Tournament: University of Houston | Round: 1 | Opponent: Klein VB | Judge: Hollis Gay

FW

I affirm, 

I value morality because ought denotes a moral obligation.

In order for morality to be act functional, it must be able to recognize subjective differences between individuals.  Absent an examination of individual differences, ethics becomes a tool to dominate and is useless as an impartial guide to action.

Young:

Young, Iris Marion. Justice and the Politics of Difference. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, 1990. Print. CM
Some feminist and postmodern writers have suggested that a denial of difference structures Western reason
AND
offer a vision of a heterogeneous public that acknowledges and affirms group differences.

This requires a reconciliation between different group's values. Embracing pluralism is key to acknowledging the social oppression of heterogeneous groups.

Young 2:

Young, Iris Marion. Justice and the Politics of Difference. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, 1990. Print. CM
Second, because it assures a voice for the oppressed as well as the privileged
AND
silenced by cultural imperialism. Group representation in the public facilitates such expression.

Multiple impacts:

Controls the internal link to any ethical system- ethics cannot operate if they exclude voices because they would be incomplete and arbitrary. Arbitrariness is a side constraint on ethical theories, because if they could exclude voices they would never be able to be a guide to action because they wouldn't be able to prescribe consistent rules.

Excluding voices reinforces hierarchies which inherently privileges the have's in society over the have not's

AND

voices in the political system is the only way to create ethical rules.

In round activism against oppressive and dominating structures allows the debate space to function as training ground for the real world. This allows debaters to go into the world and make productive change.

Polson:

Dana Roe Polson, PhD in Language Literacy and Culture, UMBC, Baltimore city public and public charter schools high school teacher, "'Longing for Theory:' Performance Debate in Action" Dissertain directed by Dr. Christine Mallinson, Assistant Professor,  Language, Literacy, and Culture pp. 16-18
I think the Talented Tenth is actually the wrong metaphor for leadership in the  performance 
AND
high schools, as well, and Paul Robeson High School now has students

Ideal theory can't guide action since its starting point has diverged from the descriptive model of the real world. Non-ideal theory is key for ethical motivation.

MILLS:

Charles W. Mills, "Ideal Theory" as Ideology, 2005
("Ideal Theory" as Ideology CHARLES W. MILLS 2004 UH-DD, http://www.douglasficek.com/teaching/phi-102/mills.pdf)
"A first possible argument might be the simple denial that moral theory should have
AND
? Isn't this, on the face of it, just completely implausible?"

Thus the standard is resisting structural violence.

Observation: Universities are the most important site of first amendment activity.

Goodman 5:

( S. Mark Goodman, Michael C. Hiestand, Student Press Law Center 2005 WL 2736314 (U.S.) (Appellate Petition, Motion and Filing) Supreme Court of the United States. Margaret L. HOSTY, Jeni S. Porche, and Steven P. Barba, Petitioners, v. Patricia CARTER, Respondent. No. 05-377. October 20, 2005. On Petition for a Writ of Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit Brief of Amici Curiae Student Press Law Center, Associated Collegiate Press, College Media Advisers, Community College Journalism Association, Society for Collegiate Journalists, Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press, American Society of Newspaper Editors, National Newspaper Association, Newspaper Association of America, Society of Professional Journalists, Associated Press Managing Editors, College Newspaper Business and Advertising Managers, National Federation of Press Women, National Lesbian and Gay Journalists Association and the Independent Press Association/Campus Journalism Project in Support of Petition of Margaret L. Hosty, Jeni S. Porche, and Steven P. Barba for Writ of Certiorari Of Counsel: S. Mark Goodman, Michael C. Hiestand, Student Press Law Center, 1101 Wilson Blvd., Ste 1100, Arlington, VA 22209-2211, (703) 807-1904. Richard M. Goehler, (Counsel of Record), Frost Brown Todd LLC, 2200 PNC Center, 201 East Fifth Street, Cincinnati, Ohio 45202, (513) 651-6800, Counsel for Amici Curiae.)
The University is the paradigmatic "marketplace of ideas," rendering "the vigilant protection
AND
venerated balance favoring free and independent thought on America's college and university campuses.

