Part One is Framing
Debate is first an educational activity. We engage in debate for its educational merit and because it challenges us to critically engage in discourse through meaningful argumentation.
In order to reduce oppression, the educator’s role should be to promote critical thinking with the student. Freire says:
Freire, Paulo. Pedagogy of the oppressed. ~[New York~]: Herder and Herder, 1970.
But the hu~[myn~]ist, revolutionary educator cannot wait for this pos-sibility to materialize. From the outset, her efforts must coincide with those of the students to engage in critical thinking and the quest for mutual hu~[myn~]ization. His~[her~] efforts must be imbued with a profound trust in people and their creative power. To achieve this, they must be partners of the students in their relations with them.
Through critically engaging, we can perceive change. The actions we take are based on our perceptions, and by combining reflection and action, we can further reduce oppression. The role of the judge should be to promote critical education with the students. Freire 2 says
Freire, Paulo. Pedagogy of the oppressed. ~[New York~]: Herder and Herder, 1970.
In problem-posing education, people develop their power to perceive critically the way
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from action, and thus establish an authentic form of thought and action.
Thus the role of the ballot is resisting structural violence. Reducing structural violence comes before large utilitarian impacts.
Policies are the most effective way to combat structural violence. Wynter and Leighton says:
"Peace, conflict, and violence: Peace psychology in the 21st century." Pg 4-5
Finally, to recognize the operation of structural violence forces us to ask questions about
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local cultures, will be our most surefooted path to building lasting peace.
Structural violence is anything that restricts people from accessing social or political representation. Structural violence is the root cause of all oppression because it entrenches the system and establishes the hierarchy by which oppressive mindsets are justified. By aiming to break down norms of structural violence, we are best able to address the issue of oppression.
Part Two is the Plan
Plan: The United States and Japan ought to prohibit the production of nuclear power.
Contention 1: Nuclear Waste
Subpoint A: Nuclear waste disposal on indigenous lands has had a huge impact on the basic health of native people, multiple studies show. Lynch 14:
Michael J. Lynch (Professor of criminology and associated faculty member in the School of Global Sustainability at the University of South Florida). "Native American People, Environmental Health and Justice Issues." Green Criminology. 10 March 2014. JDN. http://greencriminology.org/glossary/native-american-people-environmental-health-and-justice-issues/
Native Americans face a number of environmental hazards and health issues that have been imposed
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that environmental injustice that Native lands were targeted for nuclear waste disposal sites.
Subpoint B: Even if there are no spills or accidents, toxic waste sites continually leak poison into the air and water, putting current and future people at grave risk. Brook 98 explains:
Daniel Brook (Professor at University of California, Davis; PhD in sociology), "Environmental Genocide: Native Americans and Toxic Waste," American Journal of Economics and Sociology, Vol. 57, No. 1. January 1998. pp. 105-113, JDN. http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/3487423.pdf
Unfortunately, it is a sad but true fact that "virtually every landfill leaks
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their earnings at the expense of health, safety, and the environment.
Subpoint C: Japan’s lowest caste suffers health risks from radiation. Shrader-Frechette 12 says
~[Kristin Shrader-Frechette, O’Neill Family Endowed Professor, Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Philosophy, and also the director of the Center for Environmental Justice and Children’s Health, at the University of Notre Dame, "Nuclear Catastrophe, Disaster-Related Environmental Injustice, and Fukushima, Japan: PrimaFacie Evidence for a Japanese ’’Katrina’’" ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE Volume 5, Number 3, 2012~] ~[Premier~]
Prima-facie evidence likewise shows buraku nuclear workers are both EI and DREI victims
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a fact also suggesting prima-facie DREI toward buraku.67,68
Contention 2: Accidents
====Subpoint A: Nuclear accidents would disproportionately harm society’s least advantaged. Cousins et al. 13 explains:====
Elicia Cousins, Claire Karban, Fay Li, and Marianna Zapanta (Carleton College, Environmental Studies Comprehensive Project). "Nuclear Power and Environmental Justice: A Mixed-Methods Study of Risk, Vulnerability, and the Victim Experience." Carleton College. 2013. JDN. https://apps.carleton.edu/curricular/ents/assets/Cousins_Karban_Li_Zapanta.pdf
From a Rawlsian perspective, there are injustices in the distribution of harms posed by
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of existing problems of injustice, and guide policy to create appropriate solutions.
Subpoint B: Evident in Japan. The poor received poor treatment in the aftermath of Fukushima. Shrader-Frechette 12
~[Kristin Shrader-Frechette, O’Neill Family Endowed Professor, Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Philosophy, and also the director of the Center for Environmental Justice and Children’s Health, at the University of Notre Dame, "Nuclear Catastrophe, Disaster-Related Environmental Injustice, and Fukushima, Japan: PrimaFacie Evidence for a Japanese ’’Katrina’’" ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE Volume 5, Number 3, 2012~] ~[Premier~]
University scientists, nuclear-industry experts, and physicians say FD radiation will cause
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are EI victims whose reactor proximity caused them also to become DREI victims.
Underview
Nuclear power isn’t a long term solution to replace coal power - only enough fuel for 4 years.
Caldicott, 5.
(Helen, the Australian, April 15. "Nuclear Power is the Problem, Not a Solution" http://www.commondreams.org/views05/0415-23.htm, founder and president of the Nuclear Policy Research Institute)
At present there are 442 nuclear reactors in operation around the world. If,
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enough economically viable uranium to fuel the reactors for three to four years.
Plants can’t be built fast enough to stop warming
CSM 2007 ~[Mark Clayton, staff, September 28, accessed 7/17/08 http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0928/p01s05-usgn.html~~]
The risks might be worth the cost if nuclear power can have a substantial impact
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capacity expected to be retired during that time, the Keystone report said.
Nuclear power puts CO2intothe atmosphere
<Women’s International League of Peace and Freedom (WILPF), October 2007; WILPF is part of the international women’s peace organization established in 1915 to ’bring together women of different political beliefs and philosophies who are united in their determination to study, make known and help abolish the causes and the legitimization of war’. There are WILPF groups in 42 countries including the U.S.; http://www.wilpf.org.au/PDFs/Nuclear_Awareness_WILPF_2007.pdf>
Large amounts of electricity, petrol/diesel, and water are consumed in the
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rods and other high-level radioactive waste generated from the nuclear cycle.
Err aff on evidence comparison. Government and industry studies have been known to fabricate evidence. Schrader Frechette 8 says
Kristin Shrader-Frechette teaches biological sciences and philosophy at the University of Notre Dame. Her latest book, Taking Action, Saving Lives: Our Duties to Protect Environmental and Public Health (Oxford University Press, 2007), has been nominated for a National Book Award. http://americamagazine.org/issue/660/article/five-myths-about-nuclear-energy
Atomic energy is among the most impractical and risky of available fuel sources. Private
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virtually all of its support to a riskier, more costly nuclear alternative?