1AC - Resistance 1NC - Opacity Bostrom ILaw DA 1AR - FIRE add on Ilaw DA Opacity 2NR - Opacity 2AR - Presumption and Opacity
GD
1
Opponent: Nueva JT | Judge: Braden James
AC - This NC - Baudrillard 1AR - Case and Baudrillard NR - Baudrillard AC - Both
Meadows
1
Opponent: Coral | Judge: Braden James
AC - Ecopess NC - Imperialism 1AR - Everything NR - Imperialism 2AR - Everything
TOC
5
Opponent: Ridge SK | Judge: Rahul
1AC - Aff 1NC - Settler colonialism K case 1AR - Perf con bad mindset alts bad case k 2NR - Theory Theory Oppressive K 2AR - Perf con bad
TOC
5
Opponent: Ridge SK | Judge: Rahul
1AC - Aff 1NC - Settler colonialism K case 1AR - Perf con bad mindset alts bad case k 2NR - Theory Theory Oppressive K 2AR - Perf con bad
To modify or delete round reports, edit the associated round.
Cites
Entry
Date
- TOC R1 Resistance Aff
Tournament: TOC | Round: 1 | Opponent: Jessica zhang | Judge: Salim Resistance AC Phil FW The standard is minimizing structural violence
Ethical theories that aren’t grounded in the current social context fail to analyze structural inequalities and real world issues. Mills 9: Mills, C. W. (2009), Rawls on Race/Race in Rawls. The Southern Journal of Philosophy, 47: 161–184 Now how can … it ever did arrive. 2. Oppression is normatively bad – it excludes people from moral deliberation and makes them victims of violence. Either a) aff impacts matter under your framework or b) It can’t condemn oppression and you should reject it 3. Collective action results in tradeoffs and conflicts that only consequentialism can resolve. Woller 97 summarizes: Gary Woller BYU Professor “An Overview by Gary Woller” A Forum on the Role of Environmental Ethics. June 1997. p. 10 Moreover, virtually all …. actually making it worse. 4. No act omission distinction for states since their implicit approvals of actions still entail moral responsibility. Sunstein and Vermuele: Cass R. Sunstein and Adrian Vermeule. The University of Chicago Law School. “Is Capital Punishment Morally Required? The Relevance of Life‐Life Tradeoffs.” JOHN M. OLIN LAW and ECONOMICS WORKING PAPER NO. 239. The Chicago Working Paper Series. March 2005 In our view, any … violations require aggregation. I defend the text of the resolution, Resolved: Public colleges and universities in the United States ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech. CX clarification solves for any ambiguities in the advocacy or role of the ballot – I’ll grant you stable links if you ask. Adv 1 – speech codes are bad Speech codes censor political activism and ingrain institutional racism Nelson 92 Hate Speech and Political Correctness, Nelson, Cary (Cary Nelson, is an American professor of English and Jubilee Professor of Liberal Arts and Sciences at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign); University of Illinois Law Review, Vol. 1992, Issue 4 (1992), pp. 1085-1094 https://heinonline.org/HOL/LuceneSearch?terms=Hate+Speech+and+Political+Correctnessandcollection=allandsearchtype=advancedandtypea=textandtabfrom=andsubmit=Goandall=trueBWSWJ In order to punish all …. We will have accom- plished nothing but our own destruction. This is not abstract theorization – speech codes on campuses have been disproportionately used against the very people they claim to protect Strossen 1: Nadine Strossen the first woman and the youngest person to ever lead the ACLU. A professor at New York Law School, Strossen sits on the Council on Foreign Relations. She has been called one of the most influential business leaders, women, or lawyers in National Law Journal and Vanity Fair “Incitement to Hatred: Should There Be a Limit” New York Law School. 25 S. Ill. U. L. J. 243 (2000-2001). -- South Africa, Russia, Turkey, Singapore, UK (multiple examples), United States, Germany, Canada (censored a bell hooks book), British Universities, University of Michigan, University of Connecticut, Trinity College Consistent with the … to disempowered groups. Speech codes feel good for white liberals but prevent them from actually addressing structural issues that cause racism on campuses in the first place – speech codes deflect valuable resources from integrating schools to settlements with groups like FIRE Minow 2k Martha Minow (Professor, Harvard Law School); REGULATING HATRED: WHOSE SPEECH, WHOSE CRIMES, WHOSE POWER?-AN ESSAY FOR KENNETH KARST; http://heinonline.org/HOL/PDFsearchable?collection=journalsandhandle=hein.journals/uclalr47anddiv=36andsection=36andprint=sectionandfrom=dropbox; 47 UCLA L. Rev. 1253 1999-2000 BWSWJ For me, however, ... requisites for learning Speech restrictions don’t work – they make people martyrs, make bad speech more attractive, create resentment towards the oppressed, and give institutional sanction to hate; In our political climate censoring people like Milo just legitimizes their views Minow 2k Martha Minow (Professor, Harvard Law School); REGULATING HATRED: WHOSE SPEECH, WHOSE CRIMES, WHOSE POWER?-AN ESSAY FOR KENNETH KARST; http://heinonline.org/HOL/PDFsearchable?collection=journalsandhandle=hein.journals/uclalr47anddiv=36andsection=36andprint=sectionandfrom=dropbox; 47 UCLA L. Rev. 1253 1999-2000 BWSWJ Nonetheless, those who … do what it says."6 Even if they win codes work, punishment for speech codes put minority students on the school to prison pipeline – high school proves – your ballot should answer the question of whether minor speech infractions should lead to the growth of the prison industrial complex Ross 16 Ross, Catherine J. (Professor of Law, George Washington; Catherine J. Ross specializes in constitutional law (with particular emphasis on the First Amendment), family law, and legal and policy issues concerning children. Her book, Lessons in Censorship: How Schools and Courts Subvert Students' First Amendment Rights (Harvard University Press, 2015) was named the Best Book on the First Amendment by Concurring Opinions’ First Amendment News, and won the Critics’ Choice Book Award from the American Education Studies Association. Professor Ross has been a co-author of Contemporary Family Law (Thomson/West) since the First Edition; the Fourth Edition was published in 2015.) , 'Bitch,' Go Directly to Jail: Student Speech and Entry into the School-to-Prison Pipeline (2016). 88 TEMPLE L. REV. (2016); GWU Law School Public Law Research Paper No. 2016-11; GWU Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2016-11. