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... ... @@ -1,3 +1,0 @@ 1 -====Interpretation: Nuclear power is defined as:==== 2 -Legal Dictionary, xx-xx-xxxx, "Nuclear Power," TheFreeDictionary, http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Nuclear+Power 3 -A form of energy produced by an atomic reaction, capable of producing an alternative source of electrical power to that supplied by coal, gas, or oil. - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,9 +1,0 @@ 1 -Courts are barely declogged now – but that state requries extreme and careful management – along with very high levels of policy intervention 2 -Bates 14. Judge John Bates, 2015. Bates is a United States District Judge for the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, "Annual Report 2014," USCourts.gov, http://www.uscourts.gov/statistics-reports/annual-report-2014//AD 3 -It was a great privilege to be only the second judge to serve as Director in the 75-year history of the Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts (AO). As of January 2015, I relinquished my duties as Director to take on additional judicial duties at my court, the District Court for the District of Columbia. I return better informed about judicial administration and with a renewed appreciation for the excellence that exists in both the AO and the courts.I am grateful to the Chief Justice for placing his confidence in me, and I greatly appreciate the tremendous support I received from judges, and from court and AO staff. It may seem trite to say that I am proud of our success in keeping courthouse doors open and cases moving. However, it took great coordination and planning to begin the recovery from the severe funding reductions we endured during sequestration. In many ways, this rebuilding process was our greatest accomplishment in 2014.We were exceedingly fortunate that, when a funding bill finally was enacted, Congressional appropriators treated the Third Branch as a priority in both Fiscal Years 2014 and 2015. I believe that our cost containment efforts continue to demonstrate that we are serious about using taxpayer money prudently. We also have in place numerous broad accountability controls, ranging from audits and program reviews to required stewardship training for senior AO and court managers. Our strong commitment to the highest fiscal and ethical standards helps assure that the limited resources available are carefully managed and properly spent. Much of our cost-saving focus has been on court space. We have scoured our rent bills; courts have developed space management and reduction plans; and our integrated workplace initiative will enable courts to use space in a flexible and efficient manner. We also are reexamining staffing formulas, using less costly and easier ways to reach prospective jurors, and replacing our aging legacy accounting system with a new, centralized financial management system. As Director, I’ve had the opportunity to participate in conferences, advisory councils, workshops and other meetings involving judges and court staff from across the country. While I delivered news from Washington and the Administrative Office, I also absorbed a tremendous amount by listening and observing our courts in action. I learned that we are uniquely skilled problem solvers on both a local and national level. As one example, the District of Nevada developed an automated system for processing and managing vouchers submitted by lawyers appointed to represent indigents under the Criminal Justice Act. Through a collaborative effort, the system, known as eVoucher, is being adopted for national use and shared with courts throughout the country. On a broader scale, the national roll out of the Next Generation of our Case Management/Electronic Case Files System has begun in the courts of appeals. It will increase chambers’ and clerks’ office efficiency and, when fully implemented, will provide for a single sign-on for public users. Testing in district and bankruptcy courts will begin in 2015.The strength of the federal Judiciary lies in our ability to work together to confront the challenges that come our way. While I will remain a committed member of that team, it was a unique honor to serve in a leadership position as Director. The AO plays a central role in helping courts function smoothly. I benefitted greatly from Judge Tom Hogan’s fine work before me. I am also proud of what we have accomplished and know that Director Jim Duff, with his accomplished leadership skills, will continue the tradition of excellent public service. 4 -Judicial resources are overstretched but qualified immunity doctrine allows quick dismissal of frivolous suits – the plan would clog the courts 5 -Putnam and Ferris 92 (Charles Putnam, Senior Assistant Attorney General, Office of the New Hampshire Attorney General, J.D. 1985, University of Connecticut. Charles Ferris, J.D. 1992, Franklin Pierce Law Center, Concord, New Hampshire.)“DEFENDING A MALIGNED DEFENSE: THE POLICY BASES OF THE QUALIFIED IMMUNITY DEFENSE IN ACTIONS UNDER 42 U.S.C. § 1983” BRIDGEPORT LAW REVIEW QUINNIPIAC COLLEGE Volume 12 Number 3 Spring 1992 LADI 6 -A second policy consideration present in section 1983 litigation and furthered by the qualified immunity defense is the limiting of overdeterrence. Increasingly, courts are sensitive to the possibility that state and local government officials, because they are so often targets of section 1983 actions, are being improperly deterred in the performance of their duties.1 " The Supreme Court's absolute and qualified immunity decisions demonstrate its desire to reduce not only the incidence of official liability but the financially burdensome costs of defense, as well.14 National resources are obviously scarce, yet increasing numbers of section 1983 actions are being filed in overburdened federal courts. Reducing the load of these cases on the court system is a third essential policy consideration. Some courts have questioned whether the abundance of section 1983 cases in federal courts is an efficient use of judicial resources in light of the perception that many such actions are of questionable merit."6 The Supreme Court has thus encouraged the use of summary judgment where courts are faced with such cases. For instance, in Butz v. Economou, 7 the Court held: Insubstantial lawsuits can be quickly terminated by federal courts alert to the possibilities of artful pleading. Unless the complaint states a compensable claim for relief under the Federal Constitution, it should not survive a motion to dismiss. Moreover, the Court recognized in Scheuer that damages suits concerning constitutional violations need not proceed to trial, but can be terminated on a properly supported motion for summary judgment based on the defense of immunity.... In responding to such a motion, plaintiffs may not play dog in the manger; and firm application of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure whichwill ensure that federal officials are not harassed by frivolous lawsuits.18 The courts' use of summary judgment and other procedural devices is thus an important safety measure for both the courts and defendants facing suit. Finally, because it creates a monetary damages action for constitutional violations, section 1983 may encourage plaintiffs' attorneys to push a number of constitutional provisions to their outer limits. The presence of further incentives, such as the availability of attorney's fees, creates an additional inducement to plaintiffs' lawyers who may read the Constitution too expansively. Such incentives tend to propagate constitutionally trivializing actions. The avoidance of these constitutionally unworthy cases is the fourth major objective of the qualified immunity defense in section 1983 litigation.'9 The Court voiced this concern in Baker v. McCollan.20 In Baker, the Court held that "section 1983 imposes liability for violations of rights protected by the Constitution, not for violations of duties of care arising out of tort law."'" To protect against such trivialization, the United States Supreme Court has established that merely negligent conduct does not implicate the Due Process Clause and is therefore not actionable under section 1983.2 7 -Court clog undermines just enforcement of laws – turns case by encouraging subjective application. 