Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 3 | Opponent: Woodlands College Park JZ | Judge: Lakshi Uppalapti

1 – Legalism

Framework

The role of the judge is to endorse the best tangible policy that minimizes oppression

Curry 14, Tommy, The Cost of a Thing: A Kingian Reformulation of a Living Wage Argument in the 21st Century, Victory Briefs, 2014,
Despite the pronouncement of debate as an activity and intellectual exercise pointing to the real
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used to currently justify the living wages in under our contemporary moral parameters.

The ROB is to break down legalism.

Educational spaces are key to fighting back.

Giroux 05, Henry, Held positions at Boston University, Miami University, and Penn State, The Curse of Totalitarianism and The Challenge of Critical Pedagogy, 2005, http://philosophersforchange.org/2015/10/13/the-curse-of-totalitarianism-and-the-challenge-of-critical-pedagogy
The forces of free-market fundamentalism are on the march ushering in a terrifying
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all, to make the world a more human dwelling place"?~7~ 

Combating structural violence brings us to normative frameworks, otherwise those who are outside our moral circle will never be included. Also, policies are the most effective way to combat structural violence. Wynter and Leighton says:

"Peace, conflict, and violence: Peace psychology in the 21st century." Pg 4-5
Finally, to recognize the operation of structural violence forces us to ask questions about
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local cultures, will be our most surefooted path to building lasting peace. 

Links

1) Intentionality reflects privileged voices and gives oppressors an easy out. Drawing dichotomies between racist "consequences" and racist "intentions" is a view from nowhere – racist consequences still harm Blacks.

The aff assumes the police violence can be addressed by bringing it under the control of law – in fact, the law is the apparatus legitimating police violence.

Simon Behrman 11 ~(Simon Behrman) Police killings and the law – International Socialism, 1-4-2011~ LADI
Ever since the late 1970s some on the left have declared that Britain is either
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, even at the extreme end involving the deliberate killing of innocent people.

2) Creates a Ruse of Solvency (this also serves as terminal defense to the aff)

The aff's use of civil suits focuses on punishing individual perpetrators of violence – this obscures the endemic violence of police forces

Feldman 15 ~(Leonard Feldman, Hunter College, CUNY) "Police Violence and the Legal Temporalities of Immunity"~ LADI
On the same day the Department of Justice declined to prosecute Ferguson Missouri Officer Darren
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practice" investigation through consent agreements that relied on "experimentalist regulation."61

3) Reform Discourse Grants Legitimacy

The legal system is fundamentally flawed. Shortcomings of laws cannot be solved with minor adjustments—they grant legitimacy to the system. Gordon '87:

Robert W. Gordon, Professor of Law at Stanford University. "Unfreezing Legal Reality: Critical Approaches to Law", Florida State University Law Review (15 Fla. St. U.L. Rev. 195), 1987.
Now a central tenet of CLS work has been that the ordinary discourses of law
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taking collective action against evil without suffering the greater evil of despotic power.

Impact

Legislative solutions mask the structural issues and enable victim-blaming

Delgado 91 (Richard, Charles Inglis Thomson Professor of Law, University of Colorado. J.D. 1974, University of California, Berkeley (Boalt Hall), "Norms and Normal Science: Toward a Critique of Normativity in Legal Thought", University of Pennsylvania Law Review (1991), pp. 933-962, Accessed 7/7/15)LD
Ordinary life is full of similar examples in which the mere pronouncement of something as
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malpractice). More instances of this sort are discussed in the next section.

Legal reforms hurt any progress– starting from the perspective of legal solutions forecloses the political imaginary and hampers radical solutions Kandaswamy '12

Kandaswamy 12 (Priya Kandaswamy; Associate Professor Women's, Gender and Sexuality Studies; "THE OBLIGATIONS OF FREEDOM AND THE LIMITS OF LEGAL EQUALITY" SOUTHWESTERN LAW REVIEW Vol. 41, pg 265, 1/21/2012)
Despite a vast array of critiques that have elucidated the ways in which the U
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could look like and locate legal interventions in relation to this broader vision. 

Alt

Vote negative as to subvert the law – we ought to study the law not to use it, but to free humanity from it

De Boever, 2006 (Arne De Boever, Professor of American Studies at the School of Critical Studies at the California Institute of the Arts, Overhearing Bartleby: Agamben, Melville, and Inoperative Power, Parrhesia Number 1, 2006, 142-162)
According to Agamben, we should aim to study the law in order to deactivate
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, show how the thought of inoperativity can also be a political practice.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 3 | Opponent: Harvard Westlake IP | Judge: Courtney Coffman

Part A is the Uniqueness

We can solve for global warming by decarbonizing by 2050.