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2782555 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2782555 All brackets were in original evidence BWSWJ Responding to these … suspended each year.38 Ross continues Violating a student … for her arrest.82 Adv 2 – free speech is better than speech codes Generous free speech protections contribute to rights and pave the way towards equal representation Strossen 90 Strossen, Nadine (She was the first woman and the youngest person to ever lead the ACLU. A professor at New York Law School, Strossen sits on the Council on Foreign Relations. She has been called one of the most influential business leaders, women, or lawyers in National Law Journal and Vanity Fair) "Regulating Racist Speech on Campus: A Modest Proposal?." http://www.jstor.org/stable/1372555 , Duke Law Journal 1990.3 (Jun 1990): 484-573. BWSWJ The civil libertarian …principles 431 and precedents. Uncensored speech creates awareness and movements against hate speech – counter speech is empirically effective – that’s the consensus of the lit. Davidson 16: Alexander Davidson “The Freedom of Speech in Public Forums on College Campuses: A Single-Site Case Study on Pushing the Boundaries of the Freedom of Speech” A Senior Project presented to The Faculty of the Journalism Department. California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo. June 2016. p. 50-51 All experts agreed … combat the issue. Censoring speech makes it more attractive and increases hatred – psychological studies prove Stevens and Phillips 16 Sean Stevens and Nick Phillips, 12-5-2016, "Free Speech is the Most Effective Antidote to Hate Speech," Heterodox Academy, http://heterodoxacademy.org/2016/12/05/free-speech-is-the-most-effective-antidote-to-hate-speech/BWSWJ When hardcore racists … his vile, racist views.
Tournament: xxx | Round: 1 | Opponent: INFO | Judge: INFO If you have any questions about what I've read or my wiki, email me at whit@whitjack.me or contact me on facebook
9/12/16
0 - IMPORTANT USC NOTE
Tournament: 0 | Round: Finals | Opponent: IMPORTANT | Judge: IMPORTANT I will not be reading PICs out of specific types or methods of constitutionally protected speech against affs that are not parametricized at the USC tournament.
Examples of pics I can't read: Only restrict hate speech Only restrict revenge porn Only restrict journalist speech
Examples I can still read: Word PICs Process PICs Agent PICs
Tournament: xx | Round: 1 | Opponent: xx | Judge: xx Interpretation: Debaters' disclosure must include a listing of the labels of all positions they have read directly on the wiki page, and may not only post speech docs without a general description of the arguments within. To clarify, you can't just throw up a document on the wiki, if you disclose a warming DA, you must add a listing saying "Warming DA" or similarly descriptive entry title.
10/28/16
1 - DISCLOSURE THEORY
Tournament: all | Round: Finals | Opponent: x | Judge: x Interpretation: Debaters who have attended at least 1 bid tournament must disclose all broken positions read in previous rounds (including Ks, DAs, ACs, NCs, CPs) on the NDCA LD 2016-2017 wiki under their name, school, and correct side, minimally including cites, tags, and the first three and last three words of all cards read.
9/12/16
1 - POGGE K
Tournament: USC | Round: 6 | Opponent: HW LM | Judge: Alderete Thomas Pogge has a known record of sexually harassing female students, but his reputation as a renowned philosopher cultivates a cultural silence that reinforces male discretion. Remnick 16: Noah Remnick. "After a professor is cleared of Sexual Harassment, Critics Fear 'Cultural Silence' at Yale." July 8, 2016. New York: New York Times. Accessed 3.4.17 When Thomas Pogge came to Yale University in 2008, his hiring was heralded as a major boon to its philosophy department, which had been struggling in recent years. Professor Pogge, a renowned German-born scholar of moral philosophy and international affairs, brought to Yale impressive academic credentials, and a dose of star power. But just two years later, Professor Pogge was accused of sexual misconduct by a recent Yale graduate named Fernanda Lopez Aguilar. Ms. Lopez alleged, among other charges, that Professor Pogge had groped her and made a series of inappropriate remarks, referring to her as “the Monica Lewinsky to my Bill Clinton.” When she brought her case to the school’s University-Wide Committee on Sexual Misconduct, Professor Pogge essentially went unpunished. Other allegations soon followed. Several professors in the field said that Ms. Lopez’s charges should have come as no surprise to the university: As a tenured professor at Columbia University, Professor Pogge had been disciplined after similar accusations of sexual harassment — behavior Yale knew about when hiring him. At the same time, in interviews with more than a dozen professors, administrators, students and experts, many wondered whether Yale could fairly adjudicate such cases when its process relied upon school personnel who may have had a stake in maintaining the university’s reputation. In Ms. Lopez’s case, final authority rested with Peter Salovey, Yale’s president. While serving as provost, Mr. Salovey acted as the “decision maker” for the committee, which found insufficient evidence of sexual harassment in Ms. Lopez’s case, and later rejected her appeal of its ruling. “I never had a chance for justice from the beginning,” Ms. Lopez said in an interview. “Yale had one agenda: protecting its reputation.” Representatives from Yale declined to comment on the specifics of Ms. Lopez’s case, citing confidentiality. “Yale takes all complaints and accusations of sexual misconduct seriously and investigates them thoroughly,” Tom Conroy, a university spokesman, said. Professor Pogge, whose scholarship focuses on theories of global justice, said in a telephone interview that he had engaged in “some definitely inappropriate” behavior, such as sleeping on Ms. Lopez’s lap on a flight and sharing a single hotel room with her, and he denied the harassment charges. “I’m a non-hierarchical professor so I’m casual and go on walks with students, that sort of thing,” he said. “But I definitely, definitely did not in any way attack her. There was no romance in our relationship.” After BuzzFeed News first detailed the alleged improprieties in May, Professor Pogge was met with swift rebuke across the academic world. Hundreds of professors, including more than a dozen members of Yale’s philosophy department and its chairman, signed an open letter to “strongly condemn” him. Many professors interviewed at Yale and elsewhere said that this instance was no anomaly. “Yale is pretty notorious for not taking seriously — at the administrative level — cases of sexual harassment,” Charles Larmore, a philosophy professor at Brown University, said. “No institution likes a scandal, but at Yale there is a particular cultural silence,” said Seyla Benhabib, a professor of political science and philosophy at Yale, who signed the open letter. “There is a culture of male discretion and ‘boys will be boys.’ ”