8 -Bannon 13. Alicia Bannon (serves as counsel for the Brennan Center’s Democracy Program, where her work focuses on judicial selection and promoting fair and impartial courts. Ms. Bannon also previously served as a Liman Fellow and Counsel in the Brennan Center’s Justice Program. J.D. from Yale Law School in 2007, where she was a Comments Editor of the Yale Law Journal). “Testimony: More Judges Needed in Federal Courts.” Brennan Center for Justice at NYU School of Law. September 10, 2013 RS 9 -The growing workload in district courts around the country negatively impacts judges’ ability to effectively dispense justice, particularly in complex and resource-intensive civil cases, where litigants do not enjoy the same “speedy trial” rights as criminal defendants. For example, the median time for civil cases to go from filing to trial has increased by more than 70 percent since 1992, from 15 months to more than two years (25.7 months). Older cases are also increasingly clogging district court dockets. Since 2000, cases that are more than three years old have made up an average of 12 percent of the district court civil docket, compared to an average of 7 percent from 1992-1999. For a small company in a contract dispute or a family targeted by consumer fraud, these kind of delays often mean financial uncertainty and unfilled plans, putting lives on hold as cases wind through the court system. All too often, justice delayed in these circumstances can mean justice denied. These patterns of delay are starkly reflected in the districts for which additional judgeships are recommended, many of which lag behind the national average in key metrics. In the Eastern District of California, for example, the median time for civil cases to go from filing to trial is almost four years (46.4 months). This district would receive six additional permanent judgeships and one additional temporary judgeship under the Act. In the Middle District of Florida, over 23 percent of the civil docket is more than three years old. This district would receive five additional permanent judgeships and one additional temporary judgeship under the Act. The federal courts are a linchpin of our democracy, protecting individual rights from government overreach, providing a forum for resolving individual and commercial disputes, and supervising the fair enforcement of criminal laws. In order for judges to perform their jobs effectively, however, they must have manageable workloads. The Brennan Center urges Congress to promptly pass the Federal Judgeship Act of 2013, so as to ensure the continued vitality of our federal courts. - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,14 +1,0 @@ 1 -Municipal budgets are on the brink in the status-quo. 2 -LILP 16. The Lincoln Institute of Land Policy is an independent, nonpartisan organization whose mission is to help solve global economic, social, and environmental challenges to improve the quality of life through creative approaches to the use, taxation, and stewardship of land. As a private operating foundation whose origins date to 1946, the Lincoln Institute seeks to inform public dialogue and decisions about land policy through research, training, and effective communication. By bringing together scholars, practitioners, public officials, policy makers, journalists, and involved citizens, the Lincoln Institute integrates theory and practice and provides a forum for multidisciplinary perspectives on public policy concerning land, both in the United States and internationally. The Lincoln Institute's work is organized in five major areas: Planning and Urban Form, Valuation and Taxation, International and Institute-Wide Initiatives, the People's Republic of China, and Latin America and the Caribbean., 1-15-2016, "Cities on the brink: monitoring municipal fiscal health," LILP, http://www.lincolninst.edu/news/lincoln-house-blog/cities-brink-monitoring-municipal-fiscal-health RS 3 -Northeastern University political science professor Benedict S. Jimenez shared the results of an ambitious customized survey of cities on their strategies for dealing with fiscal stress, at Lincoln House just before the holidays. Results show an emphasis on cutting expenditures over revenue-raising approaches – and that most cities say they are on the brink of crisis. Research on fiscal retrenchment at the local government level has been severely hampered by limited data on city finances after the Great Recession of 2007-09, he said. Comprehensive Annual Financial Reports (CAFRs) require a Freedom of Information Act request, and one third of states do not require local governments to file them. Census of Governments and the Annual Survey of State and Local Government Finances provide limited information. The Lincoln Institute database Fiscally Standardized Cities allows the comparison of budgets for 112 municipalities. Jimenez thus started his own survey, targeting appointed managers and budget or finance directors in cities with a population of 50,000 or more, and got 268 of the 674 queried cities to respond. The results provide a new window into the state of local public finance, and showed that most cities were relying on piecemeal strategies to stay away from insolvency year after year. The conditions are harsh: 42 reported that spending is growing faster than revenues; 36 reported increasing spending for current benefits; 35 cited dependence on fewer resources; 34 noted the further constraint of tax limits; and 29 were dealing with increased spending on post-employment benefits. In the area of personnel, almost two-thirds of respondents said they were leaving vacant positions unfilled, freezing hiring or salaries, and cutting professional development. Fewer were engaged in layoffs, moving employees part-time, revising union contracts, or reducing salaries for current employees. In services, almost one-third reported deferring capital projects and maintenance projects, rather than eliminating services outright, closing facilities, or cutting key services such as public safety. In striving for efficiency, many cities were asking more state aid or changes in aid formulas, or shifting the responsibility of functions and services to another level of government. More than half reported making better use of technology. On the revenue side, cities are relying on increased user fees – something the Lincoln Institute researchers have also found. Much less common was trying to increase the property tax rate and expand the property tax base, or increase the sales tax. While economic cycles, and the Great Recession in particular, have great impact, cities report long-term structural issues that make fiscal stress the “new normal” for most. Overall, 7 out of 10 cities reported that they are on the precipice of another budget crisis – and don’t expect that feeling to change in the next five years. This lecture was the first in the 2015-2016 series as part of the campaign of the Lincoln Institute to promote municipal fiscal health. The video can be viewed in its entirety here. 4 -Indemnification tanks municipal budgets and wrecks accountability – turns case, Ferguson proves. 