Nuccitelli '16
Nuccitelli, Dana. "Climate Urgency: We've Locked in More Global Warming than People Realize | Dana Nuccitelli." The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, 15 Aug. 2016. Web. 19 Aug. 2016. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/climate-consensus-97-per-cent/2016/aug/15/climate-urgency-weve-locked-in-more-global-warming-than-people-realize.
So far humans have caused about 1°C warming of global surface temperatures,
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the Australian Climate Commission, 31 major scientific organizations recently warned policymakers that:

Nuclear power plays a significant role in achieving the 2050 2° C (2DS) objective

NEA '15
Nuclear Energy: Combating Climate Change. Issy-les-Moulineaux: OECD - NEA, 2015. PDF.  https://www.oecd-nea.org/ndd/pubs/2015/7208-climate-change-2015.pdf
Despite these additional challenges, nuclear energy still remains a proven low-carbon source
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11 in 2011 to 17 in 2050 (see Figure 8).

Part B is the link

Closing only 7 plants leads to 2 more CO2 emissions. Kern 16 says

"As U.S. Nuclear Plants Close, Carbon Emissions Could Go Up". July 31 2016. Rebecca Kern. Accessed August 9 2016. http://www.bna.com/us-nuclear-plant-n73014445640/.~~Premier~~

Total carbon emission increases as a result of the expected seven nuclear plant
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the plants, and operating them with such equipment as diesel backup generators.

Australia empirically verifies coal tradeoff

Ben Heard 12 ~Masters of Corporate Environmental Sustainability Management, Monash University, 2007, environmental activist, Director of ThinkClimate Consulting~, "That day in December: the story of nuclear prohibition in Australia", Decarbonise SA, 12 Sep 2012, BE
Since the prohibition of nuclear power, while nuclear build has taken off around the
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electricity production 18 higher since 1998 (Australian Greenhouse Emissions Information System).

Plants close, emissions go up, even when the intent is to replace with renewables. Lovering et al 6/30 says

"In Most Cases, Closing A Nuclear Plant Is All Pain And No Gain". June 30 2016. Amber Robson and Jessica Lovering. Accessed August 9 2016. https://medium.com/@ThirdWayTweet/in-mostcases-closing-a-nuclear-plant-is-all-pain-and-no-gain-135911655b8e~~#.c3dvjddji. ~Premier~
Recent history backs up this case, confirming that when nuclear plants close, total
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. If this is a race, fossil fuels are holding their own. 

Part C is the impact

STRUC VIOLENCE - Coal causes huge harms and environmental racism (turns case).

GEP 15, "Environmental Racism in America: An Overview of the Environmental Justice Movement and the Role of Race in Environmental Policies", The Goldman Environmental Press, 24 Jun 2015, BE
The problem of racial profiling in America relates to more than just police brutality and
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living within three miles of the coal-fired power plants we visited."

STRUC VIOLENCE - Warming causes racism, sexism and structural violence on a global scale. Pellow 12

David Naguib Pellow 12, Ph.D. Professor, Don Martindale Endowed Chair – University of Minnesota, "Climate Disruption in the Global South and in African American Communities: Key Issues, Frameworks, and Possibilities for Climate Justice," February 2012, http://www.jointcenter.org/sites/default/files/upload/research/files/White_Paper_Climate_Disruption_final.pdf
It is now known unequivocally that significant warming of the  atmosphere is occurring, coinciding
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gender, and economic justice is inseparable from any effort to combat climate disruption

Rises in CO2 creates bigger footprint, exacerbating climate change. NEA '15

Thus, if the present nuclear energy capacity were to be banned and replaced by remaining technologies in the world's current energy mix, including fossil fuels as well as low-carbon sources such as hydro and other renewables, with an average footprint of 657 ~grams of CO2 per kilowatt~, global annual CO2 emissions from electricity supply would rise by 12. This would make the goal of decarbonising electricity supply an even more challenging and distant prospect. Expanding nuclear power, together with the increased use of hydro and other renewable energies as well as improved energy end-use efficiency, remains crucial for reducing CO2 emissions

K

Framing

Debate is first an educational activity. We engage in debate for its educational merit and because it challenges us to critically engage in discourse through meaningful argumentation.