And, the NC places Pogge on a moral pedestal that renders him immune from accountability; vote aff to reject his status as a moral authority of global justice which protects him from moral condemnation. Aye 14: Aye (Anonymous) "I had an affair with my hero, a philosopher who's famous for being 'moral'." April 26, 2014. Thought Catalog. thoughtcatalog.com/anonymous/2014/04/i-had-an-affair-with-my-hero-a-philosopher-whos-famous-for-being-moral/ Accessed 3.4.17 I write this with much reluctance, because I support his political causes. But I also write because I know there’ll be others like me, who will fall in love with the man who devoted his life to justice, whilst unapologetically replicating gender injustice in his private life. I write because there is a PhD student in India, who wears a sexy negligee and stays in his hotel room whenever he visits. I write because there’s another PhD student in City Z, who, like me, fits his skinny Asian type, gives him a hug whenever they see each other, invites him to concerts and other non-professional activities. There are other young female scholars that he hosts in his apartment. This is how his affair with the virgin student started; she was invited to stay as a guest in his apartment. He will never make a move on these young scholars; he’s way too smart and has too much to lose for that kind of behavior. He will not get involved with someone who is officially his student, but he will “befriend” pretty women who aren’t officially his students. If my experience is anything to go by, he will design the conditions under which the so-called friendship could evolve, by sending invitations for philosophical discussions in private spaces, declare his love prematurely, make far off future plans, and lie by omission about his status as a free and single man. I write this knowing full well that he is probably the most powerful person in the academic area that I work in, and how this could mean sabotage for my future. I tell this story because, no matter how he dresses it up, the facts remain: He is an old man, occupying a powerful place in academia, who has a penchant for young, inexperienced women. I write because of his partner for three decades, the housewife who takes care of his taxes, laundry, and household, because I have unwittingly done her wrong. Perhaps I shouldn’t worry too much about going public with this story. In the end, no one really cares about these things. This is all within the realm of the untouchable sacred, private sphere. It is I who assumed that his words and actions meant he was unattached, I who assumed that he will be as honest as I was to him, I who didn’t think about the existence of his housewife, I who didn’t think about the young Chinese virgin, the one he promised – along with others – that he would leave his housewife for but didn’t. At the end of the day, I am but a mere graduate student; he is a big-shot Ivy League professor. At the end of the day, nothing will happen. At the end of the day, powerful men will reciprocate sexual and romantic gestures from pretty young women, so long as there are no legal repercussions. At the end of the day, this wrong that I speak of is the norm. He will continue giving his lectures about justice around the world, pretending not to eat meat for moral reasons, inviting young women to his hotel room for philosophical discussions, and I’m just among the other young women scorned by the moral philosopher, who devotes his life to justice. There can be no moral condemnation. I brought this upon myself, and I deserve to live with the consequences of my free, voluntary action. But there is a silver lining. I’ve learned a lot from this experience. As a PhD student about to enter the world of professional philosophy, I now know better what I’m getting into. My hero, who regularly uses and condemns sexist practices in his lectures, said that Person N is not a real feminist, because she wears miniskirts when she gives lectures. He sat around with other renowned philosophers from the prestigious university in City Z, grumbling about how a stupid woman does not deserve her new prestigious university post. Now I understand better what they mean when they say that academic philosophy is a white boys’ club. I am barely starting my career, but my eyes are already wide open.
3/5/17
2 - BLINDNESS K
Tournament: Ghill | Round: 2 | Opponent: Nirmal | Judge: Terrance The use of blindness discourse is problematic – it perpetuates ableism and the idea that blindness implies moral inferiority. Treiman
Over the last couple of decades, disability theorists in the humanities have produced work that shows how signifiers of disability employed in literature, art, films, pop culture, the news media, and everyday discourse are paradigmatically and stereotypically oppressive to disabled people: the nasty villain with facial scars, the evil pirate with a prosthetic arm, the wicked witch with one eye, the determined cripple who overcomes all odds and is redeemed, and so on. One focus of these efforts has been the ways that “blindness” is used as a rhetorical and representational device to signify lack of knowledge, as well as epistemic ignorance or negligence and the moral downfall it implies. I first wrote about the use of blindness as a metaphor in 1996. For the last few years, I have tried to get the APA to remove the phrase “blind review” from its publications and website. The phrase is demeaning to disabled people because it associates blindness with lack of knowledge and implies that blind people cannot be knowers. Because the phrase is standardly used in philosophy and other academic CFPs, it should become recognized as a cause for great concern. In short, use of the phrase amounts to the circulation of language that discriminates. Philosophers should want to avoid inflicting harm in this way. Now, one might think that the term “blind review” means, literally, that reviewers cannot “see” the name of an author (or authors) of a given paper. But consider that under the terms of this form of refereeing, it would be not be acceptable for an editor to verbally communicate the name (or names) of an author (or authors) to a referee, while preventing the referee from seeing the name or names. Equally, it would not be acceptable if a blind philosopher heard the name (names) read out by her screen-reader software, even though she can’t see them. A couple of years ago, I emailed both the Executive Director of the APA and the past President of the CPA (Canadian Phil. Assoc.), explaining to them why the use of the phrase “blind review” in their publicity materials, CFPs, etc. was oppressive and demeaning to disabled people, and I posted these emails in the body of a comment on the Feminist Philosophers blog. In an email to me, the Executive Director of the APA wrote that this matter had never been brought to his attention in the past and that he would have APA staff act on it immediately. The President of the CPA made a commitment to me that he would raise the issue at the next meeting of the CPA Board of Directors.