5 -Prall 14. Derek Prall is a professional journalist who has held numerous positions with a variety of print and online publications including the New Jersey Herald. He is a 2008 graduate of Furman University holding bachelor's degrees in both English Literature and Communications Studies., 12-10-2014, "Who pays for police misconduct?," No Publication, http://americancityandcounty.com/law-enforcement/who-pays-police-misconduct RS 6 -Cases like those of Michael Brown and Eric Garner have communities abuzz about police misconduct and possible punitive damages, but, when the police are convicted of misconduct, more often than not, it's taxpayers – not the offending officers or agencies – who foot the bill. In a recent paper published in the New York University Law Review, Joanna Schwartz, an assistant law professor at UCLA and expert in police misconduct cases, says that “taxpayers almost always satisfy both compensatory and punitive damages awards entered against their sworn servants.” Meaning: It’s the city’s taxpayers – not the offending officer or the department – that pays when officers are found to be at fault. “My study reveals that police officers are virtually always indemnified: During the study period, governments paid approximately 99.98 percent of the dollars that plaintiffs recovered in lawsuits alleging civil rights violations by law enforcement,” Schwartz wrote. “Law enforcement officers in my study never satisfied a punitive damages award entered against them and almost never contributed anything to settlements or judgments — even when indemnification was prohibited by law or policy, and even when officers were disciplined, terminated or prosecuted for their conduct.” To reach these conclusions, Schwartz looked at misconduct cases in 44 large and 37 small or mid-sized police departments from 2006 to 2011. City Lab reports that together, these departments made up about 20 percent of the nation’s police officers. 7 - 8 - The data showed officers rarely pay out of their own pockets for civil-rights violations. In 9,225 cases from large cities that were settled or judged for the victim, $735 million in damages was awarded, with officers paying .02 percent of that figure - $171,300. In small to mid-sized cities, officers paid no part of the $9.4 million awarded. Schwartz told City Lab there is no reason to expect suits in Ferguson, Mo., or New York City will play out any differently. According to the Associated Press, Eric Garner’s family has filed suit against the city, the NYPD and the six officers involved for $75 million dollars. ThinkProgress reports six protesters in Ferguson are suing for $40 million in the first of many federal lawsuits expected to be filed. It is unclear how Ferguson will handle the financial burden – the figure dwarfs the city’s revenues for the fiscal year, and ThinkProgress reports the city is already budgeting for the fallout. Solutions for the problem are unclear. Schwartz told City Lab municipalities don’t necessarily need to eliminate indemnification, but suggests that holding more officers financially accountable for their actions would be a step in the right direction. 9 -Cities make police more aggressive, they’re forced to issue more tickets to make up for budget deficits – turns case. 10 -Vibes 14. John Vibes is an author, researcher and investigative journalist who takes a special interest in the counter culture and the drug war. In addition to his writing and activist work he is also the owner of a successful music promotion company. In 2013, he became one of the organizers of the Free Your Mind Conference, which features top caliber speakers and whistle-blowers from all over the world. You can contact him and stay connected to his work at his Facebook page. You can find his 65 chapter Book entitled “Alchemy of the Timeless Renaissance” at bookpatch.com. , 12-15-2014, "Ferguson to Solve Budget Crisis by Ordering Their Police to be More Aggressive," Free Thought Project, http://thefreethoughtproject.com/ferguson-police-ordered-start-writing-tickets-solve-citys-budget-crisis/#D9HXDXvtpXzikWDF.99. RS 11 -While controversy about the police killing of teenager Michael Brown has been the primary focus in Ferguson this year, the city’s government is also facing a massive budget crisis, which they are hoping to solve by ordering their police officers to write more tickets. Many residents in Ferguson have already pointed out that once this policy is implemented, it will strain the already high tensions between the community and the police. In a telephone interview with Bloomberg News this week, Ferguson’s finance director, Jeffrey Blume explained that in order for the city’s government to stay above their budget, the police would have to write millions of dollars in tickets for small, non-violent infractions. “There are a number of things going on in 2014 and one is a revenue shortfall that we anticipate making up in 2015. There’s about a million-dollar increase in public-safety fines to make up the difference,” Blume said. Police generated revenue from writing tickets is already the city’s second larges source of revenue after sales taxes, and the money brought in through the police departments is expected to grow with these new guidelines. “They said they weren’t going to go after poor people, so to speak, to fund their budget, but I guess that’s changed,” Tim Fischesser, executive director of the St. Louis Municipal League told Bloomberg. Some state politicians are worried that this could contribute to further unrest so they are seeking to limit how much money the local government can draw from police generated revenue. A number of state senators have filed two bills that would put these types of limits on the local government in Ferguson. “For Ferguson to respond to all of this and say that increasing ticketing was a good idea is outrageous,” one of the bill’s sponsors, Scott Sifton said. According to Sifton, the bills will be voted on sometime after January 7th, and if approved the limits would not go into effect until at least August. Missouri State Treasurer Clint Zweifel, also spoke in opposition of the new policies, saying that a strong focus on revenue generating does not make communities any safer. “Increasing reliance on such fines is the wrong way to go, period. Residents and neighborhoods are safer when police can focus on public safety, not a municipality’s need to protect a revenue stream,” Zweifel said. 12 -Tickets perpetuate structural inequalities – turns case. 13 -Solon 14. Sarah Solon: Communications Strategist, ACLU, 6-18-2014, "Preying on the Poor: For-Profit Probation Edition," American Civil Liberties Union, https://www.aclu.org/blog/preying-poor-profit-probation-edition RS 14 -Welcome to Alabama, the state of the never-ending seat belt ticket. Hali Wood is 17. She's applied to work at several grocery stores in her home town of Columbiana, but none are hiring. A few months back, cops ticketed Hali for not wearing a seat belt. The fine: $41. Hali has paid $41 and then some, but she's still hundreds of dollars in debt. Why? Because the court contracts with JCS, a for-profit probation company that forces Hali to choose between paying their exorbitant fees and going to jail. Here's how the scheme works: Privacy statement. This embed will serve content from youtube.com Borrowing from the payday lender playbook, companies like JCS often sign contracts in cities and counties strapped for cash. For the county, the deal seems like a sweet one: The company will collect outstanding court debts for free and make all their profits from charging probationers fees. But the problem is that many of these people were put on probation because they were too poor to pay their fine in the first place and for them, the additional fees are huge. People find themselves scrambling for money they don't have