In order to reduce oppression, the educator's role should be to promote critical thinking with the student. Freire says:

Freire, Paulo. Pedagogy of the oppressed. ~New York~: Herder and Herder, 1970.
But the hu~myn~ist, revolutionary educator cannot wait for this pos
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, they must be partners of the students in their relations with them. 

Through critically engaging, we can perceive change. The actions we take are based on our perceptions, and by combining reflection and action, we can further reduce oppression. Freire 2 says

Freire, Paulo. Pedagogy of the oppressed. ~New York~: Herder and Herder, 1970.
In problem-posing education, people develop their power to perceive critically the way
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from action, and thus establish an authentic form of thought and action. 

Links

The affirmatives use of governments just follows a behavioral norm in the debate community. Arguments that federal action is key is just an attempt to silence us.

Crawford 1– Professor of Political Science at Boston University  (Neta, Argument and Change in World Politics, p. 84-86, DWB)
International relations scholars frequently talk about "norms" but do so in ways that
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focal-point agreements) with the unique prescriptive characteristic of normative beliefs.

Law is separated from the intentions of its advocates and can have drastically different consequences. Using policy making skills, even when intentions are good, will still lead to injustice.

Balkin 8 ~Jack M. Balkin, January 5, 2008, an American legal scholar. He is the Knight Professor of Constitutional Law and the First Amendment at Yale Law School, published in ON PHILOSOPHY IN AMERICAN LAW, Francis J. Mootz, III., ed. (Cambridge Univ. Press 2008). "Critical Legal Theory Today."  http://ssrn.com/abstract=1083846~~
You might think that a critical theory would focus primarily on law's ideological effects.
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– even a relatively autonomous law – is a supple tool of power. 

Public policy norms are geared to ensure stability for hegemonic powers. Following these norms just gives more power to the state.

Crawford 2– Professor of Political Science at Boston University  (Neta, Argument and Change in World Politics, p. 92-95, DWB)
There are several ways to think about the possible causal relationships between normative beliefs and
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account boils down to the position that normative beliefs are irrelevant/epiphenomenal.

Grounding policy decisions in ideas of morality re-entrenches societal hierarchies and eliminates any acts of dissent. Using morals as justification for laws is just a way to lie to the public

Crawford 3 – Professor of Political Science at Boston University  (Neta, Argument and Change in World Politics, p. 83-84, DWB)
The dominant account of the role of ethics in international relations is that it is
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to 'tip the balance' in favor of stable departures from slavery."5 

Impact

Laws are influenced by normative beliefs in society. Adherence to legal structures perpetuates societal norms of persecution and discrimination. Turns the aff

Crawford '02 – Professor of Political Science at Boston University  (Neta, Argument and Change in World Politics, p. 90-91, DWB)
Despite the existence of meta-normative beliefs, prescriptions are not always followed.
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embodied in institutions created bureaucratic interests based on the perpetuation of those policies.

Policy norms outweighs hypothetical future conflicts – it lays the seeds for environmental degradation and war—-impact is real world extinction

Szentes 8 (Tamás, Professor Emeritus at the Corvinus University of Budapest, and member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, "Globalisation and prospects of the world society" http://www.eadi.org/fileadmin/Documents/Events/exco/Glob.___prospects_-_jav..pdf)
*edited for offensive language
It's a common place that human society can survive
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mass destructive weapons, and also due to irreversible changes in natural environment.

Alt

The alternative is to look beyond law for solutions to complex problems, rather than prohibiting nuclear production, we should just end government interference with nuclear power, which includes subsidies.

Ghoshray 2009 – (1/1, Saby, Santa Clara Law Review, Volume 49, Number 1, Article 4, "False Consciousness and Presidential War Power: Examining the Shadowy Bends of Constitutional Curvature")
Constitutional space is envisaged to be a linear multidimensional space99 in which the distance between
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learning process and refuses to recreate itself like the society in operates within. 

Solvency advocate says subsidization of nuclear energy ought to be ended. Levendis et al 6 says

Nuclear Power Author(s): John Levendis, Walter Block and Joseph Morrel Source: Journal of Business Ethics , Vol. 67, No. 1 (Aug., 2006), pp. 37-49 Published by: Springer Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25123850 Accessed: 14-09-2016 20:38 UTC
ABSTRACT. Nuclear power has never been free from the stifling involvement of government.
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for Common Sense (Lancelot) in opposing the Price-Anderson Act.