Exclusion of disabled bodies is the root cause of violence – vote aff to reject their use of ableist language. Siebers 10
Disqualification as a symbolic process removes individuals from the ranks of quality human beings, putting them at risk of unequal treatment, bodily harm, and death. That people may be subjected to violence if they do not achieve a prescribed level of quality is an injustice rarely questioned. In fact, even though we may redefine what we mean by quality people, for example as historical minorities are allowed to move into their ranks, we have not yet ceased to believe that non quality human beings do exist and that they should be treated differently from people of quality. Harriet McBryde Johnson's debate with Peter Singer provides a recent example of the widespread belief in the existence of non quality human beings (Johnson). Johnson, a disability activist, argues that all disabled people qualify as persons who have the same rights as everyone else. Singer, a moral philosopher at Princeton University, claims to the contrary that people with certain disabilities should be euthanized, especially if they are . thought to be in pain, because they do not qualify as persons. Similarly, Martha Nussbaum, the University of Chicago moral philosopher, establishes a threshold below which "a fully human life, a life worthy of human dignity:' is not possible (181). In particular, she notes that the onset of certain disabilities may reduce a person to the status of former human being: "we may say of some conditions of a being, let us say a permanent vegetative state of a (former) human being, that this just is not a human life at all" (181). Surprisingly little thought and energy have been given to disputing the belief that nonquality human beings do exist. This belief is so robust that it supports the most serious and characteristic injustices of our day. Disqualification at this moment in time justifies discrimination, servi- tude, imprisonment, involuntary institutionalization, euthanasia, human and civil rights violations, military intervention, compulsory sterilization, police actions, assisted suicide, capital punishment, and murder. It is my contention that disqualification finds support in the way that bodies appear and in their specific appearances-that is, disqualification is justified through the accusation of mental or physical inferiority based on aesthetic principles. Disqualification is produced by naturalizing inferiority as the justification for unequal treatment, violence, and oppression. According to Snyder and Mitchell, disability serves in the modern period as "the master trope of human disqualification."4 They argue that disability represents a marker of otherness that establishes differences between human beings not as acceptable or valuable variations but as dangerous deviations. Douglas Baynton provides compelling examples from the modern era, explaining that during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in the United States disability identity disqualified other identities defined by gender, race, class, and nationality. Women were deemed inferior because they were said to have mental and physical disabilities. People of color had fewer rights than other persons based on accusations of biological inferiority. Immigrants were excluded from entry into the United States when they were poor, sick, or failed standardized tests, even though the populations already living there were poor, sick, and failed standardized tests. In every case, disability identity served to justify oppression by amplifying ideas about inferiority already attached to other minority identities. Disability is the trope by which the assumed inferiority of these other minority identities achieved expression. The appearance of lesser mental and physical abilities disqualifies people as inferior and justifies their oppression. Thanks to the work ofBaynton and others, it is now possible to recognize disability as a trope used to posit the inferiority of certain minority populations, but it remains extremely difficult to understand that mental and physical markers of inferiority are also tropes placed in the service of disability oppression. Before disability can be used as a dis qualifier, disability, too, has to be disqualified. Beneath the troping of blackness as inbuilt inferiority, for example, lies the troping of disability as inferior. Beneath the troping of femininity as biological deficiency lies the troping of disability as deficiency. The mental and physical properties of bodies become the natural symbols of inferiority via a process of disqualification that seems biological, not cultural-which is why disability discrimination seems to be a medical rather than a social problem. If we consider how difficult it is at this moment to disqualify people as inferior on the basis of their racial, sexual, gender, or class characteristics, we may come to recognize the ground that we must cover in the future before we experience the same difficulty disqualifying people as inferior on the basis of disability. We might also recognize the work that disability performs at present in situations where race, sexuality, gender, and class are used to disqualify people as physically or mentally inferior. At the current time we prefer to fix, cure, or eradicate the disabled body rather than the discriminatory attitudes of society. Medicine and charity, not social justice, are the answers to the problems of the disabled body, because the disabled body is thought to be the real cause of the problems. Disability is a personal misfortune or tragedy that puts people at risk of a nonquality existence-or so most people falsely believe. Aesthetics studies the way that some bodies make other bodies feel. Bodies, minimally defined, are what appear in the world. They involve manifestations of physical appearance, whether this appearance is defined as the physical manifestation itself or as the particular appearance of a given physical manifestation. Bodies include in my definition human bodies, paintings, sculpture, buildings, the entire range of human artifacts as well as animals and objects in the natural world. Aesthetics, moreover, has always stressed that feelings produced in bodies by other bodies are involuntary, as if they represented a form of unconscious communication between bodies, a contagious possession of one body by another. Aesthetics is the domain in which the sensation of otherness is felt at its most powerful, strange, and frightening. Whether the effect is beauty and pleasure, ugliness and pain, or sublimity and terror, the emotional impact of one body on another is experienced as an assault on autonomy and a testament to the power of otherness. Aesthetics is the human science most concerned with invitations 'to think and feel otherwise about our own influence, interests, and imagination. Of course, when bodies produce feelings of pleasure or pain, they also invite judgments about whether they should be accepted or rejected in the human community. People thought to experience more pleasure or pain than others or to produce