and forgoing basic necessities to avoid being thrown behind bars for missing a payment. The impact on communities, especially low-income communities of color, is devastating. Sadly, the for-profit probation business is booming. Every year, hundreds of thousands of people are sentenced to probation, often for misdemeanors including unpaid parking tickets. Instead of being able to just pay those fines and move on with their lives, many get sucked into spiraling debt traps they cannot escape. There are hundreds of thousands of people like Hali out there, for whom small court fines have ballooned into hundreds of dollars of debt. The for-profit probation racket isn't benefiting society; it's only benefiting these companies' bottom line. We need to remember two things: 1) If probationers miss a payment and end up behind bars, taxpayers foot the bill for this imprisonment; and 2) Our communities are not better off when we force people in poverty to choose between their liberty and putting food on their table —and needlessly lining the pockets of for-profit probation companies in the process. Counties and courts do not need to contract with these debt collectors on steroids. Publicly run probation exists, and it works while doing much less damage to communities. It's time to urge courts to cut their ties with the for-profit probation industry. - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,11 +1,0 @@ 1 -The BLM movement is gaining more credibility right now – polls prove. However, the “alt-right” movement is also starting to gain credibility – passing small scale reform would kill BLM and help Trump and white supremacists. 2 -Page and Shedrofsky October 31st 2016 Susan Page is the Washington Bureau chief of USA TODAY, covering her 9th presidential campaign (and still trying to get it right). She's interviewed the past 8 presidents and reported from 5 continents. Newsroom Intern USA TODAY June 2016 – Present (6 months)Washington D.C. Metro Area • Work on mobile team, USA TODAY’s most viewed platform, reaching 35 million people monthly. Contribute to “5 things you need to know” column, the top story on the USA TODAY newsfeed daily. • Regularly write for Health section on trending issues impacting our society today, including suicide, smoking and non-conventional healthcare. Broke the story on acquittal in Freddie Gray case and filmed a ‘Facebook Live’ video, with reach of more than 1 million. "Poll: How Millennials view BLM and the alt-right," USA TODAY, http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/onpolitics/2016/10/31/poll-millennials-black-lives-matter-alt-right/92999936///roman 3 -Most Millennials have a positive view of the Black Lives Matter movement, a USA TODAY/Rock the Vote Millennial Poll finds, but attitudes are more mixed about the less well-known alt-right. In the survey of Americans 18 to 34 years old, 58 say they have a favorable opinion about Black Lives Matter, an activist movement that grew from protests over the shooting deaths of unarmed African Americans. Among blacks, an overwhelming 81 have a favorable view, including 50 who are "very favorable." Just 14 of blacks have an unfavorable opinion. Whites have a positive impression of the movement by 53-39, Hispanics by 64-31, and Asian Americans by 54-40. "Black lives matter, especially with everything that's going on in the news and police brutality," Daniel Palomar, 21, of Chino Hill, Calif., said in a follow-up phone interview. "Even though I do support police, too, I do support Black Lives Matter." David Clausi, 32, of Huntington Beach, Calif. disagrees. "I believe all lives matter, so I don't really support that group of what they stand for, because everybody matters in this country and not only one race." The online poll of 1,299 young adults, including an over-sample of minorities, was taken Oct. 21-24 by Ipsos Public Affairs. The survey has a credibility interval, akin to a margin of error, of plus or minus 3.5 percentage points. The alt-right movement, which includes groups on the far right, has gained attention recently because of the support for Donald Trump by some white supremacists and anti-Semites. But it is much less well-known among Millennials. Nearly half of those surveyed, 45, say they don't know enough about the alt-right to have an opinion of it, compared with just 8 who say that of Black Lives Matter. Among those who express an opinion, 34 say they have a favorable opinion of the alt-right, 21 an unfavorable one. Among whites, the favorable-unfavorable divide is 33-19. Among African Americans, it is 31-27. Among Hispanics, 46-23. Among Asian Americans, 37-23. "I don't see much about the alt-right but what I have seen is positive," says Samuel Watkins, 19, of Lima, Ohio. "I feel like they're getting a good message across." "I think they're a little radical," says Anatasia Van Ryck Degroot, 21, a student from Hoboken, N.J. She called the movement "out of touch with society right now with their super-conservative values." 4 -Even favorable rulings kill civil rights movements 5 -McDonnell 97 Brett McDonnell, Law clerk – US Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, 1997 (“Dynamic Statutory Interpretations and Sluggish Social Movements,” 85 Calif. L. Rev. 919)roman 6 -Parts V and VI summed up this analysis in a simple model and applied it to the events surrounding the Civil Rights Act of 1991 and the current situation. Even when the Court is more receptive to civil rights groups than Congress, activists may face a tradeoff between short-term gains from using the Court and a longer-run weakening of the movement if they thereby fail to keep up political pressure at the grassroots level. When, as now, the Court is more hostile to civil rights than Congress, not only do activists in court risk a short-term loss, but that loss will be compounded as the Court helps shape public opinion in a more conservative direction. I have focused on racial politics, but the argument can be generalized to other contexts. It might well apply to other movements focused on civil rights~-~-feminist groups and lesbian, gay, and bisexual groups, for instance. It might also be interesting to apply the method of analysis developed in this Comment to the environmental movement. My framework would seem to apply less well to areas of the law that do not involve potential collective action by large-scale social movements. Finally, even in the racial context, I have avoided major relevant questions. Throughout this Comment, I have assumed that the ultimate goal is to achieve desirable statements of the law. Presumably, though, *954 the ultimate goal is to achieve racial justice, which will involve improving the political, social, and economic position of blacks and other racial minorities. Good laws may not meet that end for at least two reasons. First, laws must be implemented. One critique of court-based strategies has been that even if courts come through with sympathetic decisions, courts are not good at implementing general social policy on their own. n156 Second, for some problems, better laws, or even better government policy generally, may not be the answer, or at least not the whole answer. To the extent that these points are true, they will affect the strategies discussed in this Comment. Civil rights organizers will notice that gains in court may not translate into substantial social gains. So long as activism thereafter continues to focus on courts, supporters will lose interest, and political pressure for change will decline. Persons who care about civil rights in the U.S. must thus ask what has gone wrong politically, socially, and economically since the highs of the sixties. Activists must constantly ask what kind of individual and collective action is best suited to reaching the goal of a racially egalitarian society. 