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+===Resolution:=== |
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+I affirm: The United States ought to guarantee the right to housing. |
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+ |
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+===Framework=== |
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+ |
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+ |
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+==== ~~Value~~ I value a Just State, meaning a government that respects each person's social membership. ==== |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====~~Rawls~~ While citizens have different views on key issues, just states must determine who is due what based on the core values that citizens share.==== |
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+Rawls writes: John Rawls ~~Harvard Philosophy Professor~~ Justice as Fairness: Political not Metaphysical, Philosophy and Public Affairs, Vol. 14, No. 3. 1985. DD |
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+It should be observed that, on this view, justification is not regarded simply |
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+AND |
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+controversies whenever possible, and look for ways to avoid philosophy's longstanding problems. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====~~Daniels~~ And as all citizens are morally equal at birth, states must recognize the baseline level of social equality that they deserve. ==== |
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+Daniels shows: Norman Daniels. Democratic Equality: Rawls's Complex Egalitarianism. 2002. DD |
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+**Because of their interest in recognitional equality, when contractors choose principles they must assure ** |
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+**AND** |
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+the social bases of self-respect, with its echo of Rousseau." |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====~~Standard~~ Thus, the standard is Promoting Social Empowerment. Promoting Social Empowerment means letting all people demand and achieve a say in the conditions that govern them. ==== |
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+ |
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+===Advocacy=== |
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+====~~Hartman~~ I advocate that the United States government guarantee a right to housing. This would be done through new legislation such as increasing funding to make housing affordable, or enacting and enforcing antidiscrimination laws.==== |
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+**Chester Hartman writes:** Chester Hartman (Executive Director of the Poverty and Race Research Action Council in Washington, DC). "The case for a right to housing." Housing Policy Debate. 1998. HW. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10511482.1998.9521292 |
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+How would a right to housing work? Some preliminary thoughts Beyond the analytical issue |
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+AND |
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+pay contracted housing costs, in order to avoid loss of one's home. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+===Thesis: === |
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+My thesis is that a right to housing protects both physical security and individuals' dignity thus promoting social empowerment. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+===Contention: === |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====~~C1~~ My first contention is that a right to housing is key to prevent and curb homelessness and protect physical security. ==== |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====~~IWHRC~~ There is rampant homelessness in the US and its caused by a lack of affordable housing. ==== |
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+**IWHRC 09** International Women's Human Rights Clinic (CUNY Law). "A Gendered Perspective On The Right To Housing In The United States". CUNY. 2009. HW. http://www1.cuny.edu/mu/law/files/2013/03/IWHR-Gendered-Housing-Perspective.pdf |
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+The primary cause of homelessness is an increasing lack of affordable housing caused by rising |
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+AND |
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+housing programs are retrogressive measures also contrary to international human rights standards.98 |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====~~Bratt~~ Housing rights are key to ensure physical well-being and security==== |
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+**Rachel Bratt et al. writes:** Rachel G. Bratt, Michael E. Stone and Chester Hartman (professor and chair of the Department of Urban and Environmental Policy and Planning at Tufts University and a Fellow at the Harvard Joint Center for Housing Studies; professor of community planning and public policy at University of Massachusetts, Boston; director of research at the Poverty and Race Re- search Action Council in Washington, DC—an organization for which he served as executive di- rector and president from its founding in 1990 through 2003). "Why a Right to Housing Is Needed and Makes Sense: Editors' Introduction." Temple University Press. 2006. HW. http://www.temple.edu/tempress/titles/1301_reg.html |
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+THE PHYSICAL IMPORTANCE OF DECENT HOUSING Where one lives—particularly if one is poor |
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+AND |
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+educational opportunities and employ- ment and social networks (see Chapter 18). |
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+ |
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+ |
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+==== ~~Quiglars~~ Implementation of housing rights is empirically successful in reducing homelessness and changing government responses towards housing.==== |
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+**Loison-Leruste and Quilgars write 09** Marie Loison-Leruste and Deborah Quilgars (Centre Maurice Halbwachs, Equipe de Recherche sur les Inégalités Sociales, Paris, France; Centre for Housing Policy, University of York, York, England). "Increasing Access to Housing: Implementing the Right to Housing in England and France." European Journal of Homelessness. December 2009. HW. http://www.feantsaresearch.org/IMG/pdf/feantsa-ejh2009-article-3.pdf |
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+Levels of homelessness acceptances have fallen in recent years in England from over 100, |
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+AND |
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+right to housing is helps to ensure physical security and promote individual empowerment. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+===Contention:=== |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====~~C2~~ My Second Contention is that a right to housing is necessary to protect human dignity and hold governments accountable to citizens' needs.==== |
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+ |
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+====~~Morka~~ Housing is essential to ensure human dignity. ==== |
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+Felix Morka writes: (Mr. Morka is the Director of the Social and Economic Rights Action Center (SERAC), which was established in 1995 to promote and advance social and economic rights in Nigeria). "The Right to Adequ~~cCate Housing." University of Minnesota Human Rights Research Center) HW. http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/edumat/IHRIP/circle/modules/module13.htm |
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+Housing forms an indispensable part of ensuring human dignity. "Adequate housing" encompasses |
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+AND |
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+dangered by the harsh social and physical envi- ronments (Kozol 1988). |
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+ |
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+ |
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+==== ~~Culhange and Byrne~~ Regardless of whether or not people physically receive homes, a change in governmental policy respects everyone's dignity. ==== |
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+**Culhane and Byrne 11** Dennis P Culhane and Thomas Byrne (Professor of Social Policy and Practice at The University of Pennsylvania; doctoral student at University of Pennsylvania). "The Right to Housing: An Effective Means for Addressing Homelessness?" UPenn Journal of Law and Social Change. August 2011. HW. http://works.bepress.com/dennis_culhane/109/ |
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+Nonetheless, like the English experience, there is reason to believe that the primary |
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+AND |
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+action by those enduring housing deprivation and those who work with them.39 |
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+ |
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+====~~Adams~~ Additionally, identifying a right to housing reflects that the government values individuals' worth. ==== |
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+**Adams 09** Kristen David Adams (Professor of Law, Stetson University College of Law). "DO WE NEED A RIGHT TO HOUSING?" Nevada Law Journal. April 2009. HW. http://scholars.law.unlv.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1088andcontext=nlj |
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+b. Rights are Important in Defining Personhood, Citizenship, and Community Values Identifying |
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+AND |
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+it ensures individuals' dignity and holds the government accountable, promoting social empowerment. |