unusual levels of pleasure and pain in other bodies are among the bodies most discriminated against, actively excluded, and violated on the current scene, be they disabled, sexed, gendered, or racialized bodies. Disabled people, but also sex workers, gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgendered people, and people of color, are tortured and killed because of beliefs about their relationship to pain and pleasure (Siebers 2009). This is why aesthetic disqualification is not merely a matter for art critics or museum directors but a political process of concern to us all. An understanding of aesthetics is crucial because it reveals the operative principles of disqualification used in minority oppression. Oppression is the systematic victimization of one group by another. It is a form of intergroup violence. That oppression involves "groups," and not "individuals:' means that it concerns identities, and this means, furthermore, that oppression always focuses on how the body appears, both on how it appears as a public and physical presence and on its specific and various appearances. Oppression is justified most often by the attribution of natural inferiority-what some call "in-built" or "biological" inferiority; Natural inferiority is always somatic, focusing on the mental and physical features of the group, and it figures as disability. The prototype of biological inferiority is disability. The representation of inferiority always comes back to the appearance of the body and the way the body makes other bodies feel. This is why the study of oppression requires an understanding of aesthetics-not only because oppression uses aesthetic judgments for its violence but also because the signposts of how oppression works are visible in the history of art, where aesthetic judgments about the creation and appreciation ofbodis are openly discussed. Two additional thoughts must be noted before I treat some analytic. examples from the historical record. First, despite my statement that disability now serves as the master trope of human disqualification, it is not a matter of reducing other minority identities to disability identity. Rather, it is a matter of understanding the work done by disability in oppressive systems. In disability oppression, the physical and mental properties of the body are socially constructed as disqualifying defects, but this specific type of social construction happens to be integral at the present moment to the symbolic requirements of oppression in general. In every oppressive system of our day, I want to claim, the oppressed identity is represented in some way as disabled, and although it is hard to understand, the same process obtains when disability is the oppressed identity. "Racism" disqualifies on the basis of race, providing justification for the inferiority of certain skin colors, bloodlines, and physical features. "Sexism" disqualifies on the basis of sex/gender as a direct representation of mental and physical inferiority. "Classism" disqualifies on the basis of family lineage and socioeconomic power as proof of inferior genealogical status. 'Ableism" disqualifies on the basis of mental and physical differences, first selecting and then stigmatizing them as disabilities. The oppressive system occults in each case the fact that the disqualified identity is socially constructed, a mere convention, representing signs of incompetence, weakness, or inferiority as undeniable facts of nature. Second, it is crucial to remember the lessons of intersectional theory. This theory rightly focuses on how oppressive systems affect the identity of the oppressed individual, explaining that because individuality is complex, containing many overlapping identities, the individual is vulnerable to oppressive systems that would reduce the individual to one or two identities for the purpose of maintaining power and control (Collins 208),5 Intersectional theorists restore a complex view of the individual and fight against creating hierarchies between different identities. For example, the debate whether it is worse to be black or female is viewed as divisive and unproductive. My tactic here is similar. I want to look at identity not from the point of view of the oppressed individual but from the point of view-limited as it may seem and significant because limited-of oppressive systems. Disability is the master trope of human disqualification, not because disability theory is superior to race, class, or sex/gender theory, but because all oppressive systems function by reducing human variation to deviancy and inferiority defined on the mental and physical plane. Intersectional analysis shows that disability identity provides a foundation for disqualification in cases where other minority identities fail because they are known to be socially constructed for the purposes of domination. It is not clear why disability has proven so useful a trope for maintaining oppression, but one reason may be that it has been extraordinarily difficult to separate disability from the naturalist fallacy that conceives of it as a biological defect more or less resistant to social or cultural intervention. In the modern era, of course, eugenics embodies this fallacy. Eugenics has been of signal importance to oppression because eugenics weds medical science to a disgust with mental and physical variation, but eugenics is not a new trend, only an exacerbation of old trends that invoke disease, inferiority, impairment, and deformity to disqualify one group in the service of another's rise to power. As racism, sexism, and classism fall away slowly as justifications for human inferiority-and the critiques of these prejudices prove powerful examples of how to fight oppression the prejudice against disability remains in full force, providing seemingly credible reasons for the belief in human inferiority and the oppressive systems built upon it. This usage will continue, I expect, until we reach a historical moment when we know as much about the social construction of disability as we now know about the social construction of race, class, gender, and sexuality. Disability represents at this moment in time the final frontier of justifiable human inferiority.
Funding is key to US competitiveness – ensures college quality
Leigh 14 Steven R. Leigh (dean of CU-Boulder’s College of Arts and Sciences), "Endowments and the future of higher education," UColorado Boulder, March 2014 AZ These broad trends point directly to the need for CU-Boulder’s College of Arts AND affirm the importance of higher education and enduringly preserve its viability and vitality.
Innovation solves great power war
Taylor 4 – Professor of Political Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Mark, "The Politics of Technological Change: International Relations versus Domestic Institutions," Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 4/1/2004, http://www.scribd.com/doc/46554792/Taylor) I. Introduction Technological innovation is of central importance to the study of international relations AND , and war, international systems would not exist in the first place.
