Tournament: Churchill | Round: 1 | Opponent: Stonypoint | Judge: Noah Barshop

Agonistic Democracy AFF

1AC

FW

Politics in the United states faces a double edge sword, first is pluralism. We live in a plural society comprised of different groups with multiple ideas and multiple values. This creates conflict due to people disagreeing on ideas. Second is consensus. There will always be conflict that happens but too much means mass violence and the collapse of the system, which means we can never create solutions to problems. Pre-existing structures are inadequate in addressing these situations because of their impossible quest to eliminate difference and environment in which we force consensus creates violence because we ignore antagonisms and impede on our ability to create in depth-solutions to problems because we limit environments in which critical thought is constructed. We must choose to accept the frontiers of democracy and the exclusion they bring with them, endorsing agonism, or let the current system destroy us and the system we live in. The task is to stop this antagonistic elimination mindset and endorse an agonistic one.

MOUFFE, CHANTAL.  Belgian political theorist. "Deliberative Democracy or Agonistic Pluralism?" Social Research, vol. 66, no. 3, 1999, pp. 745–758. www.jstor.org/stable/40971349.
It is only when we acknowledge this dimension of "the political" and understand
AND
jeopardizing democracy, agonistic confrontation is in fact its very condition of existence.

Thus the standard is to cultivate agonistic democratic subjects.

Endorsing agonistic democracy requires that we strengthen democratic institutions.

Mouffe 2000 (Chantal Mouffe. Democratic Paradox. Verso Publishing. 2000.)
"Their concern with the current state of democratic institutions is one that I share
AND
by rationality and impartiality and where a rational universal consensus could be reached." 

Contentions

Speech codes kill the marketplace of ideas inherent to the function of universities.

Azhar Majeed, November 18, 20'09, "Defying the Constitution: The Rise, Persistence, And Prevalence Of Campus Speech Codes", Georgetown Journal of Law and Public Policy, Fire.org, https://www.thefire.org/defying-the-constitution-the-rise-persistence-and-prevalence-of-campus-speech-codes/
As discussed in the previous section, speech codes are often overbroad or vague or
AND
speech, further hindering the free flow of ideas on campus.~138~

Thought control prevents social change and undermines the formation of well-constructed arguments.

Azhar Majeed, November 18, 20'09, "Defying the Constitution: The Rise, Persistence, And Prevalence Of Campus Speech Codes", Georgetown Journal of Law and Public Policy, Fire.org, https://www.thefire.org/defying-the-constitution-the-rise-persistence-and-prevalence-of-campus-speech-codes/
Second, speech codes suppress the discussion of disfavored topics and expression of disfavored viewpoints
AND
or improve existing arguments which doesn't allow proper debate and engagement with others.

The notion of having "the right not to be offended" deprives students of valuable life-lessons and kills critical discussion.

Azhar Majeed, November 18, 20'09, "Defying the Constitution: The Rise, Persistence, And Prevalence Of Campus Speech Codes", Georgetown Journal of Law and Public Policy, Fire.org, https://www.thefire.org/defying-the-constitution-the-rise-persistence-and-prevalence-of-campus-speech-codes/
Speech codes have contributed heavily to a prevailing notion among college students that there is
AND
perceived right not to be offended perpetrates significant harm on the college campus.

Speech codes create a cycle of detriment to freedom of speech on campuses which kills critical education and promotes antagonistic engagement, not only in universities, but also later in life.

Speech codes undermine the development of students because free speech is required for universities to transform students into independent thinkers.
Azhar Majeed, November 18, 20'09, "Defying the Constitution: The Rise
AND
agonistic democratic subjects and speech restrictions impair their ability to execute this function.

Speech should not be banned solely on the basis of consensus.

Azhar Majeed, November 18, 20'09, "Defying the Constitution: The Rise, Persistence, And Prevalence Of Campus Speech Codes", Georgetown Journal of Law and Public Policy, Fire.org, https://www.thefire.org/defying-the-constitution-the-rise-persistence-and-prevalence-of-campus-speech-codes/
It is equally dangerous to attempt to read in exceptions for low-value speech
AND
, whether these exceptions would be based on governmental criteria or societal consensus.