Solvency

Taking away subsidies would be the most effective way to make nuclear power disappear. Koplow 11 says

http://www.ucsusa.org/nuclear-power/cost-nuclear-power/nuclear-power-subsidies-report~~#.V9x1n5grK00. Doug Koplow. 2011
The nuclear power industry requires government help to stay afloat. Government subsidies to the
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for more economical and less risky alternatives like energy efficiency and renewable energy.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 1 | Opponent: West Ranch JW | Judge: Chris Theis
Google n.d. "country" accessed 8/10/16 google.com/search?num=40andsafe=offandespv=2andq=countries+definitionandoq=countries+definition
 plural noun: countries 1. a nation with its own government, occupying a particular territory.
 plural adjective: more than one in number.
Specificity Good  
Interpretation: The affirmative should be able to defend only 2 specific countries.

Standards
Shift: if the aff doesn't advocate for specific countries, it enables the aff to shift around, making the neg less able to attack the opponent's case. Specificity guarantee a set affirmative position, meaning the round is more fair as the neg only has to attack one rather than infinite countries.
Ground: the affirmative has to defend every country, while the negative only has to prove one or two countries disadvantageous. It is easier to disprove something than to prove something, which puts an unfair burden on the aff as they have a disproportionate amount of ground they have to defend. This is key to fairness because the unfairness in ground skews the debate.  
Depth: Specifying only two countries allows us to go further in depth rather than dabbling on a variety of topics. This is key to education because knowing more on one subject equates to more practical knowledge than knowing a tiny bit about ten. For example, reading 100 pages of one book is obviously more education than reading 1 page of 100 books.
Voters
The first voter is fairness because debate is a competitive activity. Unfairness disincentives debaters from participating in the activity. The role of the judge is to determine the better debater, and this can only be done in a fair debate.  
Voter 2 is education. Education is what gives value to debate, as debaters are exposed to and respond to a variety of points, giving them out-of-round knowledge.
No RVI on topicality
Prefer Competing interpretations as the paradigm because reasonability invites too much judge bias and enables judges to make arbitrary decisions, which conflicts with a fair debate. Also, what one judge considers reasonable can be completely different than what another judge considers reasonable.

=Liberty NC=

Framework

====I negate. Because ought implies a moral obligation, I value morality.====

====Liberty is a constitutive feature of morality. Ethical systems that do not maintain liberty as their starting point fail because they make impossible the concept of moral culpability. ====
Uleman 10 ~(Jennifer, Associate Professor of Philosophy at Purchase College) "An Introduction to Kant's Moral Philosophy", Cambridge University Press, 1/21/2010~ DD
We can summarize these thoughts by noticing how they fit with Kant's helpful distinction between Willkür – the capacity to choose – and Wille – the faculty of practical reason as a whole. Both, as the words themselves suggest, are part of will.24 And both contribute distinctive elements or components to human freedom. The first, Willkür, is the capacity for free choice itself, the capacity to choose 'at will' between alternatives – alter- native ends, alternative courses of action, alternative guiding principles of action. For Kant, Willkür is metaphysically necessary for morality since without it praise and blame and responsibility-holding would not make sense: to be held responsible, to be considered the author of an action, an agent must be the ultimate source of her choices. Wille, the second term, is the capacity to formulate ends, and to for- mulate action-guiding principles aimed at serving those ends. Thus does Kant call Wille 'practical reason itself':25 Wille conceptualizes and formulates in ways that actually guide practice, or intentional action. For Kant, ends and action-guiding principles formulated by Wille insofar as it seeks grounds within itself and not in external sources, that is, ends and action- guiding principles formulated by pure practical reason, count, not surprisingly, as ends and action-guiding principles that are deeply mine. Such ends and principles are grounded in interests internal, for Kant, to my deepest self, my free rational self. And by choosing to act in accordance with such purely rational ends and principles, I choose action that is given aim and shape by this self. Of course, once I choose a course of action, I am determined – I am no longer exercising a capacity to go this way or that – but if I have chosen to act toward ends and on principles that are truly my own, I am still free in the crucial sense that I am self-determined. These two components of Kantian freedom – a capacity for choice (Willkür) and a capacity to furnish ends and principles that are my own (Wille) – are not reducible to each other, but are both essential components of will, as Kant understands it. Together, they make Kantian sense of the possibility of a free will. 

