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+The inescapable starting point of morality is that individuals are agents by submitting to a normative principle - two warrants. Ferrero. |
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+Luca Ferrero, “Constitutivism and the Inescapability of Agency”. Oxford Studies in Metaethics, vol. IV, Jan 12, 2009. (https://pantherfile.uwm.edu/ferrero/www/pubs/ferrero-constitutivism.pdf) Professor of Philosophy, University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee. |
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+3.1 The initial appeal ... viability of constitutivism. |
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+ |
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+Moral rules apply to all agents in all circumstances; this requires universalizability- you cannot deny the independence of another while promoting your own. Engstrom. |
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+Engstrom, Stephen P. professor of philosophy at University of Pittsburgh since 1990, taught at the University of Chicago and at Harvard"The Form of Practical Knowledge." (2009): 14-6. Web. http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/md/philsem/engstrom_vortrag.pdf. |
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+Now on the ... the same freedom. |
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+ |
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+First, the process of denying it in a round implies its truth. Ostrowski on Hoppe. |
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+A SYMPOSIUM ON DRUG DECRIMINALIZATION: THE MORAL AND PRACTICAL CASE FOR DRUG LEGALIZATION. SPRING, 1990 18 Hofstra L. Rev. 607 |
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+"Argumentation is a ... principle of non-aggression. |
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+ |
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+Second, it’s key to culpability; only universally willing can deem agents as the cause of their actions. Korsgaard. |
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+Korsgaard, Christine M. "Self‐Constitution in the Ethics of Plato and Kant." The Constitution of Agency (2008): 100-26. Web. Professor of Philosophy Harvard University *brackets for gender* |
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+ “The second step ... of something within them.” (123-124) |
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+ |
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+First, rational willing determines what is an action versus a series of fragmented events. Roedl. |
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+Sebastian Roedl. Prof. Of Philosophy, University of Leipzig. “Two Forms of Practical Knowledge and Their Unity” in Ford and Hornsby, Eds. Essays on Anscombe's Intention (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2011) 239.
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+“We can give ... of her nexus.” |
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+ |
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+First, QI is ridden with legal indeterminacy inherently linked to mistreatment under the law- rights are never ruled on and thus never “clearly established”. Carter 15. |
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+Carter 15 (Tom Carter, World Socialist Website) US Supreme Court expands immunity for killer cops, International Committee of the Fourth International International Committee of the Fourth International 11-12-2015 |
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+ “Qualified immunity” is ... working class opposition. |
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+ |
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+Second, public officials like police officers must act for public ends- they are contractually bound and that is where they derive their authority. Ripstein 16. |
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+Ripstein, Arthur. “Reclaiming Proportionality (Society for Applied Philosophy Annual Lecture 2016).” Journal of Applied Philosophy, 2016, doi:10.1111/japp.12238. professor of law and of philosophy at the University of Toronto JZ *brackets for gender* |
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+Nonetheless, there is ... standpoint is required. |
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+ |
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+Qualified immunity as is doesn’t allow for that- police actions are just about always sanctioned. Hassel 99. |
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+Hassel, Diana Professor of Law and Associate Dean for Academic Affairs @ Roger Williams University School of Law, B.A., 1979, Mount Holyoke College; J.D., 1985, Rutgers University School of Law. "Excessive Reasonableness." Ind. L. Rev. 43 (2009): 117. https://mckinneylaw.iu.edu/ilr/pdf/vol43p117.pdf |
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+The Court’s development ... deter police violence. |
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+ |
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+And, regardless of whether officers ought to be held accountable, individuals have a right to redress. Darwall 11. |
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+Darwall, Stephen, and Julian Darwall. "Civil Recourse as Mutual Accountability." Fla. St. UL Rev. 39 (2011): 17. *ellipsis in original text* |
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+The significance of ... performing certain acts.”44 |
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+ |
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+Using the particular to inform the universal is key. Critique versus problematic ideology is hopeless. Only the AC allows change because a common and binding feature is present. Pensky. |
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+“The Cambridge Companion to Habermas” by Stephen K. White 1995 |
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+“The universalist kernel ...their own interest.” |
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+ |
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+The Kantian subject is the embodied subject—universalizability is essential to mutual recognition of others. FARR: |
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+Arnold Farr (prof of phil @ UKentucky, focusing on German idealism, philosophy of race, postmodernism, psychoanalysis, and liberation philosophy). “Can a Philosophy of Race Afford to Abandon the Kantian Categorical Imperative?” JOURNAL of SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY, Vol. 33 No. 1, Spring 2002, 17–32. |
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+“One of the most ... held in check. |