Contention one – co-option

Censorship allows our own logic to get co-opted crushing social movements.

Adler '96:

(Adler, Amy. "Whats Left?: Hate Speech, Pornography, And The Problem For Artistic Expression." California Law Review, Vol. 84, No. 6. December 1996. Web. December 07, 2016. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3481093.)
The failure of leftist censors to consider the shifting nature of lan-guage may
AND
is as if language's infidelity were be- fore the left's very eyes.

Contention two – education

Prohibitions creates conformist ideology that spills over into creating the mindless student.

Uelmen '90:

A pro-con discussion of speech codes and free speech Campus Hate Speech Codes Gerald Uelmen https://www.scu.edu/character/resources/campus-hate-speech-codes/  Markkula Center for Applied Ethics
Additionally, critics assert that the costs of hate speech codes far outweigh their benefits
AND
by administrators eager to create egalitarian institutions in a non-egalitarian world.

A~ Limiting opinions precludes our ability to think critically which is key to challenging hegemonic ideals. Professors are in a unique position to influence thought towards stopping echo chambers that contribute to widening gaps in political opinion, which polarize politics to the point of deadlock and an inability to face the facts.

B~ The chilling effect on free speech dismantles the free marketplace of ideas, which reduces innovation and intellectual discovery, controlling the internal link to stopping hate speech: the only way that activists have galvanized support for anti-oppressive agendas is through free speech; that's how we've been able to determine what's offensive and what's not. Negating stops activism in its tracks.

Contention three – exitable speech

Arbitrary determinations of what speech is good versus whats bad locks trauma of the oppression in the words themselves not to the bad people.

Butler:

Butler, Judith (Professor of Rhetoric and Comparative Literature, University of California-Berkeley), Excitable Speech: A Politics of the Performative, Routledge, 1997.
Keeping such terms unsaid and unsayable can also work to lock them in place,
AND
~ originary subordination for another purpose, one whose future is partially open.

Censorship is guaranteed to fail – injurious speech just becomes recirculated.

Butler ~2~:

"Excitable Speech: A Politics of Performativity" by Judith Butler 1997 UH-DD
"Neither view can account for the restaging and resignifying of offensive utterance, deployments
AND
, not yet precisely a context." (Pg. 13-14)


A. Censorship destroys resistance and survival methods by closing off the ability to appropriate, making censorship's benefit is non-unique.

B. Censorship can't solve for its own impacts. Using the rhetoric becomes necessary in criticism against the speech. This is particularly true in a legal context that proliferates the utterance in policy.

C. This outweighs- directly kills any solvency censorship could have and it turns the link on a long-term basis. The recirculation of speech ensures its survival in language. This is specifically true in the context of censorship critique since it requires deploying the speech in its context. Instead we should appropriate.

Contention four – journalism

Censorship of student journalism happening now which discourages government critique.

Schuman '16:

(Rebecca, http://www.slate.com/articles/life/education/2016/12/student_journalists_are_under_threat.html)
Well, here's some great news to cheer you up: The American student press
AND
an entire generation of fledgling journalists who've come up thinking censorship is acceptable.

Tournament: StMarks | Round: 1 | Opponent: Strake Jesuit CP | Judge: Sujay Singh
I affirm,
Resolved: Countries ought to prohibit the production of nuclear power
The word "ought" denotes a moral obligation so I value morality. 

In order for morality to be act functional, it must be able to recognize subjective differences between individuals.  Absent an examination of individual differences, ethics becomes a tool to dominate and is useless as an impartial guide to action.

Young:
Young, Iris Marion. Justice and the Politics of Difference. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, 1990. Print. CM
Some feminist and postmodern writers have suggested that a denial of difference structures Western reason
AND
offer a vision of a heterogeneous public that acknowledges and affirms group differences.

