Tournament: Blake | Round: 1 | Opponent: X | Judge: X
First, ethical theories that create moral rules without having referents in the current social context fail to analyze asymmetries in discrimination. Mills
Mills, C. W. (2009), Rawls on Race/Race in Rawls. The Southern Journal of Philosophy
Now how can
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history of discrimination.

An equal system of rights is the only just system and is a pre-requisite to any other political theory. Sen
Amartya Sen Thomas W Larmont University Professor and Professor of Economics and Philosophy at Harvard University. "The Idea of Justice." Penguin Publishing. 2010. Print AJ
Equality was not
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would respectively matter.†

Thus the standard is minimizing oppression

A. Advocacy Framing
Only balancing free speech against the rights of victims promotes equality for all. Scott 94:
Catlin 94, Scott J. Catlin, “Proposal for Regulating Hate Speech in the United States: Balancing Rights under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights”, 69 Notre Dame L. Rev. 771 (1994). http://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol69/iss4/4
The belief that
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rights of each. 196

The negative advocacy is that the public colleges and universities ought to restrict hate speech through specifically delineated speech codes. Hemmer further explains
Hemmer 2K, Joseph J. Hemmer, Jr. (Professor and Chairperson of the Communication Department, Carrol College , Waukesha, Wisconsin). “Hate Speech Codes: A Narrow Perspective.” North Dakota Journal of Speech and Theatre. Sep 2000, Vol. 13, p21. http://www2.edutech.nodak.edu/ndsta/hemmer.htm
Any potentially acceptable
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victim’s self-image (Owsley, 1992-1993, 331).

A. Direct Harms
Hate speech imposes major long term psychological impacts on its victims Delgado
Delgado 82, Delgado, Richard (University of Alabama School of Law), “Words that Wound: A Tort Action for Racial Insults, Epithets, and Name-Calling”. Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review, Vol. 17, p. 133, 1982; Seattle University School of Law Research Paper. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2000918
In addition to the harms
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accept those judgments.76 

Empirics prove. Hate speech causes hate crimes. Singh
Hansdeep Singh, 9-6-2012, "The Rise of Hate Crimes Can Be Tied Directly to Hateful Speech," Daily Beast, http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/09/06/the-rise-of-hate-crimes-can-be-tied-directly-to-hateful-speech.html" Co-Founder and Director of Legal Programs for the International Center for Advocates Against Discrimination (ICAAD).
 statistics provide a consistent
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“othering” of minority communities.

A. Structural Harms
Unlike other legally limited speech, hate speech harms a select segment of the population who is already disadvantaged Matsuda 1:
Matsuda, Mari J. "Public Response to Racist Speech: Considering the Victim's Story." Michigan Law Review 87.8 (1989): 2320-381. JSTOR. Web. 8 Dec. 2016.
Unlike the victims
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more grossly violated.

Allowing for hate speech throws state power and authorization behind racist and abhorrent policies and elevates the speakers above the targets Matsuda 2:
Matsuda, Mari J. "Public Response to Racist Speech: Considering the Victim's Story." Michigan Law Review 87.8 (1989): 2320-381. JSTOR. Web. 8 Dec. 2016.
The third doctrinal
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self-aware victim acknowledges it.1

Hate speech poses a direct threat to the oppressed. Banning it is necessary to promote inclusiveness.
Jared Taylor summarizes Waldron, 12, Why We Should Ban “Hate Speech”, American Renaissance, summarizing Jeremy Waldron, The Harm in Hate Speech, Harvard University Press, 2012, 292 pp., 26.95. 8/24/12, http://www.amren.com/features/2012/08/why-we-should-ban-hate-speech/
First-Amendment guarantees
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drive out minorities.

Tournament: Valley | Round: 1 | Opponent: X | Judge: X

Expert consensus and rigorous scientific studies overwhelmingly conclude that nuclear power is key to curb emissions and protect global biodiversity. Connor 15:

Connor 15 – (Jan 3, "Nuclear power is the greenest option, say top scientists" http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/nuclear-power-is-the-greenest-option-say-top-scientists-9955997.html)**
Nuclear power is one of the least damaging sources of energy for the environment,
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'environmental' – or ideological – grounds might reconsider their positions," he said.

Biodiversity loss causes extinction; this is the consensus of newest scientific evidence. Torres 16:

Torres 16 – (Apr 11, Phil, is the founding director of the X-Risks Institute, a contributor for the Future of Life Institute, an affiliate scholar at the Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies, and the author of The End: What Science and Religion Tell Us About the Apocalypse. His writing focuses on apocalyptic terrorism, emerging technologies, and existential risks. "Biodiversity loss: An existential risk comparable to climate change" http://thebulletin.org/biodiversity-loss-existential-risk-comparable-climate-change9329)**
According to the Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, the two greatest existential threats to human
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as one of the most significant contemporary risks to human prosperity and survival.

Tournament: Valley | Round: 1 | Opponent: X | Judge: X

I value Justice.

First, the voluntary commitment of promises and contracts makes them morally binding. Hart:

Hart ~H. L. A (Legal Philosopher). "Are There Any Natural Rights." http://isites.harvard.edu/fs/docs/icb.topic97122.files/Hart.pdf~~**
The most obvious cases of special rights are those that arise from promises. By
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that if he chooses to release the promisor no one else can complain.