7 -BLM set out a policy platform filled with reform that matters more than the aff. Trade off outweighs – vote negative to solve the aff 8 -Chan 2016 Melissa Chan (simplified Chinese: 陈嘉韵; traditional Chinese: 陳嘉韻; pinyin: Chén Jiāyùn; Cantonese Yale: Chàn Gāwahn, June 2, 1980)1 is an American broadcast journalist, who is currently a freelancer. "Black Lives Matter Releases First List of Demands," TIME. August 1st, 2016. Accessed: 11/4/16. http://time.com/4433679/black-lives-matter-platform-demands///roman 9 -More than 60 groups that are part of the Black Lives Matter Movement teamed up to release the agenda, which included six demands related to police and criminal justice reform as well as 40 recommendations on how to address them, the Associated Pressreports. “We seek radical transformation, not reactionary reform,” Michaela Brown, a spokeswoman for Baltimore Bloc, one of the group’s partner organizations, said in a statement to TIME. “As the 2016 election continues, this platform provides us with a way to intervene with an agenda that resists state and corporate power, an opportunity to implement policies that truly value the safety and humanity of black lives, and an overall means to hold elected leaders accountable.” In one demand, the coalition calls for “community control,” in which they say residents in neighborhoods “most harmed by destructive policing” should have the power to hire and fire police officers and dole out discipline in cases of misconduct related to excessive and deadly force. In another, the groups demand “an end to the criminalization, incarceration, and killing of our people,” which includes abolishing capital punishment and eliminating the use of past criminal histories to determine eligibility for jobs and other services. “Until we achieve a world where cages are no longer used against our people, we demand an immediate change in conditions and an end to public jails, detention centers, youth facilities and prisons as we know them,” the agenda says. The groups also demand protection and increased funding for black institutions like historically black colleges and “social formations.” The lengthy policy comes almost two years after white former police officer Darren Wilson shot and killed unarmed black teenager Michael Brown in Ferguson, Mo. The fatal shooting sparked weeks of sometimes violent protests and debates about the nature of the relationship between police and black people. 10 - 11 -analytic - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,11 +1,0 @@ 1 -The 1AC reentrenches cycles of violence using small scale reform – their plan is another tool used by the state to crush actual reform by using the guise of increasing "accountability". 2 -Hotchkin 15. Joshua Scott Hotchkin - I began my foray into anti-authoritarianism as a child who was horrified by the possibilities of the Cold War and responded by questioning systems and institutions that could create such a reality. My philosophies are ever-changing and evolving as I gain more insight into the phenomena of our mutual existence. However, I currently think like a Voluntaryist, while I often depart from them and other anarchists or libertarians in matters of economics and the future. The Non-Aggression Principle is a must. Other labels I would not reject are Discordian, Panentheist, SubGenius, Existentialist, Fortean,Non-predeterminist, Zenarchist and Guerrilla Pedagogue. I have had my own troubles with aggressive police and our corrupt legal system in the past. The worst being the time that I rode my bicycle home from a party and after not harming anybody or anything was subsequently harassed, brutalized, jailed and charged with public intoxication, interference with official acts and misdemeanor assault of an officer. These charges have limited my life choices and painted me as something or someone that I am not. As a result I began to investigate the problem of American police corruption, abuse and violence. Over the last six years I have heard or read hundreds of stories like mine or much, much worse. I have studied the history, psychology, philosophy and modus operandi of law enforcement. Combining these with other investigations of various aspects of human existence, as well as my own experiences, I have invented many unique and/or startling hypotheses and explored some interesting perspectives from numerous angles. I hope my dedication and commitment to learning, understanding and challenging myself can in at least some small way help you with your own evolution., 11-12-2015, "Accountability Is Futile," Cop Block, http://www.copblock.org/146778/abolish-the-police/ AD 3 -Accountability is futile. There really could be nothing so simple to understand yet so 4 -... 5 -the enemy of freedom. Conquer fear and you become infinite and eternal. 6 - 7 -The alternative is to abolish the police. Vote neg as a radical rejection of the aff’s "good is good enough" mindset. 8 -Byas 14. Jason Byas, 9-11-2014, "It's Time to Get Rid of the Cops," Students For Liberty, http://studentsforliberty.org/blog/2014/09/11/its-time-to-get-rid-of-the-cops/ AD 9 -There’s been a lot of talk recently about de-militarizing the police. That’s 10 -... 11 -, but need to, given the danger they represent to the public. - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,25 +1,0 @@ 1 -====Home development destroys critical forest habitat and decreases biodiversity==== 2 -**Stein et al 2007**, Susan Stein is a Private Forest Studies Coordinator Ronald E McRoberts is a Mathematical Statistician from the University of Minnesota Ralph Alig has B.S., 1976, Purdue University, Forest Production; M.S., 1977, University of Missouri, Forest Economics; Ph.D., 1984, "Forests on the Edge" https://www.fs.fed.us/openspace/pubs/gtr_wo7820pg36-40.pdf NR 3 -Private forests provide critical habitat for many species. Increased housing development on rural private forests can have many implications for at-risk species1 . Populations of at-risk species may disappear, decline, or become more vulnerable with changes in the presence and distribution of private forest habitats (Robles et al., in press). Loss of habitat is highly associated with at-risk species that have declining populations, and it presents the primary obstacle for their recovery (Donovan and Flather 2002, Kerr and Deguise 2004). Decreases in habitat quality associated with housing development and roads can lead to declines in biodiversity (Houlahan et al. 2006), creation of barriers to movement (Jacobson 2006), and increases in predation (Kurki et al. 2000, Woods et al. 2003). Habitat degradation can also contribute to declines in fish numbers (Ratner et al. 1997). As displayed in Figure 3c.3, watersheds where housing development on private forests is projected to affect the habitat of the greatest numbers of at-risk species are located primarily in the Southeast, and, in particular, in North Carolina, South Carolina, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Arkansas. 