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+Because the evaluative term in the resolution is "ought" the value is morality. |
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+====The standard is minimizing structural violence ==== |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====Prefer because:==== |
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+ Structural violence keeps people in a cycle of oppression |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====Winter and Leghton '07:==== |
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+(Deborah Du Nann Winter and Dana C. Leighton, professors of psychology, STRUCTURAL VIOLENCE, Peace, Conflict, and Violence: Peace Psychology for the 21st Century, Ohio State University, 2007, http://academic.marion.ohio-state.edu/dchristie/Peace20Psychology20Book_files/Section20II20-20Structural20Violence20(Winter202620Leighton).pdf) |
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+Direct violence is horrific, but its brutality usually gets our attention: we notice |
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+AND |
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+thinking can be fostered by relationships, communication, and appreciation of diversity. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====Evaluating abstract philosophies before issues of oppression is nonsensical – it's just a way to avoid confronting oppression==== |
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+**Matsuda '89** ~~Mari, Associate Professor of Law @ the University of Hawaii, "When the First Quail Calls: Multiple Consciousness as Jurisprudential Method", 11 Women's Rts. L. Rep. 7 1989~~ |
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+The multiple consciousness I urge lawyers to attain is not a random ability to see |
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+AND |
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+for these writers as they enter into mainstream debates about law and theory. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====Structural violence is prerequisite to any other FW because you can't look to any ethical theory without taking into account everyone.==== |
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+ |
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+ |
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+===Contention 1 – human rights harm those they attempt to protect=== |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====Human rights purport to be universal but fail to apply to the most marginalized—they ignore certain forms of oppression and create a hierarchy of suffering.==== |
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+Jaya Ramji-Nogales 04 co-director of the Institute of International Law and Public Policy, explains (Jaya Ramji- Nogales, 2004, Associate Professor of Law and Co-Director of the Institute for International Law and Public Policy, "Undocumented Migrants and the Failures of Universal Individualism," Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, 47 Vand. J. Transnat'l L. 699, http://poseidon01.ssrn.com/delivery.php?ID=735105085006006010093072112003079106120009055009062036075096115085093107127079087094009013096038009044113124094122080106127078031087031066093104000125103029010107035075079096018084090069015070089013109075109085106104002091116030115077112115082064102andEXT=pdf—ghs//sk) |
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+Human rights law fails in its claims to universality of applicability, as illustrated in |
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+AND |
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+law impoverish the imagination even of those who seek to uphold migrants' rights. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====Even when recognized or "guaranteed", human rights are never truly enforced and protected.==== |
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+Eric Posner 14 is a professor at the University of Chicago Law School. "The case against human rights" December 14, 2014. http://www.theguardian.com/news/2014/dec/04/-sp-case-against-human-rights |
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+In July 2013, Amarildo de Souza, a bricklayer living in a Rio de |
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+AND |
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+has yet to acknowledge its failures. It is time for a reckoning. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====A right to housing has historically been used to discriminate against minorities—this is specific to the United States, unlike her evidence.==== |
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+IWHRC 09 International Women's Human Rights Clinic (CUNY Law). "A Gendered Perspective On The Right To Housing In The United States". CUNY. 2009. HW. http://www1.cuny.edu/mu/law/files/2013/03/IWHR-Gendered-Housing-Perspective.pdf |
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+After the U.S. Civil War, the federal government enacted legislation to |
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+AND |
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+their locations, in essence causing homeowners to overpay for undervalued homes. 13 |
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+ |
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+ |
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+===Contention 2 – rights undermine collective action=== |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====When we recognize universal rights, they create an atomistic conception of individuals that ignores group-based identities, preventing further collective action against oppression.==== |
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+Ramji-Nogales 04 (Jaya Ramji- Nogales, 2004, Associate Professor of Law and Co-Director of the Institute for International Law and Public Policy, "Undocumented Migrants and the Failures of Universal Individualism," Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, 47 Vand. J. Transnat'l L. 699, http://poseidon01.ssrn.com/delivery.php?ID=735105085006006010093072112003079106120009055009062036075096115085093107127079087094009013096038009044113124094122080106127078031087031066093104000125103029010107035075079096018084090069015070089013109075109085106104002091116030115077112115082064102andEXT=pdf—ghs//sk) |
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+These failures of protection raise larger questions about the universal individualist approach to human rights |
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+AND |
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+ways to protect vulnerable populations by engaging more broadly with global structural injustice. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+===Contention 3: Right to Housing leads to governmental violence=== |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====The right to housing is situated within the context of governmental control that seeks to control the population==== |
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+**Zeiderman 13** Austin Zeiderman (anthropologist and Assistant Professor in the Department of Geography and Environment at the London School of Economics and Political Science). "Living dangerously: biopolitics and urban citizenship in Bogotá, Colombia." American ethnologist. 2013. http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/48524/1/Zeiderman_Living_dangerously_2013.pdf |
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+Having shown how cities become the stage for the reconfigurations of citizenship, anthropologists are |
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+AND |
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+domain that the poor in Bogotá must define and execute their citizenship claims. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====The binary between developed and undeveloped or homeless necessitates aggressive violence to "cure" homelessness. ==== |
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+**Howard**, Office of Public Advocate, **Hume**, Phd Politics @ Universty of Glasgow, **and Oslender**, MA in Geography and Hispanic Studies @ University of Glasgow, **07**(David, Mo, Ulrich, "Violence, fear, and development in Latin America: a critical overview", Development in Practice, Volume 17, Number 6) |
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+There are many ways in which violence and development are intertwined. And there is |
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+AND |
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+and for the affirmation of truly emancipatory political projects of self-affirmation. |