====The resolution is a question of state action meaning we must question what agreements bind states. This means I-law is true: two warrants:====

Consent to a system of international law generates an obligation on states to follow international law. Arepd:

Arend ~Anthony (Professor of Government and Foreign Service, Georgetown). "International Law and the Preemptive Use of Military Force." The Washington Quarterly. Spring 2003. 92.~
As noted earlier, international law is created through the consent of states. Behind
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common aims. Restrictions upon the independence of States cannot therefore be presumed.

Rules of international law define what it means to be a country in the international arena, even if states have different domestic ends. Nardin 92:

Nardin 92 ~Terry Nardin, "International Ethics and International Law". Review of International Studies, Vol. 18, No. 1 (Jan., 1992), pp. 19-30, published by Cambridge University Press. JStor, Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20097279.~~**
Any description of the international system as an association of states that share certain ends
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~ a morality of states, one that is a morality of coexistence.

This means my framework always comes prior in a resolutional context; states have different ends and predictive tools meaning I-law is the only way to resolve conflict.

Thus the standard is consistency with current international law.

Also, consequentialist impacts are irrelevant; the standard concerns behavior within an institutional practice, not the desirability of states of affair that promote that practice. The purpose of a practice for agents situated within the practice is conformity to the rules of the practice. Nardin 2:

Nardin 2 ~Terry Nardin, "International Ethics and International Law". Review of International Studies, Vol. 18, No. 1 (Jan., 1992), pp. 19-30, published by Cambridge University Press. JStor, Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20097279.~~**
The first thing to observe in considering this objection is that the 'purposes' of a
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as a product of obedience but as an integral aspect of behaving lawfully.

I contend that International Law requires the ability to produce nuclear power.

The Non-Proliferation Treaty means nuclear power is a right:

NPT Article 4 "THE TREATY ON THE NON-PROLIFERATION OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS." UN News Center. UN, n.d. Web.
Nothing in this Treaty shall be interpreted as affecting the inalienable right of all the Parties to the Treaty to develop research, production and use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes without discrimination and in conformity with Articles I and II of this Treaty.

====Moreover, the NPT obligates nuclear weapon states to spread peaceful nuclear power technology meaning that there is even a positive obligation to not ban nuclear power. Grae:====
Seth Grae, "The Nuclear Non-Profliferation Treaty’s Obligation to Transfer Peaceful Nuclear Energy Technology: One proposal of a technology", Fordham International Law Journal, Volume 19, Issue 5, 1995.
Instead, the NPT discusses "nuclear energy" and "atomic energy." There
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.S. companies must comply with laws and regulations pertaining to such transfers

Therefore, prohibitions on nuclear power violate the international right to nuclear power.

Tournament: Valley | Round: 1 | Opponent: X | Judge: X

I negate. The resolution questions what countries ought do, and they ought to be just, so I value justice. Justice requires giving each their due. This is the best interpretation of justice because it respects the inherent worth of all individuals. Individuals are generally due rights because:

A: We possess rights naturally; we have life, liberty, and property, even in the state of nature.

B: We may give up some rights to the state, but in return, the state has an obligation to make our rights more secure, which means the state specifically has an obligation to our rights.

C: Even if rights are only legal creations, the government still has an obligation to create an ethically acceptable conception of rights.  Property rights are necessary to create a sphere of sovereignty around individuals that allows them to operate as free and equal persons and to participate meaningfully in social discourse. Gaus:

Gerald F. Gaus, "Public Justification and the Moral Right of Private Property".  No Date. http://www.unc.edu/~~jabaker/gaus.pdf
A regime of rights, and in particular of regime of private or "several
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the burdens of public justification and the demands on devices of social commensuration.

Therefore, my standard is respecting property rights.

My contention is that banning the production of nuclear power is an unjust limit on property ownership.

Nuclear power generation does not constitute a use of force against another, so a ban on nuclear power is illegitimate. The miniscule risk from nuclear accidents doesn’t count. Block et. al. 06:

John Levendis, Walter Block, Joseph Morrel. "Nuclear Power." Journal of Business Ethics (2006) 67:37–49. JY.
Let us make a more philosophical rebuttal to at the zoning challenge. Under the
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one, advocates grounding all planes for this or any other such reason. 

And the real solution to nuclear power should be less government intervention in to the market and violating other property rights.  Nuclear power need not be banned inherently, insurance and property prices provide a free-market check against externalities. Block et. al. 2:

John Levendis, Walter Block, Joseph Morrel. "Nuclear Power." Journal of Business Ethics (2006) 67:37–49. JY.
There need not be any fear that nuclear power stations would be located under free
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protests on NIMBY grounds for this reason would be ruled out of court.

There are two impacts.  First, a categorical ban on nuclear power is an inherent violation of property rights, which is unjust on its face.  Because rights serves as checks on what can be done for utilitarian reasons, this comes prior to the affirmative.  Second, even if utilitarian concerns are important, violations of rights also outweigh the AC because denials of rights are the basis for infinite structural violence. Petro 74:

Petro ‘74 ~Sylvester, Professor of Law at NYU, Toledo Law Review, Spring, p. 480, http://www.ndtceda.com/archives/200304/0783.html~~
However, one may still insist, echoing Ernest Hemingway - "I believe in
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every invasion of freedom must be emphatically identified and resisted with undying spirit.

Counterplan: Countries will end subsidies and liability guarantees for nuclear plants. Block et al 3:

John Levendis, Walter Block, Joseph Morrel. "Nuclear Power." Journal of Business Ethics (2006) 67:37–49. JY.
Let us summarize. The nuclear industry was too risky for private firms to enter
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environmental costs) be allowed to determine the contours of the energy industry.