1/4/17
JANFEB - RESISTANCE AC V2
Tournament: GD | Round: 1 | Opponent: Nueva JT | Judge: Braden James see doc
2/4/17
JANFEB - RESISTANCE V3
Tournament: Berkeley | Round: 2 | Opponent: Polytechnic JL | Judge: Devane See open source
2/19/17
JANFEB - Resistance AC
Tournament: CPS | Round: 1 | Opponent: MV Independant | Judge: Cameron Cohen Check the speech doc, I haven't been able to post the cites without them getting deleted for some reason
12/18/16
JANFEB - Resistance AC v4
Tournament: USC | Round: Quarters | Opponent: West Ranch JW | Judge: Fife, Wheeler, Mokrent see doc
I affirm and value morality. Morality begins with the preservation of freedom:
A) analytic.
B) analytic.
Individuals come together to the collective for self-preservation as the common will; the collective has no power above the sovereign so requires deliberation as the basis for action. Rousseau bracketed for gendered language
Jean Jacques Rousseau "THE SOCIAL CONTRACT OR PRINCIPLES OF POLITICAL RIGHT" 1762. Translated by G. D. H. Cole 6. THE SOCIAL COMPACT I SUPPOSE ~individuals~ men to have reached the AND would be absurd, tyrannical, and liable to the most frightful abuses.
The general will must be achieved through democratic deliberation under free and equal conditions. Benhabib
Seyla Benhabib 94 ~Eugene Mayer Professor of Political Science and Philosophy at Yale University, and director of the program in Ethics, Politics, and Economics, and a well-known contemporary philosopher~, "Deliberative Rationality and Models of Democratic Legitimacy", Constellations Volume I, No/, 1994, Published by Blackwell Publishers, BE I define democratic legitimacy as the belief that the major institutions of a society and AND certain decision affecting all.18 Deliberation is a procedure for being informed.
Thus, the standard is maintaining procedures for democratic deliberation. This requires creating opportunities for individuals to collectively partake in the political sphere. The standard does not say that we listen to polls or political momentum, but rather that governments have a duty to respect institutions that allow for democracy.
Prefer the standard:
Deliberative democracy is epistemically more reliable since it accounts for a plurality of opinions. Christiano
Christiano, Tom, "Democracy", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2015 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2015/entries/democracy/. Two kinds of in instrumental benefits are commonly attributed to democracy: relatively good laws AND sixties, thus democracy is a side constraint on any other ethical theory.
Oppression - Democracy is a key motivating factor and methodology for resisting oppression. Glasius and Pleyers
Glasius, Marlies, and Geoffrey Pleyers. "The global moment of 2011: Democracy, social justice and dignity." Development and Change 44.3 (2013): 547-567. ~JL~ On the surface, the Arab revolutions and Russian protests, which demand democracy, AND and the authoritarian style of . . . leadership’ of ‘political parties,
Moral progress - Democracy allows for self-correction and only alternative is totalitarianism. Sen
Amartya Sen, "WHY DEMOCRATIZATION IS NOT THE SAME AS WESTERNIZATION. Democracy and Its Global Roots", The New Republic Online Post date: 09.25.03 Issue date: 10.06.03 The value of public reasoning applies to reasoning about democracy itself. It is good AND debate – even if there are problems with democracy it always self corrects.
Contention 1 is deliberation
Nuclear energy consistently fails to engage in effective public deliberation – India’s example provides three reasons. Bhadra
Bhadra, Monamie. "Fighting Nuclear Energy, Fighting for India's Democracy." Science as Culture 22.2 (2013): 238-246. Now, those tactics are showing obsolescence as the nuclear establishment engages more substantively with AND ~the vote~". (quoting Chatterjee, 2004, p. 18)
If the nuclear industry is incapable of engaging the public, then the public can never be aware of what is going on. The Bhadra evidence explains that nuclear experts are incapable of effective deliberation, which means the public can’t form and fight for action on nuclear.
Public trust in the nuclear industry is near rock bottom - any attempt to reconcile inevitably fails and leaves the population unequipped to evaluate nuclear programs. Ramana
M.V. Ramana (2011) Nuclear power and the public, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 67:4, 43-51, DOI: 10.1177/0096340211413358, ~JL~ A number of studies have found that knowledge is a less important factor than trust AND there is little reason for the general public to trust statements about safety.
Contention 2 is secrecy
The public is excluded and kept in the dark for decision-making processes regarding nuclear energy, no one knows what’s going on, which is fundamentally different from how a democracy should work. Kyne and Bolin
Dean Kyne ~Department of Sociology and Anthropology, the University of Texas Rio Grande Valley~ and Bob Bolin ~School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University~ "Emerging Environmental Justice Issues in Nuclear Power and Radioactive Contamination" Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 700; doi:10.3390/ijerph13070700 RY Public participation: While public participation and the right to know has been a hallmark AND the problems of distributive justice and procedural justice will not be adequately addressed.
Secrecy kills deliberative democracy since it excludes constituents from knowing about or participating in the decision making process. Hamilton
Lee H. Hamilton ~former member of the United States House of Representatives and currently a member of the U.S. Homeland Security Advisory Council~ "COLUMN: Government secrecy is killing our democracy behind closed doors" Mar 30, 2016. RY Openness is not a panacea, but it makes good government more likely. Representative AND statement, "(S)unlight is said to be the best disinfectant."
Contention 3 is corruption and corporate power
Widespread corruption exists in the nuclear industry. Tanter
Richard Tanter, "After Fukushima: A Survey of Corruption in the Global Nuclear Power Industry", Asian Perspective 37 (2013), 475–500, ~JL~ During the eighteen months from the beginning of 2012 to mid- 2013, major AND , and Canada—and India, a probable but unconfirmed case.1
Corruption ruins public trust because we have no way to hold people accountable. Tanter
Richard Tanter, "After Fukushima: A Survey of Corruption in the Global Nuclear Power Industry", Asian Perspective 37 (2013), 475–500, ~JL~ Clearly, the first lesson for the rest of the world to learn from Japan AND regulation, governance, and allocation of liability, mistrust is unfortunately rational.