Censorship leads to violent backlash that could be prevented by allowing free speech.

Azhar Majeed, November 18, 20'09, "Defying the Constitution: The Rise, Persistence, And Prevalence Of Campus Speech Codes", Georgetown Journal of Law and Public Policy, Fire.org, https://www.thefire.org/defying-the-constitution-the-rise-persistence-and-prevalence-of-campus-speech-codes/
Secondly, the justification that speech codes will eliminate prejudice and advance equality fails to
AND
on campus, and to the overall reputation and stature of the university.

Tournament: any | Round: 1 | Opponent: any | Judge: any

AC

Part 1 – Framework

Justice is comprised of recognition and redistribution. Moral frameworks need to encompass both in order to function. Fraser 01

Nancy Fraser, 20'01, "Recognition without ethics?", Nancy Fraser is an American critical theorist, feminist, and the Henry A. and Louise Loeb Professor of Political and Social Science and professor of philosophy at The New School in New York City, https://www.google.com/search?q=nancy+fraserandoq=nancy+fraserandaqs=chrome..69i57.2448j0j4andsourceid=chromeandie=UTF-8
For some time now, the forces of progressive politics have been divided into two
AND
defensible claims for social equality and defensible claims for the recognition of difference. 

Participatory parity provides a method to both identify and remedy injustice. Fraser 2

Nancy, 2001, "Recognition without ethics?", Nancy Fraser is an American critical theorist, feminist, and the Henry A. and Louise Loeb Professor of Political and Social Science and professor of philosophy at The New School in New York City, https://www.google.com/search?q=nancy+fraserandoq=nancy+fraserandaqs=chrome..69i57.2448j0j4andsourceid=chromeandie=UTF-8
How, then, should recognition claims be judged? What constitutes an adequate criterion
AND
itself sufficient to distinguish justified from unjustified claims for the recognition of difference.

Thus the standard is participatory parity.

The status model fosters participatory parity. Fraser 3

Nancy, 2001, "Recognition without ethics?", Nancy Fraser is an American critical theorist, feminist, and the Henry A. and Louise Loeb Professor of Political and Social Science and professor of philosophy at The New School in New York City, https://www.google.com/search?q=nancy+fraserandoq=nancy+fraserandaqs=chrome..69i57.2448j0j4andsourceid=chromeandie=UTF-8
The key to my strategy is to break with the standard 'identity' model of
AND
redistribution – without succumbing to philosophical schizophrenia. Or so I shall argue next

Contentions

Squo doctrine of QI is bad Wright 15

Sam Wright, Nov. 3 2015. Sam Wright is a public interest lawyer in Seattle focusing exclusively on governments and nonprofits for a decade, and has authored/coauthored over a thousand law reviews. ("Want to Fight Police Misconduct? Reform Qualified Immunity" http://abovethelaw.com/2015/11/want-to-fight-police-misconduct-reform-qualified-immunity/
I think Megan McArdle is probably right that these proposals (and the others in
AND
want to see justice done, we should push to make it happen.

The abuse of police power upon black bodies is legally justified- departmental policy allows gross violations of constitutional and human rights. Cardabo 16

Cardabo ("Blue-on-Black Violence: A Provisional Model of Some of the Causes" https://poseidon01.ssrn.com/delivery.php ID=673064096005020124027029102096025100001024071012061053073118029088121011070115096091011099101107042108110072119028077103081106031034078007004004104014023106102120059039091020116004108105001112098065100003029096075013022123071127119097078102115004067andEXT=pdf) DEVON W. CARBADO, 2016
No single model can fully explain African-American vulnerability to police violence. At
AND
"a pattern of excessive force in violation of the Fourth Amendment."23

Qualified immunity protects officers who have clearly broken the law because the standards for being clearly established are far too high.

