT Press, MG

This contradiction in
AND
and highly subsidised, nuclear industry.

The military industrial complex leads to mass atrocity—this is try or die.
Giroux 12
Giroux 12 - Henry A. | Violence, USA: The Warfare State and the Brutalizing of Everyday Life. www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/8859-violence-usa-the-warfare-state-and-the-brutalizing-of-everyday-life May 2, 2012. (Henry A. Giroux currently holds the Global TV Network Chair Professorship at McMaster University in the English and Cultural Studies Department and a Distinguished Visiting Professorship at Ryerson University.)

The history of atrocities committed
AND
sense of ethical accountability. 

AND, The development of Nuclear Power for electricity is used a smoke screen for our arms race—this masks violence.
ICC 11
"Nuclear Energy, Capitalism and Communism." ICC. International Communist Current, 16 Aug. 2011. Web. 10 Sept. 2016.

¶ The potential to use
AND
cover for weapons programmes.

Advantage 2 is Nuclear Secrecy

A lack of transparency is the corner stone of nuclear power. The government hides whatever they please for their convenience.
Cousins et al
Cousins, Elicia. Claire Karban, Fay Li, and Marianna Zapanta. “Nuclear Power and Environmental Justice.” Carleton College, Environmental Studies Comprehensive Project, Northfield, MN, USA

Those who experience
AND
also within families.

Nuclear Energy is given biased, government support to conceal its dangers and risks. Be skeptical of praises of nuclear power.
Shrader- Frechette 13
Shrader-Frechette,Kristin, Spring 2013, “Answering Scientific Attacks on Ethical Imperatives”, Ethics and the Environment, Volume 18, Number 1, Spring 2013, pg 1-17, Published by Indiana University Press, MG

Why have so
AND
subsidize nuclear power more than renewables?

And- 

1. Accidents are coming- the best statistical data shows 70 probability globally and 50 domestically. The IAEA lacks transparency and underestimates the reality of accidents.
   Rose and Sweeting 16
   Rose, Thomas, and Trevor Sweeting. "How Safe Is Nuclear Power? A Statistical Study Suggests Less than Expected." Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. N.p., 2016. Web. 8 Sept. 2016. 10.1080/00963402.2016.1145910

The 2011 Fukushima disaster
AND
years with a probability of 50.4.

And, Higher minority and poverty-level populations are situated near reactors.  They will inevitably be hit first and hardest.
Alldred and Shrader 09
Alldred, Mary, and Kristin Shrader-Frechette. "Environmental Injustice in Siting Nuclear Plants." Environmental Justice 2.2 (2009): n. pag. 2009. Web. 9 Sept. 2016.

The preceding discussion
AND
revealed in year-1960,

2. Workers are exploited because of a lack of transparency. Accidents hit them first and hardest, but they are exploited with or without them.
Alldred and Shrader 09
Alldred, Mary, and Kristin Shrader-Frechette. "Environmental Injustice in Siting Nuclear Plants." Environmental Justice 2.2 (2009): n. pag. 2009. Web. 9 Sept. 2016.

Nuclear generation of electricity
AND
to underestimate risks.

Tournament: St Marks | Round: 1 | Opponent: Greenhill SK | Judge: Lee Quinn
Ethics is divided between ideal and non-ideal theory. Ideal theory ask what justice demands in a perfect world while non-ideal theory ask what justice demands in a world that is already unjust. 

Prefer non-ideal theory as a meta-ethical starting point: 

1. Social Ontology: Ideal theory fails to recognize that agency is political – focusing on a pre-given subject ignores our constitutive social relations. An ontology that recognizes differentiation in subjectivity is key.
   BUTLER:
   (Judith Butler. 1992. “Continent Foundations: Feminism and the Question of “Postmodernism” Feminists Theorize the Political)

“In a sense, the subject is
AND
prior to politics itself.”

2. Motivation: Ideal theory can’t guide action since its starting point has diverged from the descriptive model of the real world. Non-ideal theory is key for ethical motivation.
MILLS:
Charles W. Mills, “Ideal Theory” as Ideology, 2005
(“Ideal Theory” as Ideology CHARLES W. MILLS 2004 UH-DD, http://www.douglasficek.com/teaching/phi-102/mills.pdf)

“A first possible argument
AND
 just completely implausible?”

3. Descriptive Ideality: ideal theory ignores social realities, which in turn contradicts ideals. Normative ideals aren’t created separately from the social norms that govern us since those influence what we can count as an ideal in the first place.  
MILLS 2:
(“Ideal Theory” as Ideology CHARLES W. MILLS 2004 UH-DD, http://www.douglasficek.com/teaching/phi-102/mills.pdf) 

“I suggest that this spontaneous reaction, far from
AND
will never be achieved.” (170)

4. Standpoint Epistemology: Ideal theory strips away questions of particularities and isolates a universal feature of agents. This normalizes a single experience and epistemically skews ethical theorizing.
MILLS 3:
(“Ideal Theory” as Ideology CHARLES W. MILLS 2004 UH-DD, http://www.douglasficek.com/teaching/phi-102/mills.pdf)   

“The crucial common claim
AND
arrived at may be misleading.” (175)

Next, prefer liberation theology as a method for overcoming non-ideal structures of inequality: 

1. Value Inversion: The death of Christ represents a paradox in Christianity where POWER is weakness BORN again through death. Liberation theology inverses the value of power itself in recognition of the cross.
   CONE:
   James Cone highly influential black theologian known for his work on black liberation theology. The Cross and The Lynching Tree. Orbis Books. 2011.  