Underview
And discount neg evidence – corporate propaganda markets nuclear power as the only solution to climate change in order to shut down democratic deliberation about alternative energy futures. Wasserman 16
Nuclear reactors risk meltdown – an existential threat that causes heinous structural violence, is comparable to nuclear war, and irreversible - Muto
Ichiyo Muto, "Buildup of Nuclear Armament Capability and the Post-War Statehood of Japan : Fukushima and the Genealogy of Nuclear Bombs and Power Plants", Page 171-212 | Published online: 22 Mar 2013, Journal Inter-Asia Cultural Studies Volume 14, 2013 - Issue 2, ~JL~ In the battered Fukushima Daiichi nuclear structures, which continue to spew out radiation incessantly AND more Fukushimas occur, Japan as a society may have little chance to survive
Renewables are surging and will replace nuclear. EPI
Earth Policy Institute ’15: (Lester R. Brown, with Janet Larsen, J. Matthew Roney, and Emily E. Adams , "The Great Transition: Shifting from Fossil Fuels to Solar and Wind Energy." Earth Policy Institute 2015FT) Few of the cost calculations for nuclear power that are used by utilities are complete AND a temporary dip but rather the beginning of the end of nuclear power.
And the nuclear industry is holding back renewables Lyderson
Lydersen ’15: (Kari Lydersen, "Why the nuclear industry targets renewables instead of gas." Midwestern Energy News. 02/06/2015FT) Yet the nuclear industry, which generates almost a fifth of the nation’s energy, AND federal mandate to reduce carbon emissions, nuclear is often pitted against renewables.
The detonation of the first nuclear bomb marked an auspicious moment in the lineage of humanity. Humanity assaulted the planet and biosphere with nuclear weapons and they left a mark. This is the start of the Anthropocene, a new epoch where humanity has conquered nature for a modern way of life. Waters et al. 15:
~Waters, Colin N., James P. M. Syvitski, Agnieszka Gałuszka, Gary J. Hancock, Jan Zalasiewicz, Alejandro Cearreta, Jacques Grinevald, Catherine Jeandel, J. R. Mcneill, Colin Summerhayes, and Anthony Barnosky. "Can Nuclear Weapons Fallout Mark the Beginning of the Anthropocene Epoch?" Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 71.3 (2015): 46-57. http://ib.berkeley.edu/labs/barnosky/BoAS.pdf~~ SF Seventy years ago - at 5:30 a.m. on July 16 AND unit: the Anthropocene, from the Greek words for human and new.
The Trinity Test Site bomb test was the physical indicator of the gradual creation of a dualism between humans and nature. Nuclear science is the culmination of the Industrial Revolution, we no longer live with nature but above it. Waters et al. 15:
~Waters, Colin N., James P. M. Syvitski, Agnieszka Gałuszka, Gary J. Hancock, Jan Zalasiewicz, Alejandro Cearreta, Jacques Grinevald, Catherine Jeandel, J. R. Mcneill, Colin Summerhayes, and Anthony Barnosky. "Can Nuclear Weapons Fallout Mark the Beginning of the Anthropocene Epoch?" Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 71.3 (2015): 46-57. http://ib.berkeley.edu/labs/barnosky/BoAS.pdf~~ SF The standard accepted practice for defining geological time units during the current eon (which AND analysis and debate of the whole ensemble of stratigraphic evidence currently being assembled.
The logic of the Anthropocene that justified this violence towards nature is the capitalist "modern way of life" based in consumption that justifies the exploitation of resources that creates global warming. Our extinction was guaranteed when that bomb dropped because we can never shed our way of life in the name of nature. Alternative energy makes us feel safe, but distracts us from the core question: why do we need all this energy? Cohen 12:
~Tom Cohen (Professor of Literary, Cultural, and Media Studies at University of Albany), "Murmurations—"Climate Change" and the Defacement of Theory", Telemorphosis: Theory in the Era of Climate Change, Vol. 1.~ SF Warnings regarding the planet earth's imminent depletion of reserves or "life as we know AND "—a sort of, again, auto-occupation that is accelerating.
Even if all anthropogenic emissions were stopped immediately the catastrophic impacts of climate change would still be irreversible, basically we're done for – this is the most recent scientific consensus. IPCC 14:
~Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (the leading international body for the assessment of climate change. It was established by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) in 1988 to provide the world with a clear scientific view on the current state of knowledge in climate change and its potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. Currently 195 countries are in the IPCC. It's where all of your statistics come from), 2014 Synthesis Report, http://ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/syr/SYR_AR5_FINAL_full.pdf~~ Many aspects of climate change and its associated impacts will continue for centuries, even AND .5.5, WGII 4.3.3.4~}
The prophetically solvable apocalyptic imageries of climate change that are used to justify nuclear power create a culture of fear and compulsion that stunts our ability to react to the Anthropocene. Our response should not begin with speculative technology that fuel capitalist markets; it should start with what we can do as people to get ready for a world without humans. Swyngedouw 09:
~Erik Swyngedouw (professor of geography at the University of Manchester in the School of Environment and Development), "Climate Change as Post-Political and Post-Democratic Populism," "The Desire of the apocalypse and the Fetishisation of CO2," 7/21/09. http://www.variant.org.uk/events/pubdiscus/Swyngedouw2.pdf**~~ bracketed for clarity ~"if disaster is to be avoided" replaced with "to avoid disaster"~ We shall start from the attractions of the apocalyptic imaginaries that infuse the climate change AND words (Rancière, 1998), so that nothing really has to change.