Sheng, associate in Davis Polk's Litigation Department, practicing in the Menlo Park office, law clerk to the chief judge of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, 2012
Philip, "An "Objectively Reasonable" Criticism of the Doctrine of Qualified Immunity in Excessive Force Cases Brought Under 42 U.S.C. § 1983", Brigham Young University Journal of Public Law, March 1st, Accessed November 10th, Online: http://digitalcommons.law.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1459andcontext=jpl** – MG
Apart from the concerns that (I) the Court is affording law enforcement officers
AND
to whether and when cases on point arc needed to overcome qualified immunity.

Thus the plan text: The united states ought to limit qualified immunity for police officers by changing the clearly established clause to a burden of evidence on the defendant

Williams 12 advocates for the plan:

Williams '12 (John C. Williams. Doctor of Jurisprudence, May 2012, Vanderbilt University Law School. "Qualifying Qualified Immunity." Vanderbilt Law Review. Vol. 65:4:1295. 2012 — KW)
"Because the fact-specific approach of contemporary qualified immunity doctrine already favors defendants
AND
dismissal by arguing that their actions were not in fact a constitutional violation."

Civil suits in constitutional rights violations are distinctly important in recognizing the importance of individuals who have their rights violated by government officials, even when the financial liability may be addressed by the government. Armacost 89

(Barbara E. Armacost 51 Vand. L. Rev. 583 (1998) "Qualified Immunity- Ignorance Excused" J.D. University of Virginia School of Law 1989 M.T.S. Regent College of the University of British Columbia 1984 B.S. University of Virginia 1976 )
Turning to section 1983 law, I contend that individual damages liability for constitutional violations
AND
but through public reaction to re- ported allegations of clear constitutional impropriety.

Civil recourse is key to individual recognition of status and authority of the plaintiffs, empowering them. Solomon 10

Solomon '10 (Jason M. Solomon. Associate Professor, College of William and Mary Law School.  "What is Civil Justice" Loyola Of Los Angeles Law Review. Vol. 44:317. Fall 2010. http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/facpubs/1149 — KW)
"Consistent with the inescapable moral quality of the word justice in both systems,
AND
officers for wrongdoing will eventually bring about large-scale, beneficial change.

Civil suits against police officers for constitutional rights violations are uniquely important to address discrimination and rights abuses Nixa 16

(Dan Nixa, May 6, 2016 "On the importance of civil rights lawsuits", https://chicagocivilrightslaw.com/a-short-history-on-the-importance-of-civil-rights-lawsuits/ Dan attended Vanderbilt University Law School. At Vanderbilt, Dan won the second-year mock trial championship, participated in moot court, and was a member of a law journal.  
University Nebraska at Omaha, Summa Cum Laude, Economics with honors. Dan was
AND
and can help you decide if a lawsuit is the best course of action

The state is inevitable – refusal to engage in traditional politics cedes the policy sphere to authoritarian elites and abdicates social responsibility – that makes all crises inevitable Boggs '97

 (we give power up, if we reject the state, the only people who do the alt are people on the left, which only leaves all right wing authoritarians with state power, turns the alt)
 (Carl, Professor of Political Science – National University, Theory and Society
AND
of those universal, collective interests that had vanished from civil society.75

Tournament: yup | Round: Quads | Opponent:  | Judge: sure

1AC

Framework

The Role of the Ballot is to roleplay as policymakers since this is the best way to achieve real world education.

Joyner 99, Professor International Law @ Georgetwon, 99  (Christopher "TEACHING INTERNATIONAL LAW: VIEWS FROM AN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS POLITICAL SCIENTIST" ILSA Journal of International and Comparative Law, Spring, 5 ILSA J Int'l and Comp L 377)
 Use of the debate can be an effective pedagogical tool for education in
AND
real world of policy analysis,political critique, and legal defense.

Util is the only ethical system available to policymakers.