“The paradox of a
AND
white power—with powerless love, snatching victory out of defeat.” 

And, since our agency isn’t independent and constantly vulnerable towards the other our subjectivity is in a constant state of apophatic negativity. Inverting supremacy through liberation theology is the only way to account for apophatism.
DANIELS:
Brady, Daniels. A Poststructuralist Liberation Theology? Queer Theory and Apophaticism. Union Seminary Quarterly Review. Volume 64: 2 and 3. http://usqr.utsnyc.edu/article/a-poststructuralist-liberation-theology-queer-theory-apophaticism/

“Part 3: A Potential Point of Convergence
AND
be more fully realized.” 

2. Final Critique: Only transcendence in the cross provides the final critique to supremacy by inverting our epistemological understandings of power and designating intrinsic worth towards the oppressed. Sustaining current epistemologies dooms liberation in the long term.
GORMAN:
Michael J the Raymond E. Brown Professor of Biblical Studies and Theology at St. Mary's Seminary and University in Baltimore, Maryland, USA, where he has taught since 1991 . Cruciformity: Paul's Narrative Spirituality of the Cross. Grand Rapids, MI: W.B. Eerdmans Pub., 2001. Print

“All other claims to or
AND
cross and in communities shaped by it.”

3. Pessimism/Optimism Paradox: Pessimism creates a lack of motivation since it engrains the idea that nothing can ever get better because oppression is intrinsic to the very structure of recognition. Optimism fails since it ignores how pervasive oppression is to our structure. Only liberation theology allows us to both say we don’t fit into the world and yet not fall into mere skepticism.
CHESTERSON:
Gilbert K Chesterton. Orthodoxy. 1908. http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/130/pg130.html

But the important matter was this
AND
and why I could feel homesick at home.

4. Soul Murder: Social death provides an ontological understanding over how others perceive the subject, but it can’t account for Soul Murder. This refers to the subject psychologically internalizing a fractured conception of the self due to their experience of gratuitous oppression.
MASON:
John Edwin Mason PhD from Yale. Current Prof at UAV. teaches African history and the history of photography. He has written extensively on early nineteenth-century South Africa history, especially the history of slavery, South African popular culture, especially the Cape Town New Year's Carnival and jazz. Social death and Resurrection: Slavery and Emancipation in South Africa. University of Virginia Press. 2003. ISBN 0-8139-2178-3 

“Patterson acknowledges that
AND
of soul murder and social death.” 

And, liberation theology provides the oppressed with meaning beyond unexplainable violence. A mere hope to continue surviving in this messed up world doesn’t provide the conceptual motivation for anything to ever change as long as the goal remains living in this world.
CONE 2: 

Consumed by a passion to express myself about the
AND
a new existence in the world becomes possible. 

The role of the ballot is to vote for the debater who best methodologically engages in liberation theology.
RAVEGE-SEUL:
Revage-Seul, Mike. "Liberation Theology and the Pedagogy of Insurrection." Truthout. N.p., 11 Jan. 2016. Web. 10 Sept. 2016.

“As expressed by McLaren's colleague, Ira Shor,
AND
right back to the one he calls "Comrade Jesus."”

Liberation theology is intent based:
1.
2.
3.
4.

First, extracting natural resources is part of a western spirituality that has created an ethical dualism between the environment and its subjects. This treats the environment as instrumentally valuable and propagates an epistemology based on human superiority, which is counter productive to humility in the cross.
WRIGHT:
“CHRISTIANITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE” By Nancy Wright  UH-DD

“Some feel they need to move beyond Christianity: theologian Chung Hyun Kyung writes
AND
because those were his concerns, too.” (11-13)

Second, preeminence in nuclear power is part of a larger race towards a hegemonic framework that aims to influence global policy through power and imperial suppression. This is counter productive to a liberation theology.
THOMAS:
“Black Liberation Hermeneutics: A Postcoloinal Perspective” by Richard A. Thomas UH-DD

“The lasting effects of the slavocracy were that the
AND
found within both the biblical text and through the jivanmukta.” 

Third, nuclear power is a modern Tower of Babel— it’s an attempt to defy the laws of the transcendent through the modification and domination of the environment carried with the belief of superiority over one’s right to do so.
CALDICOTT:
Caldicott, Helen. "Pope Francis Calls Nuclear Power Plants a Modern-Day Tower of Babel - Helen Caldicott, MD." Helen Caldicott MD. N.p., 25 June 2015. Web. 16 Sept. 2016.

“In an audience with Japanese Bishops,
AND
also his critical attitude towards nuclear power.”