However, we fear changing our fancy capitalist lifestyle when we could survive off of more traditional means. The culture of fear is used to justify ever increasing levels of consumption in the West that drain the traditional economies of the world of resources – this causes crushing cyclical poverty. Nhanenge 11:
~Jytte Nhanenge (She received her masters degree in Developmental Studies from the University of South Africa where she also spent 13 years researching the connection between patriarchal domination and poverty), "ECOFEMINSM: TOWARDS INTEGRATING THE CONCERNS OF WOMEN, POOR PEOPLE AND NATURE INTO DEVELOPMENT," p.396-397. Published in 2011. http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/570/dissertation.pdf?sequence=1-~~ SF Apart from preventing satisfaction of basic needs, the Western societies also create artificial needs AND . (Shiva 1989: 13; Mies and Shiva 1993: 73).
The 1AC asks that we do nothing in the middle of crisis. Desires for productivity created warming so in response we should dare to do nothing. No power plants. No turbines. Only solidarity with the notion that we can do nothing to save ourselves can create authentic change. Zizek 02:
~Slavoj Zizek (Slovenian philosopher/psychoanalyst/communist who manages to screw up everyone's day with real talk and funny gestures), "Revolution at the Gates", p. 169-171. Published in 2002. https://kabirabud.files.wordpress.com/2013/10/slavoj_zizek_repeating_leninbookfi-org.pdf~~ SF bracketed for clarity Indeed, since the "normal" functioning of capitalism involves some kind of disavowal AND capitalist system, in the way the political space and state apparatuses work.
Therefore I affirm the whole resolution as a site of meditative inaction in the face of crisis, to take on our impending extinction requires us to stopping thinking materially, start thinking philosophically, and learn how to die gracefully. We cannot bounce back from the Anthropocene, we either die in fear wondering how our nuclear plants didn't save us or live authentically and recognize that our way of life confines us to artificial pleasures and metaphysical suffering. This start with rejecting the false hopes of nuclear power. Scranton 13
~Roy Scranton (Served in the United States Army from 2002 to 2006. He is a doctoral candidate in English at Princeton University, and co-editor of "Fire and Forget: Short Stories from the Long War." He has written for The New York Times, Boston Review, Theory and Event and recently completed a novel about the Iraq War…he's also a total badass), "Learning How to Die in the Anthropocene"; November 10, 2013; http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/11/10/learning-how-to-die-in-the-anthropocene/?_r=0~~ SF There's a word for this new era we live in: the Anthropocene. This AND to live in the Anthropocene, we must first learn how to die.
The role of the ballot is to vote for the debater who provides the best method to deconstruct the dualism between humans and nature that has been constructed. The imminence of the anthropocene makes this our foremost educational responsibility. Ecological Thoughtprint 11:
~Ecological Thoughtprint (website for educators that promote sustainability education and teach ecological epistemology) "Dualism doesn't make sense" December 4, 2011. https://ecologicalthoughtprint.org/2011/12/04/dualism-doesnt-make-sense/~~ SF Bracketed for gendered language ~Replaced "her" with "their"~ Have you ever asked someone, "Where is Nature? Where is the environment AND world but out of some autonomous synthetic factory in a distant industrial land.
10/28/16
SEPTOCT - NOKO AC
Tournament: Loyola | Round: 6 | Opponent: HW EE | Judge: Joseph Barquin AC
Framework I value morality.
The standard is maximizing expected wellbeing.
Ethical frameworks must be theoretically legitimate
A. Ground – B. Topic lit – C. Topic education – Fairness is a
Plan Production of nuclear power by North Korean energy reactors creates weapons-grade plutonium and enriched uranium– this is directly linked with North Korea’s military nuclear capacity. Roncari 15
Satellite pictures suggest … a nuclear arsenal.
NoKo has the the raw material – and is on the verge of developing the capability to deliver it via missile – now is key – U.S. intelligence proves. BBC 16
North Korea's nuclear … of uranium ore.
NoKo uses the excuse of energy development to advance their military programs – international efforts to curb this have consistently failed – domestic action on nuclear power is key. NTI 16
In the late … generating needed electricity.
Thus the plan: The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea ought to prohibit the production of nuclear power.
We’ll Isolate two scenarios.
Scenario 1: Escalation Increased North Korean Prolif creates regional instability –increases U.S military posturing and tension. Spector 15
The advent of … Pyongyang and Beijing.
Conflict leads to rapid escalation, especially with nuclear weapons – leads to massive retaliation. Cha and Gallucci 16
There are other …, a massive retaliation.
That causes lash out – NoKo is willing to do it – history proves. Davis 15
In other words, … his regime's survival.
It's the most dangerous country on earth – miscalculation ensures broad escalation. Metz 13
Today, North Korea … happened in statecraft.
That goes global and nuclear. Cordesman 13
The tensions between … to past experiences.
Scenario 2 – ROK Relations NoKo’s nuclear program will drive a wedge between U.S.–SoKo relations. Fisher 7/13
Mr. Fitzpatrick argued … those of its allies.
NoKo’s nuclear program is a key determiner of U.S.-South Korean relations. Blumenthal 15
2) Twenty-one years … and Seoul desire.
South Korea Alliance Solves U.S.-China Conflict – Acts as a Mediator. Roehrig 7
South Korea has … a competitor.58
US China war escalates – extinction. Riqiang 13
The two articles … may be difficult.
Under-view
Nebel and Plural T assume an unreasonably high threshold for topicality – aff just has to be an instance of the resolution – anything else is a debate over parametrics. Overing 14
As Nebel assumes … on quasi-policy topics.
Evaluate theory and topicality against the aff advocacy with the reasonability brightline of structural abuse 2. Solutions to oppression need to be grounded in policy rather than abstraction. K’s must be tied to an implementable, political solution to be effective. Bryant The problem as I …. Good luck with that.