4 - 5 -====The 1AC sequesters non-human species from their anthropocentric frame of reference in two key ways:==== 6 - 7 -====The materials required to build homes create massive waste==== 8 -**SFGate** (SFGate, No date, "Home-Building and the Environmental Effects" http://homeguides.sfgate.com/homebuilding-environmental-effects-65999.html NR 9 -Each year, the United States generates about 160 million tons of building-related construction and demolition debris — which accounts for about two-thirds of all non-industrial solid waste generation in the country, according to a 2009 report from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The same source reports that only about 20 to 30 percent of this debris — including asphalt, concrete, metals and wood — is collected and recycled. When it~’s not recycled, this waste occupies valuable landfill space and consumes additional energy for transportation to, and storage at, the waste site. In addition to the energy expenditure of construction — including fuel burned during transportation, and electricity and gas used during building — homes account for about 39 percent of total energy consumption in the United States, according to the EPA. This includes 12 percent of the country~’s water consumption, 68 percent of its electricity consumption and 38 percent of its carbon dioxide emissions 10 - 11 - 12 -====Your dehumanization rhetoric is problematic because it relates persecution as something below human. This suggests that humans are for some reason superior.==== 13 - 14 -====Anthropocentrism is the biggest impact – an ethics of human chauvinism which refuses to share the planet with other life is the root cause of structural violence, warfare and environmental collapse – causes extinction.==== 15 -**Oliver 10**. Kelly Oliver; Prof of philosophy at Vanderbilt Univ.; "Animal Ethics: Towards an Ethics of Responsivenss" Research in Phenomenology 40: 267-280 16 -In this era of global warming, species extinction and shrinking biodiversity, endless war, military occupation and expanded torture, record wealth for the few and poverty for the rest, gated-communities and record incarceration, more than ever we need a sustainable ethics. A sustainable ethics is an ethics of limits, an ethics of conservation. Rather than assert our dominion over the earth and its creatures, this ethics obliges us to acknowledge our dependence upon them. It requires us to attend to our response-ability by virtue of that dependence. It is an ethics of the responsibility to enable responses from others, not as it has been defined as the exclusive property of man (man responds, animals react), but rather as it exists all around us. All living creatures are responsive. All of us belong to the earth, not in the sense of property, but rather as inhabitants of a shared planet. Echoing Kant, a sustainable ethics is an ethics circumscribed by the circumference of the globe, which, if we pull our heads out of the sand, compels us to admit to our own limitations and obligates us to relearn our primaryschool lesson: we need to share.20 Given the environmental urgency upon us, generosity is a virtue that we cannot afford to live without. Acknowledging the ways in which we are human by virtue of our relationships with animals suggests a fundamental indebtedness that takes us beyond the utilitarian calculations of the relative worth of this or that life (so common in philosophies of animal rights or welfare) or economic exchange values to questions of sharing the planet. This notion of sharing does not require having much in common besides living together on the same globe. But it does bring with it responsibility. The question, then, is not what characteristics or capacities animals share with us but, rather, how to share resources and life together on this collective planet. 17 - 18 - 19 -====The alternative is that the judge should vote negative to reject the anthropocentrism of the 1ac. The role of the ballot is to use the debate space for the practice of post humanities as an operative displacement of anthropocentrism. ==== 20 -*Parochialism is self-defeating 21 -*Subject/Object divide - reductive knowledge of our existence 22 -*Cuts off our own existence b/c destroy nature 23 -*Including nature - new knowledge 24 -**Cheney 05**. Jim Cheney; Professor Emeritus at the University of Wisconsin; Scholar of Ecophilosophy and Earth Education at Murdoch University; 2005; "Truth, Knowledge and the Wild World"; Pg. 101-135; http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/ethics_and_the_environment/v010/10.2cheney.html *WE OBJECT TO AUTHOR~’S ABLEIST AND GENDERED LANGUAGE* 25 -What Shepard adds to Lovibond~’s argument is the idea that if we test our world-views only against those of other human communities, we are far from emancipating ourselves from "empirical parochialism." Indeed, ~~End Page 110~~ the brunt of his argument is that we, in our very nature as homo sapiens sapiens, are so deeply embedded in the natural world around us that only by renewing sustained communication with the geo- and biological world which made us the beings we are through long stretches of evolutionary time can we escape an ever-increasing descent into what we might call "species autism." Again: What we become in our modern isolation from the world which gave us birth as the species we are, in our insistence that we are the knowers and the nonhuman world is merely the object of our knowing, is an autistic diminishment of what we are when we engage in active and reciprocal communication with the world around us. What the natural world provides (and what we can come to understand and emulate only through sustained communication with that world) is the fullest, most complete model of health and well-being available to us as the ecologically embodied creatures we are. If we draw a circle around our existence as humans and draw our models of health and well-being only from within this human circle, we effectively cut ourselves off from the source of our own species existence, a source that not only brought us into existence, but one that continually nourishes us. The Lovibond-Shepard argument is powerful. As "creatures with a certain physical constitution and a certain ecological location" our knowledge is necessarily parochial (transcendentally parochial), but we need not accept the myriad forms of empirical parochialism in which we are currently mired. Active and reciprocal communication with the source of our species existence alone—the natural world—can enable us to reach the transcendental limits of this parochialism. When we become the creatures we are in this way, we will then once again become what Aldo Leopold hoped for us: plain members and citizens of the land community (Leopold 1970, 240).12 Once we have acknowledged the ethical dimension of the epistemologies we bring to the world, the physically and culturally situated nature of knowledge and the ethical and political responsibility that goes along with this, and nature~’s participation in the construction of knowledge—as Henry Sharp puts it: "symbols, ideas, and language . . . are not passive ways of perceiving a determined positivist reality but a mode of interaction shared between ~~people~~ and their environment" (Sharp 1988, 144–145)—it is but a short step to Nelson Goodman and Catherine Elgin~’s conclusion that "defeat and confusion are built into the notions of truth ~~End Page 111~~ and certainty and knowledge." Perhaps we should, as do Goodman and Elgin, relegate these notions to the periphery of philosophical concern and centralize concepts of "rightness," "adoption," and "understanding" instead. One alternative to such a shift in terminology would be to radically rethink our notions of knowledge and truth. - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,21 +1,0 @@ 1 -==2== 2 - 3 -====We are on the brink but clean energy rise proves we can meet the 2 degree Celsius threshold.