Goodin 95 – Professor of Philosophy at the Research School of the Social Sciences at the Australian National University (Robert E., Cambridge University Press, "Utilitarianism As a Public Philosophy" pg 63)
My larger argument turns on the proposition that there is something special about the situation
AND
, aggregates and averages is just not sufficiently fine-grained for that. 

Thus the standard is maximizing well being.

AND voluntary political participation is a fundamental ideal of democracy.

Maria Eremenko, "Political participation: Model by Verba in the EU and Russia", National Research University, http://www.culturaldiplomacy.org/academy/content/pdf/participant-papers/eu/Maria-Eremenko-Political-participation-Model-by-Verba-in-the-EU-and-Russia.pdf 
"Political participation affords citizens in a democracy an opportunity to communicate information to government
AND
news, discussing politics with friends etc.), but "doing politics" 3

Contention 1 Democracy participation:

QI serves to shield police from accountability

The WSW is published by the International Committee of the Fourth International, the leadership of the world socialist movement, the Fourth International founded by Leon Trotsky in 1938. The WSWS aims to meet the need, felt widely today, for an intelligent appraisal of the problems of contemporary society. It addresses itself to the masses of people who are dissatisfied with the present state of social life, as well as its cynical and reactionary treatment by the establishment media.;wsws.org; US Supreme Court Expands Immunity for Killer Cops; 15; https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2015/11/12/pers-n12.html
With the death toll from police brutality continuing to mount, the US Supreme Court
AND
mass repression and dictatorship in response to the growth of working class opposition.

Police violence leads to lack of political participation.

Liz Adetiba is a Politics Intern at The Huffington Post. She is a rising senior at the University of Chicago where she studies political science and human rights. You can reach her at liz.adetiba@huffingtonpost.com.; huffingtonpost.com; Watching Videos of Police Brutality Can Traumatize You, Especially if You're Black; 16; http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/watching-police-brutality-videos_us_577ee9b3e4b0344d514eaa5d
Jarrod Doyle was relaxing with friends on July 5 when the hashtag ~#AltonSterling popped
AND
if you don't watch, you can't participate in the society."
 

Contention 2 Impacts:

Democide

Democracies check political violence

Timmerman 14 (Ashley M. Timmerman, BA at University of Central Florida, Summer 2014, "WHEN LEADERS REPRESS: A STUDY OF AFRICAN STATE," http://etd.fcla.edu/CF/CFE0005428/Masters_thesis_final.pdf MV)
Several alternate causal mechanisms are proposed to explain this finding. Joseph Young (2009
AND
with a multiparty system before a significant improvement in human rights practices is achieved

Disease:

Democracy is a prerequisite to effectively combatting disease

Ruger 05, (Jennifer Prah, "Democracy and health". Harvard University, PhD, Health Policy. Yale University, MSL, Law. Oxford University, MSc, Comparative Social Research. Tufts University, Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, MA, International Relations. (Qualified as hell) http://qjmed.oxfordjournals.org/content/qjmed/98/4/299.full.pdf
Democratic institutions and practices can affect human development in multiple ways, including population health
AND
before it loses millions of its citizens to yet another public health tragedy.

Diseases causes extinction

DUJS 09, (Dartmouth Undergraduate Journal of Science, "Human Extinction: The Uncertainty of Our Fate", http://dujs.dartmouth.edu/spring-2009/human-extinction-the-uncertainty-of-our-fate)
RIP Homo sapiens A pandemic will kill off all humans. In the past,
AND
could only infect birds — into a human-viable strain (10).

War

Democracy is a critical impact filter - checks escalation for all wars

Hamburg 10, (David A., President Emeritus at Carnegie Corporation of New York, previously President of the Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences and President of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, previously chair of the department of psychiatry at Stanford, M.D. from Indiana University, "Recent advances in preventing mass violence")
Democracies thrive by finding ways to deal fairly with conflicts and resolve them below the
AND
processes of mutual accommodation, offer the best chance for nonviolent conflict resolution.