====All humans are entitled to their own conception of the good life. Respect for the equality of persons commits us to a system of negative rights wherein it is impossible to impose one's will coercively upon another.   ====
Fried 05 –gender modified  ~(Charles, Beneficial Professor of Law @ Harvard University) "The Nature and Importance of Liberty", Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy, 2005~ DD
I would say that what is important about us, what makes us moral human beings, is our individual capacities to think, reason, choose, and value. It is what Kant called our freedom and rationality.2 Individuals, therefore, are the elementary particles of moral discourse. Our value is our taking individual responsibility for our lives, and our choices. And if a person is to count as a person—and here we have the difficult questions about the beginning and the end of life—then we are all equally valuable in this same way. It is from that base of our equal responsibility for ourselves that we choose our goods: that we choose what to make of the only life we will ever have. My liberty, then, is my ability to choose that life. No one has the right to interfere with that choice, except as it is to further his own good. But that good of the other is worth no more than mine because ~s~he is not worth any more than I am. There is, therefore, a right of mutual noninterference: an equal right. By the same token, nobody can interfere with or draft another person to help ~her~ achieve ~her~ own good if the other person has not chosen voluntarily to enlist in that campaign.

Thus the standard is respect for the right to non-interference. The aff world constitutes a violation because prohibiting something necessarily interferes with people's ability to perform a certain action.

Merriam Webster defines prohibition as "the act of not allowing something to be used or done. A law or order that stops something from being used or done."

¬¬First, The aff violates the right to non-interference by preventing individuals from generating nuclear reactors.

Danzico 10. "Extreme DIY: Building a homemade nuclear reactor in NYC." BBC News. head of the BBC Video Innovation Lab
Mr Suppes, 32, is part of a growing community of "fusioneers"
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Anne Stark, senior public information officer for California's Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.

Second, the aff violates the right of companies to freely produce nuclear reactors, and third the aff violates the right of people to choose nuclear power.

Underview (maybe?)

Nuclear power is not inherently tied to the state.

Steele 79. The Case for Nuclear Energy. Free Life: The Journal of the Libertarian Alliance.
The theme running through Mueller's piece is that nuclear energy is intimately related to the
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people, through the market,to choose. This raised two points: 

K

Links

The affirmatives use of the USFG just follows a behavioral norm in the debate community. Arguments that federal action is key is just an attempt to silence us.

Crawford '02 – Professor of Political Science at Boston University  (Neta, Argument and Change in World Politics, p. 84-86, DWB)
International relations scholars frequently talk about "norms" but do so in ways that
AND
focal-point agreements) with the unique prescriptive characteristic of normative beliefs.

Public policy norms are geared to ensure stability for hegemonic powers. Following these norms just gives more power to the state.

Crawford '02 – Professor of Political Science at Boston University  (Neta, Argument and Change in World Politics, p. 92-95, DWB)
There are several ways to think about the possible causal relationships between normative beliefs and
AND
account boils down to the position that normative beliefs are irrelevant/epiphenomenal.

Grounding policy decisions in ideas of morality re-entrenches societal hierarchies and eliminates any acts of dissent. Using morals as justification for laws is just a way to lie to the public

Crawford '02 – Professor of Political Science at Boston University  (Neta, Argument and Change in World Politics, p. 83-84, DWB)
The dominant account of the role of ethics in international relations is that it is
AND
to 'tip the balance' in favor of stable departures from slavery."5 

Impact

Policy norms lead to structural violence, which outweighs hypothetical future conflicts – it lays the seeds for environmental degradation and war—-impact is extinction

Szentes 8 (Tamás, Professor Emeritus at the Corvinus University of Budapest, and member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, "Globalisation and prospects of the world society" http://www.eadi.org/fileadmin/Documents/Events/exco/Glob.___prospects_-_jav..pdf)
*edited for offensive language
It's a common place that human society can survive
AND
mass destructive weapons, and also due to irreversible changes in natural environment.

Alt

Alt: The United States Federal Government ends the subsidization of the nuclear industry.

Solvency advocate says subsidization of nuclear energy ought to be ended. Levendis et al 6 says

Nuclear Power Author(s): John Levendis, Walter Block and Joseph Morrel Source: Journal of Business Ethics , Vol. 67, No. 1 (Aug., 2006), pp. 37-49 Published by: Springer Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25123850 Accessed: 14-09-2016 20:38 UTC.
ABSTRACT. Nuclear power has never been free from the stifling involvement of government.
AND
for Common Sense (Lancelot) in opposing the Price-Anderson Act.

Solvency

Taking away subsidies would be the most effective way to make nuclear power disappear. Koplow 11 says

http://www.ucsusa.org/nuclear-power/cost-nuclear-power/nuclear-power-subsidies-report~~#.V9x1n5grK00.
The nuclear power industry requires government help to stay afloat. Government subsidies to the
AND
for more economical and less risky alternatives like energy efficiency and renewable energy.