This requires reconciliation between different groups values. Embracing pluralism is key to acknowledging the social oppression of heterogeneous groups.

Young 2:
  Young, Iris Marion. Justice and the Politics of Difference. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, 1990. Print. CM
Second, because it assures a voice for the oppressed as well as the privileged
AND
teacher has an obligation to teach their students but a janitor does not. 

Material solutions outweigh abstract solutions because ideal theories fail to account for personal identity and marginalized groups.

Curry '14:
Dr. Tommy J. Curry. The Cost of a Thing: A Kingian Reformulation of a Living Wage Argument in the 21st Century. 2014 
Despite the pronouncement of debate as an activity and intellectual exercise pointing to the real 
AND
used to currently justify the living wages in under our contemporary moral parameters.

People need to be able to critically deconstruct representations of themselves and their identity to understand cultural politics and power.

 Giroux:
Henry A. Giroux, Teacher Education Quarterly Winter 2004, Critical Pedagogy and the Modern/Postmodern Divide: Towards Pedagogy of Democracy, 32-33, CM
The search for a new politics and a new critical language that crosses the critical
AND
their bodily autonomy and making them human guinea pigs for a strategic military advantage

Contention 1) Nuclear power is being tested on Pacific Islanders.

Istar '05
Dr Zohl de Ishtar, Post Doctoral Fellow, Australian Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, is an Irish-Australian sociologist, who works in collaboration with Indigenous Australia and Pacific peoples, opposing nuclearisation and colonization of the Pacific region. Zohl de Ishtar is author of the book Holding Yawulyu: White Culture and Black Women's Law. Melbourne: Spinifex Press: 2005 and editor of the 1998 book Pacific Women Speak Out for Independence and Denuclearisation, a joint publication of women's International League for Peace and Freedom (Aotearoa), the Disarmament and Security Centre (Aotearoa)and Pacific Connection (Australia). A survivor's warning on nuclear contamination http://www.pacificecologist.org/archive/13/survivors-nuclear-warning.pdf
Tests equal to 7,000 Hiroshima bombs July 1st of this year ~2005~ marked the fifty-ninth year from the time Bikini and Enewetak atolls were used for the U.S. Nuclear Testing Program. The U.S. tested a total of 67 nuclear bombs, all of which were considered atmospheric. The "Bravo" shot, a 15 megaton device detonated on 1 March 1954 at Bikini atoll, was a hydrogen bomb, the strongest and thus most well known among the 67 bombs. It is said that Bravo alone was equivalent to 1,000 Hiroshima bombs and the rest of the tests to be equal to 7,000 Hiroshima bombs. Next year ~2006~ will be the 60th anniversary of such a legacy, a legacy of cancerous diseases, continuous state of poor health, alienation from our land – the glue that held our people together.

Contention 2) This testing causes grotesque effects on the civilians

Nuclear testing has turned children into jellyfish

Beacham '92
Jellyfish babies ~The following is excerpted from an article by Catherine Beacham, researcher at the University of the Philippines' Asian Center, which was first published in Midweek and later in ASA News. With the 2nd Global Radiation Victims Conference coming up in September (see WISE NC372.3651), we thought now would be an especially appropriate time to publish it.~ Nuclear Monitor Issue: ~#374-375 (June 25, 1992) Student Union of Hannover University (GreenNet, gn:gn.nuclear, 5 May 1992). Contact: NEWSLETTER,  AStA Uni Hannover, Student Union of Hannover University, Welfengarten 1, W-3000 Hannover 1, Germany; tel: +49 511-762 506-1,-2,-3; fax: +49 511-717 441. Pacific Concerns Resource Centre, General Coordination Office, CPO Box 3148, Auckland, Aotearoa (New Zealand); tel: +64 9-3075 862; fax: -777 651. https://www.wiseinternational.org/nuclear-monitor/374-375/jellyfish-babies
 Though US officials have long denied any link between their bombs and the alarming
AND
Mothers are not shown their mutated bodies; it would be too inhumane.