Economy

Democracies lead in economic growth, development, crises management, political stability, and low inequality

Karakaya et. al 15 (Ugur Karakaya, the Gaziosmanpasa University Hasan Bulent Kantarci, Kocaeli University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, department of economics, "The Relationship between Democracy, Freedom, and Economic Development", World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Social, Behavioral, Educational, Economic and Management Engineering Vol:9, No:6, 2015, http://www.waset.org/publications/10001565, al)
Democracy happens to be one of the main features required for economic growth and
AND
our research results, democracy has a positive impact on economic development.

Environment

Empirical studies prove that democracies have more environmental protection than nondemocracies

Bernauer et al. 13 (Thomas Bernauer, professor of political science at ETH Zurich, Tobias Böhmelt, Lecturer (Assistant Professor) in the Department of Government at the University of Essex, "National climate policies in international comparison: The Climate Change Cooperation Index", Environmental Science and Policy 25 (2013) 196 – 206, 1/13
To examine possible analytical implications of such differences, we revisit a rather well-
AND
et al., 2003; Ba¨ttig and Bernauer, 2009). 

Nuclear War

Democratic consolidation is key to prevent nuclear war

Muravchik, 2001  (Joshua, resident scholar at the American Enterprise Institute, "Democracy and Nuclear Peace", http://www.npec-web.org/syllabi/muravchik.htm)
That Freedom House could count 120 freely elected governments by early 2001 (out of
AND
yet exist but where the prospects for democracy may be still more remote.

Ethnic War

Democracy is the only system that can reduce ethnic conflict

Timothy D. Sisk, 8-1-2003, "Democracy and Conflict Management," Beyond Intractability Project, The Conflict Information Consortium, University Of Colorado, http://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/democ-con-manag MV
Of the range of tools available to conflict resolution practitioners to manage intractable conflicts,
AND
democracy may contribute to or help exacerbate intractable conflict is a critical concern.

Tournament: Grapevine | Round: 1 | Opponent: Burleson Centennial MS | Judge: Cavanaugh, Dylan

Red Pedagogy AFF:

1AC:

FW:

1. Truth does not exist independently of humans. For instance, individuals would have different interpretations of what is true if they were kept separate from each other. Thus, there are no a priori truth claims that can apply to every instance regardless of the context. Instead, we derive truth based on our relationships and agreements with others. Truth is intersubjective in that it can only exist based on the understanding and affirmation of certain identities and their relationship to others. Without this understanding or affirmation, it is impossible to claim anything as true since everything would be disagreed upon with no reason to prefer one interpretation over any other.

2. Actions that we take are predicated upon confirming/furthering the identity that is based on an aggregate of interactions with others. Because of this, our identities are an established truth. This means that when we take any action, it perpetuates and legitimizes that identity.

3. Identities are recognitive:

a. If truth is intersubjective then when we come into the world and identify other agents we encounter alterity because it has already been given to them as a condition of their identity, and in order for us to recognize that they are other we have to look at their differences; this also means that you can only hold an identity if it is recognized by others because identities are intersubjective truths.

b. When we look to understand alterity, it's impossible to look at all instances at once so we have to focus on specific groups and in doing so that inevitably excludes a forms of the other.

c. Interaction with the other makes us vulnerable because we extend ourselves to the other and become vulnerable to the way that they construct our identities and our necessity for them to affirm our identity. This also opens the possibility for them to misrecognize us, or not recognize us at all.

d. Precariousness must then be the condition for life because what someone considers to be living can only be possible if that person holds an identity that creates conditions for life, this also becomes true at the point that our identity is a form of truth, which is intersubjective.

4. If we do not recognize the precarity of life, then we reject the system of intersubjectivity. If we do not recognize this system, then our conceptions of our own identity and how it is formed ceases to exist. It becomes permissible to misrecognize others, and thus our understanding of our own identity breaks down.  We wouldn't be able to be recognized as people or an identity

5. These norms of recognizing alterity predate us which forces us to evaluate why we should care in the first place. In order to engage in any interaction, including debate, we are already engaging with the structures of recognition to facilitate it. There are no instances in which someone is completely isolated from relationships who would be asking the questions about why this matters, because everyone is unwillingly cast into these relationships. Apprehending the recognition of alterity is a necessary step in making sure we don't misrecognize, or fail to recognize, the other in these inevitable confrontation.