==== 4 -**Canadell et. al. 2/16** (Dr. Josep (Pep) Canadell, Glen Peters, Corinne Le Quéré, Dr. Josep (Pep) Canadell is an EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR GLOBAL CARBON PROJECT AND CSIRO RESEARCH SCIENTIST for the GLOBAL CARBON PROJECT, Glen Peters is a senior researcher for CICERO. Le Quéré is also another contributor for CICERO. "We can still keep global warming below 2℃ – but the hard work is about to start", No Publication, 2-16-2017, page numbers here, http://www.cicero.uio.no/no/posts/klima/we-can-still-keep-global-warming-below-2-but-the-hard-work-is-about-to-start)//DM Accessed 3-8-2017 5 -Last year we found that the growth in global fossil fuel emissions have stalled over the past three years. But does this mean we are on track to keep global warming below 2℃, as agreed under the 2015 Paris Agreement? In our study, published in the journal Nature Climate Change today, we looked at how global and national energy sectors are progressing towards global climate targets. We found that we can still keep global warming below 2℃ largely thanks to increasing use of clean energy, a global decline in coal use, improvements in energy efficiency, and a consequent stalling of emissions from fossil fuels over the past three years. Nations need to accelerate deployment of existing technologies to lock in and build on the gains of the last three years. More challenging, is the needed investment to develop new technologies and behaviours necessary to get to net-zero global emissions by mid-century. World moving away from fossil fuels We looked at several key measures, including carbon emissions from fossil fuels, the carbon intensity of the energy system (how much carbon is produced for each unit of energy) and the amount of carbon emitted to produce one dollar of wealth. ...we can still keep global warming below 2℃ largely thanks to increasing use of clean energy, a global decline in coal use, improvements in energy efficiency, and aconsequent stalling of emissions from fossil fuels over the past three years. The world share of energy from fossil fuels is starting to decline. There has been no growth in coal consumption and strong growth in energy from wind, biomass, solar and hydro power. The emerging trend is therefore towards lower carbon emissions from energy production. Energy efficiency has also improved globally in recent years, reversing the trends of the 2000s. These improvements are reducing the amount of carbon emissions to produce new wealth. From all these changes, global fossil fuel emissions have not grown over the past three years. Remarkably, this has occurred while the global economy has continued to grow. As the global economy grows, it is using less energy to produce each unit of wealth as economies become more efficient and shift towards services. These promising results show that, globally, we are broadly in the right starting position to keep warming below 2℃. But modelling suggests that stringent climate policy will only slightly accelerate this historical trend of improvements in energy intensity. And to keep warming below 2℃ will require deep and sustained reductions in the carbon intensity of how energy is produced. 6 - 7 -====Home construction is on the decline==== 8 -Slowey 3/2 (Kim Slowey, ~~writer who has been active in the construction industry for the last 25 years and is licensed as a certified general contractor in Florida. She received her BA in Mass Communications/Journalism from the University of South Florida and has experience in both commercial and residential construction~~, 3-2-2017, "Weak productivity crippling global construction industry growth," Construction Dive, http://www.constructiondive.com/news/weak-productivity-crippling-global-construction-industry-growth/437249/) //AD 9 -Not only has the U.S. construction industry failed to keep pace with the U.S. compounded annual business productivity growth rate of 1.76, but it has lost ground since 1995 with a yearly productivity decline of 1.04, according to a recent McKinsey Global Institute report. In its report, "Reinventing Construction Through a Productivity Revolution," McKinsey said the global construction industry, which has a 1 productivity growth rate compared to the world~’s 2.8, has been slow to adopt the new technology and management techniques that could increase its value by 241.6 trillion. McKinsey noted that unless the industry takes significant steps to modernize, it will not be able to meet the demands of an aggressive infrastructure program or be able to address the shortage of housing in the U.S. 10 - 11 -====Housing construction explodes emissions – UK empirically proves==== 12 -Monahan and Powell 11. Monahan, J., ~~~~, Powell, J.C. ~~~~, "The significance of embodied carbon and energy in house construction". Energy and Buildings 43: 179-188. DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2010.09. 005, Science for Environmental Policy, European Comission DG, http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/38si9_en.pdf) //AD 13 -As almost a quarter of all global CO2 emissions are attributed to energy use in buildings, reducing the energy demand and carbon emissions linked to buildings is an important goal for government climate policy. However, the energy used, and associated carbon emissions, when a house is built is often overlooked and mainly comes from the extraction, processing, manufacture, transportation and use of materials for construction. This energy and carbon is thus considered to be hidden or ~’embodied~’ in the house. The researchers assessed the energy used and carbon emitted in the construction of a novel low-energy house in the UK using a life cycle method. The house was a threebedroom semi-detached house made with a factory-built, foam insulated, timber frame and assembled in modules at the building site, where it was clad with larch planks. It was compared with two similar buildings constructed using more traditional methods: a timberframed house with brick cladding and a house built with traditional masonry techniques (block internal walls, insulated cavity walls and brick cladding). The assessment, based on data from an inventory of all the materials and fossil fuels used during construction, revealed that the low-energy house required a total of 519GJ (gigajoules) of primary energy to build (5.7 GJ/m2 ), embodying 35 tonnes of CO2 (405 kilograms of CO2 per square metre). 82 of the energy was used in preparing the materials (over a third of this from concrete) and the rest was used to transport materials, remove waste and for onsite energy requirements. The brick-clad house embodied over 30 more carbon and energy, owing to the increase in minerals associated with the cladding (sand, brick and cement) and increases in transport and construction costs. The masonry house embodied 51 more carbon and 35 more energy compared to the timber framed, larch-clad house. Most energy and carbon savings in the low-energy house came from the use of wood as an alternative to cement, bricks and steel; larch cladding produces an energy saving of 24 compared to bricks. Less structural support is also needed, further reducing the need for energy rich materials, such as steel and concrete. The offsite, factory manufacturing of the timber fames also reduced energy costs. Addressing the alternative methods of construction outlined in this study could be a valuable contribution to national carbon reduction efforts. Further energy savings from construction include reducing onsite waste production, which accounts 14 of total embodied carbon, and reducing the amount of cement used, by replacing with ground granulated blast furnace slag, fly ash or other lower carbon alternatives. 