Nuclear radiation is resulting in genocide of Marshall Islanders

Blair '10
Jason Blair at 12:10 PM Friday, April 16, 2010 Jellyfish Babies: Birth Defects of Nuclear Radiation this is an analysis of a 1st hand report of the impact of nuclear testing: http://archives.pireport.org/archive/2005/June/06-14-com2.htm http://psci3206colorado.blogspot.com/2010/04/jellyfish-babies-birth-defects-of.html
Between 1954 and 1958 one in three births on the Marshall Islands resulted in fetal
AND
actions. This leaves the government unaccountable for their policies of environmental contamination.

This problem is still persisting – it's try or die.

Koehler '12
Robert Koehler is an award-winning, Chicago-based journalist and nationally syndicated writer. Published on Wednesday, February 15, 2012 by Common Dreams Happy Savages: What We Did to the Marshall Islanders by Robert C. Koehler http://www.commondreams.org/views/2012/02/15/happy-savages-what-we-did-marshall-islanders
Nuclear Savage is the story of what we did to the Marshall Islanders throughout the
AND
for unfathomable billions of dollars), will be operational at least through 2086.

Contention 3) The only solvency is to get rid of all things nuclear

Istar '05
Dr Zohl de Ishtar, Post Doctoral Fellow, Australian Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, is an Irish-Australian sociologist, who works in collaboration with Indigenous Australia and Pacific peoples, opposing nuclearisation and colonization of the Pacific region. Zohl de Ishtar is author of the book Holding Yawulyu: White Culture and Black Women's Law. Melbourne: Spinifex Press: 2005 and editor of the 1998 book Pacific Women Speak Out for Independence and Denuclearisation, a joint publication of women's International League for Peace and Freedom (Aotearoa), the Disarmament and Security Centre (Aotearoa)and Pacific Connection (Australia). A survivor's warning on nuclear contamination http://www.pacificecologist.org/archive/13/survivors-nuclear-warning.pdf
Lijon's statement should be taken as a warning for us all. We should hasten to take steps to ensure the Marshallese experience is never repeated. But this same atrocity against humanity has already been repeated in places like Maralinga and Monte Bello in Australia, Moruroa ~mir-rue-O~ and Fangataufa~fang-a-2-fa~ in French Polynesia (or Te Ao Maohi), in Christmas Island in Kiribati (and many other places across the Pacific and around the world). We are far behind schedule in ensuring this planet is a safe place for its peoples. And with eight nations currently holding over 27,000 nuclear weapons, and a renewed push for the mining of uranium to feed a proliferation of nuclear power stations across the globe, the question we need to ask is: will humanity heed Lijon's warning in time? We urgently need to abolish and outlaw nuclear weapons and all things nuclear. All aspects of the nuclear armaments and power industry should be banned – from uranium mining through nuclear waste dumping, from nuclear power stations to the closely connected nuclear weapons industry. We have been very tardy in our efforts to pull away from the "Cold War" with its menacing nuclear paraphernalia. The clock hands still remain at "two-minutes-to-Midnight!" As Lijon has said: "Since the nuclear weapons tests, the story of the Marshallese people has been sad and painful. Allow our experience now to save others such sadness and pain later. I know first-hand what the devastating effects of nuclear weapons are over time and over long distances, and what those effects mean to innocent human beings across generations. I plead with you to do what you can, to not allow the suffering we Marshallese have experienced to be repeated in any other community in the world. While no government or other organization can restore the health of the Marshallese people or our environment, steps can be taken that will make it less likely the same kinds of horrors will be experienced again."7,8