6. Thus the role of the ballot is to radically change pedagogical spaces to open up a dialogue that challenges colonialist ways of conceptualizing the Native American identity so that we can apprehend equal precariousness as a condition of life

Sandy Grande, 2004, associate professor and Chair of the Education Department at Connecticut College her research interfaces critical Indigenous theories with the concerns of education, Red Pedagogy Native American Social and Political Thought, Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, https://academictrap.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/sandy-grande-red-pedagogy-native-american-social-and-political-thought.pdf
In recognition of the seeming sociocultural nature of these behaviors, some educators have advocated
AND
work together; referencing the importance of political solidarity and coalition-building. 

7. Ought is defined as mora obligations, an obligation is created when there is sufficient reason to act

Contentions:

1. Uranium mining has harmed Navajo lands, uranium has plagued natives for generations.

Jovana J. Brown, PhD, Her research centers on the participation of American Indian tribes in off-reservation environmental decision-making, and Lori Lambert, PhD, 2010, Blowing in the Wind: The Navajo Nation and Uranium, https://www.evergreen.edu/tribal/docs/blowinginthewindcasestudy.doc
After the uranium ore is mined, it is milled. This is the second
AND
they were the ones who answered the call. (Shirley, 2006)

2. Now HRI's mining will increase radiation levels up to 15 times over the regulatory limit, water and air will become unsafe for nearby residents.

Jovana J. Brown, PhD, Her research centers on the participation of American Indian tribes in off-reservation environmental decision-making, and Lori Lambert, PhD, 2010, Blowing in the Wind: The Navajo Nation and Uranium, https://www.evergreen.edu/tribal/docs/blowinginthewindcasestudy.doc
Though the Navajo Nation has forbidden uranium mining and processing on its lands, it
AND
factor into HRI's future plans. Uranium prices have fluctuated in recent years.

3. Discourse is the first step, red pedagogy is key to understand the historic oppression inflicted upon natives and recognize them as people with identities.

Clarke, Tracylee, 2010, Assistant Professor at California State University Channel Islands, Goshute Native American Tribe and Nuclear Waste: Complexities and Contradictions of a Bounded- Constitutive Relationship
The controversy surrounding the storing of nuclear waste on the Goshute reservation highlights the critical
AND
and the symbolic, and its implications for tribal conflict and policy development.

Tournament: yes | Round: Finals | Opponent: Yes | Judge: yes

Red Pedagogy AFF:

1AC:

FW:

1. Truth does not exist independently of humans. For instance, individuals would have different interpretations of what is true if they were kept separate from each other. Thus, there are no a priori truth claims that can apply to every instance regardless of the context. Instead, we derive truth based on our relationships and agreements with others. Truth is intersubjective in that it can only exist based on the understanding and affirmation of certain identities and their relationship to others. Without this understanding or affirmation, it is impossible to claim anything as true since everything would be disagreed upon with no reason to prefer one interpretation over any other.

2. Actions that we take are predicated upon confirming/furthering the identity that is based on an aggregate of interactions with others. Because of this, our identities are an established truth. This means that when we take any action, it perpetuates and legitimizes that identity.

3. Identities are recognitive:

a. If truth is intersubjective then when we come into the world and identify other agents we encounter alterity because it has already been given to them as a condition of their identity, and in order for us to recognize that they are other we have to look at their differences; this also means that you can only hold an identity if it is recognized by others because identities are intersubjective truths.

b. When we look to understand alterity, it's impossible to look at all instances at once so we have to focus on specific groups and in doing so that inevitably excludes a forms of the other.

c. Interaction with the other makes us vulnerable because we extend ourselves to the other and become vulnerable to the way that they construct our identities and our necessity for them to affirm our identity. This also opens the possibility for them to misrecognize us, or not recognize us at all.

d. Precariousness must then be the condition for life because what someone considers to be living can only be possible if that person holds an identity that creates conditions for life, this also becomes true at the point that our identity is a form of truth, which is intersubjective.