The US has a legal obligation to protect the people of Micronesia

Beacham '92
Jellyfish babies ~The following is excerpted from an article by Catherine Beacham, researcher at the University of the Philippines' Asian Center, which was first published in Midweek and later in ASA News. With the 2nd Global Radiation Victims Conference coming up in September (see WISE NC372.3651), we thought now would be an especially appropriate time to publish it.~ Nuclear Monitor Issue: ~#374-375 (June 25, 1992) Student Union of Hannover University (GreenNet, gn:gn.nuclear, 5 May 1992). Contact: NEWSLETTER,  AStA Uni Hannover, Student Union of Hannover University, Welfengarten 1, W-3000 Hannover 1, Germany; tel: +49 511-762 506-1,-2,-3; fax: +49 511-717 441. Pacific Concerns Resource Centre, General Coordination Office, CPO Box 3148, Auckland, Aotearoa (New Zealand); tel: +64 9-3075 862; fax: -777 651. https://www.wiseinternational.org/nuclear-monitor/374-375/jellyfish-babies
The United States was assigned administrative jurisdiction over the region which it later subdivided into
AND
base to expand its strategic presence and military capabilities throughout the Pacific region.

Tournament: Grapevine | Round: 3 | Opponent: Hockaday ES | Judge: Abbey Chapman

In order for morality to be act functional, it must be able to recognize subjective differences between individuals.  Absent an examination of individual differences, ethics becomes a tool to dominate and is useless as an impartial guide to action.

Young:

Young, Iris Marion. Justice and the Politics of Difference. Princeton, NJ
AND
offer a vision of a heterogeneous public that acknowledges and affirms group differences.

Ts.

Young 2:

Young, Iris Marion. Justice and the Politics of Difference. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, 1990. Print. CM
Second, because it assures a voice for the oppressed as well as the privileged
AND
silenced by cultural imperialism. Group representation in the public facilitates such expression.

Multiple impacts:

analytic

Excluding voices reinforces hierarchies which inherently privileges the have's in society over the have not's

AND

Contention– Hazzard

Subpoint A) Mill taling poses the greatest threat to reservations

Nelkin 1
The uranium
And
dispersing the wastes.
Milling is the first step in uranium mining process and one of the most hazzardis to the environment by contaminating water supplies, the soil and the wind

Subpoint B) Tailing is hazardous to the water supply to the Navajo reservation

Nelkin  2
In 1975, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) tests found that tailings from the
AND
Navajo tribe spent about $100,000 on trucking in fresh water.

Subpoint c) Many tribes fear the aftermath of nuclear waste sites

Lewis 1
Radioactive contamination
And
all that radiation
to them as a population.

Contention  – culture integrity

Subpoint A) The Environment is a huge part of Native culture

Lewis  2
Native Americans have
And
beings, past and present
Indians managed this world's bounty and diversity based on years of accumulated wisdom-the
AND
their environment. Mining and stealing from the earth is a cultural assault. 

Subpoint B polices harms the indigenous culture

Nelkin  
Official policy
And compare their experiences:
 . . . of livestock wells and springs turning up red water, of
AND
you take away their culture you are devaluing them as a whole race. 

Subpoint C) Drilling effects sacred native lands and causes social and distributional problems

Nelkin  
Beyond these intrusions, uranium development has had significant social impact as small com munities
AND
the space available to Indians who continue to depend on the land for subsistence

Solvency

Native American tribes ought to prohibit from producing nuclear power on their reservations.

Native tribes already have sovereignty
Erickson
Unless authorized by federal law or affected, altered, or diminished by tribal law
AND
United states need to recognize their sovereignty and begin treating them as such. 

And Native Tribes want to remove nuclear power from their lands

Kamps
Bullcreek is fighting the dump because it would ruin that peace and her family's ancient
AND
by requiring the US to recognize Native Americans sovereignty thus making their voice heard

Tournament: Grapevine | Round: 2 | Opponent: Harvard-Westlake MG | Judge: Kris Wright

Frame work

When obligation is contextualized in terms of government actors, the only system of ethics that is democratically justifiable is utilitarianism.

====Woller:====
Moreover, virtually …..
in a democracy.

Thus, the standard is maximizing expected well being.
However, even if we look at ethics in terms of individuals, morality mandates maximizing good experiences. Nirshberg:

If ethics is ……
we ought to do.
And, proving util is conceptually false is insufficient to defeat the framework because the
AND
deny that it's the only way for a government to fulfill its obligations. 

Policy simulation is key to political activism—we learn the levers of power

Coverstone 5 ~MBA (Alan, Acting on Activism)
An important concern …..in America today.
Obligation not to harm future generations is based on minimizing harm- we outweigh under
AND
should refrain from action if such action could endanger posterity's "equal opportunity." 

Extractive mechanisms harm the natural environment at the expense of future generations, while privileging current ones.

Rendall:
 Intergenerational justice deals ….without catastrophic "accidents"?
^{Also outweighs neg offense- the violation is the worst because future generations are the
AND
in willing the means to any end, whereas future generation don't exist.}

Contention 1) Nuclear power release radiation

Subpoint B) Tailing releases radiation into water supplies

Nelkin
In 1975, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) tests found that tailings from the
AND
Navajo tribe spent about $100,000 on trucking in fresh water.

Contention 2) radiation harms future generations

Subpoint A) look to Chernobyl to show you that nuclear radiation harms the future generation

Varoli John
"twenty years later, the Chernobyl disaster still affects children health" unicef April 26 2006 http://www.unicef.org/health/ukraine_33604.html
HERNOBYL, Ukraine, 25 April 2006 – On the 20th anniversary of the Chernobyl
AND
leading to a whole generation of children growing up potentially brain-damaged."

Nuclear Energy causes radiation health problems

Caldicott 2006 ~Dr. Helen Caldicott, July 2006, devoted the last 35 years to an international campaign to educate the public about the medical hazards of the nuclear age Nuclear Power Is Not the Answer, http://www.helencaldicott.com/chapter3.pdf~~
Few, if any, estimates of the costs of nuclear energy take into account
AND
nature of radiation is critical to understanding the health impacts of nuclear energy.

Contention 3 Nuclear power intensifies the factors of global warming.

Subpoint A) Nuclear power is becoming a worse option.

A Green Road Journal '16:

A Green Road Journal '16 (A Green Road Journal, "5 Reasons Why Nuclear Energy Is A Dead End Technology, by Jeremy Rifkin – Advisor To Heads Of State Around The World," A Green Road Journal .com, April 29 2016, http://www.agreenroadjournal.com/2014/04/5-reasons-why-nuclear-energy-is-dead.html, TW)
1) From a business perspective, it's over 2) Its been dead in
AND
reactors, and that water comes out hot which further exasperates ecological problems. 

Subpoint B) Nuclear power increases climate change.

A Green Road Journal '16:

A Green Road Journal '16 (A Green Road Journal, "Nuclear Energy As A Direct Cause Of Global Warming, Acid Rain, Acid Oceans, Extreme Weather, And Super Storms," A Green Road Journal .com, March 24, http://www.yourdictionary.com/production, TW)
Let's tackle the many ways that nuclear power plants create radioactive pollution, (as
AND
, including those green living things that create oxygen and absorb carbon dioxide. 

Subpoint C) Renewable energy can solve for climate change.

Delucchi and Jacobson '11:

Delucchi and Jacobson '11 (Mark A, ~Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California at Davis,~ Mark Z, ~Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University,~ "Providing all global energy with wind, water, and solar power, Part II: Reliability, system and transmission costs, and policies," Energy Policy 39 (2011), pg 1170-1190, https://web.stanford.edu/group/efmh/jacobson/Articles/I/DJEnPolicyPt2.pdf, TW)
A large-scale wind, water, and solar energy system can reliably supply
AND
theory debate
I have limited time to extend answers turns and answer thenc