4. If we do not recognize the precarity of life, then we reject the system of intersubjectivity. If we do not recognize this system, then our conceptions of our own identity and how it is formed ceases to exist. It becomes permissible to misrecognize others, and thus our understanding of our own identity breaks down.  We wouldn't be able to be recognized as people or an identity

5. These norms of recognizing alterity predate us which forces us to evaluate why we should care in the first place. In order to engage in any interaction, including debate, we are already engaging with the structures of recognition to facilitate it. There are no instances in which someone is completely isolated from relationships who would be asking the questions about why this matters, because everyone is unwillingly cast into these relationships. Apprehending the recognition of alterity is a necessary step in making sure we don't misrecognize, or fail to recognize, the other in these inevitable confrontation.

6. Thus the role of the ballot is to change current Native American conceptualization in terms of nuclear power, current legislation disproportionally effects Native Americans.

Sandy Grande, 2004, associate professor and Chair of the Education Department at Connecticut College her research interfaces critical Indigenous theories with the concerns of education, Red Pedagogy Native American Social and Political Thought, Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, https://academictrap.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/sandy-grande-red-pedagogy-native-american-social-and-political-thought.pdf
In recognition of the seeming sociocultural nature of these behaviors, some educators have advocated
AND
work together; referencing the importance of political solidarity and coalition-building. 

7. Ought is defined as sufficient reason

Contentions:

Contentions: Plan text: The United States and tribal governments ought to collaborate to prohibit the production of nuclear power and uranium mining.

1. Uranium mining has harmed Navajo lands, uranium has plagued natives for generations; Native American oppression has been a direct product of nuclear energy development.

Jovana J. Brown, PhD, Her research centers on the participation of American Indian tribes in off-reservation environmental decision-making, and Lori Lambert, PhD, 2010, Blowing in the Wind: The Navajo Nation and Uranium, https://www.evergreen.edu/tribal/docs/blowinginthewindcasestudy.doc
After the uranium ore is mined, it is milled. This is the second
AND
they were the ones who answered the call. (Shirley, 2006)

2. Now HRI's mining will increase radiation levels up to 15 times over the regulatory limit, water and air will become unsafe for nearby residents.

Jovana J. Brown, PhD, Her research centers on the participation of American Indian tribes in off-reservation environmental decision-making, and Lori Lambert, PhD, 2010, Blowing in the Wind: The Navajo Nation and Uranium, https://www.evergreen.edu/tribal/docs/blowinginthewindcasestudy.doc
Though the Navajo Nation has forbidden uranium mining and processing on its lands, it
AND
factor into HRI's future plans. Uranium prices have fluctuated in recent years.

3. Discourse is the first step, red pedagogy is key to understand the historic oppression inflicted upon natives and recognize them as people with identities.

Clarke, Tracylee, 2010, Assistant Professor at California State University Channel Islands, Goshute Native American Tribe and Nuclear Waste: Complexities and Contradictions of a Bounded- Constitutive Relationship
The controversy surrounding the storing of nuclear waste on the Goshute reservation highlights the critical
AND
and the symbolic, and its implications for tribal conflict and policy development.

Underview:

Interpretation: If a debater advocates an interp, all debaters must only defend a paradigm that necessitates that the judge only vote for the debater who a) wins that a violated interp or counter interp of theirs is the better norm for debate and b) wins that the norm should operate as the most important level of the topicality or theory debate. To clarify: If my opponent initiates theory and does not violate this interp, then the ballot should be determined based on who wins that interp. If my opponent initiates theory and does violate, then the debate collapses down to this interp. But if this interp is violated but I lose the shell then we would move on to the next layer of the debate.