14 - 15 -====Meeting two degree Celsius change is key to stopping climate change catastrophe==== 16 -**Mastroianni 15** (I~’m currently working as a Science/Technology reporter and editor for CBSNews.com. I previously covered Science and Technology for FoxNews.com. Before moving to New York, I spent a year as a Reporter, Editor, and Designer at The Berkshire Eagle and served as the Press Agent and Assistant to the Artistic Director at Berkshire Actors Theatre. I graduated with honors from Brown University in 2011, and earned a Master of Arts degree from the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism in May 2014. "Why 2 degrees are so important to the climate." CBS. 11-30-2015. http://www.cbsnews.com/news/paris-un-climate-talks-why-2-degrees-are-so-important/)//roman 17 -As the United Nations conference on climate change gets underway Monday in Paris, one temperature that will be on everyone~’s minds is 2 degrees Celsius (or 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit). Although it might not sound like a big number, climatologists predict that if the planet warms a total of 2 degrees more than its average temperature before the Industrial Revolution — when humans started burning fossil fuels — the results could be catastrophic. What could happen? Think events like greater sea level rise submerging the coasts, more pervasive droughts and wildfires, and plant and animal extinctions across the board. Scientists say this amount of temperature increase could leave us with a significantly different Earth. And unless something changes, we~’re heading in that direction: U.N. and U.K. climate analysts recently concluded that the Earth has already warmed by 1 degree Celsius, with 2015 the hottest year ever recorded. Yale economist William Nordhaus first defined the 2-degree benchmark in a 1977 paper, "Economic Growth and Climate: The Carbon Dioxide Problem." Since then, the figure has stood as a rallying cry for those advocating for cutting back on carbon emissions. For others, 2 degrees is still too high — to allow the Earth to warm even that much would be dire for life on the planet. "Those who study the possible impacts of warming think that there is a threshold before we can start to get much more changed in the world — like the flooding of low-lying countries, and things like that," said Eric Larson, a senior scientist at Climate Central, a nonprofit news organization that provides analysis and information on climate science. "Science has established for quite a while that we need to respect a threshold of 2 degrees, that being the limit of the temperature increase that we can afford from a human, economic and infrastructure point of view," the top U.N. official on climate change, Christiana Figueres, told CBS News in an interview earlier this fall. Beyond that, "we would be moving into exceedingly dangerous zones of abrupt interruptions to our economy, to our livelihood, to our infrastructure that frankly we wouldn~’t even know how to deal with." 18 - 19 -====Global warming definitively causes extinction==== 20 -Sharp and Kennedy 14 – (Associate Professor Robert (Bob) A. Sharp is the UAE National Defense College Associate Dean for Academic Programs and College Quality Assurance Advisor. He previously served as Assistant Professor of Strategic Security Studies at the College of International Security Affairs (CISA) in the U.S. National Defense University (NDU), Washington D.C. and then as Associate Professor at the Near East South Asia (NESA) Center for Strategic Studies, collocated with NDU. Most recently at NESA, he focused on security sector reform in Yemen and Lebanon, and also supported regional security engagement events into Afghanistan, Turkey, Egypt, Palestine and Qatar; Edward Kennedy is a renewable energy and climate change specialist who has worked for the World Bank and the Spanish Electric Utility ENDESA on carbon policy and markets; 8/22/14, "Climate Change and Implications for National Security," International Policy Digest, http://intpolicydigest.org/2014/08/22/climate-change-implications-national-security/) //AD 21 -Our planet is 4.5 billion years old. If that whole time was to be reflected on a single one-year calendar then the dinosaurs died off sometime late in the afternoon of December 27th and modern humans emerged 200,000 years ago, or at around lunchtime on December 28th. Therefore, human life on earth is very recent. Sometime on December 28th humans made the first fires – wood fires – neutral in the carbon balance. Now reflect on those most recent 200,000 years again on a single one-year calendar and you might be surprised to learn that the industrial revolution began only a few hours ago during the middle of the afternoon on December 31st, 250 years ago, coinciding with the discovery of underground carbon fuels. Over the 250 years carbon fuels have enabled tremendous technological advances including a population growth from about 800 million then to 7.5 billion today and the consequent demand to extract even more carbon. This has occurred during a handful of generations, which is hardly noticeable on our imaginary one-year calendar. The release of this carbon – however – is changing our climate at such a rapid rate that it threatens our survival and presence on earth. It defies imagination that so much damage has been done in such a relatively short time. The implications of climate change is the single most significant threat to life on earth and, put simply, we are not doing enough to rectify the damage. This relatively very recent ability to change our climate is an inconvenient truth; the science is sound. We know of the complex set of interrelated national and global security risks that are a result of global warming and the velocity at which climate change is occurring. We worry it may already be too late. Climate change writ large has informed few, interested some, confused many, and polarized politics. It has already led to an increase in natural disasters including but not limited to droughts, storms, floods, fires etc. The year 2012 was among the 10 warmest years on record according to an American Meteorological Society (AMS) report. Research suggests that climate change is already affecting human displacement; reportedly 36 million people were displaced in 2008 alone because of sudden natural disasters. Figures for 2010 and 2011 paint a grimmer picture of people displaced because of rising sea levels, heat and storms. Climate change affects all natural systems. It impacts temperature and consequently it affects water and weather patterns. It contributes to desertification, deforestation and acidification of the oceans. Changes in weather patterns may mean droughts in one area and floods in another. Counter-intuitively, perhaps, sea levels rise but perennial river water supplies are reduced because glaciers are retreating. As glaciers and polar ice caps melt, there is an albedo effect, which is a double whammy of less temperature regulation because of less surface area of ice present. This means that less absorption occurs and also there is less reflection of the sun~’s light. A potentially critical wild card could be runaway climate change due to the release of methane from melting tundra. Worldwide permafrost soils contain about 1,700 Giga Tons of carbon, which is about four times more than all the carbon released through human activity thus far. The planet has already adapted itself to dramatic climate change including a wide range of distinct geologic periods and multiple extinctions, and at a pace that it can be managed. It is human intervention that has accelerated the pace dramatically: An increased surface temperature, coupled with more severe weather and changes in water distribution will create uneven threats to our agricultural systems and will foster and support the spread of insect borne diseases like Malaria, Dengue and the West Nile virus. Rising sea levels will increasingly threaten our coastal population and infrastructure centers and with more than 3.5 billion people – half the planet – depending on the ocean for their primary source of food, ocean acidification may dangerously undercut critical natural food systems which would result in reduced rations. Climate change also carries significant inertia. Even if emissions were completely halted today, temperature increases would continue for some time. Thus the impact is not only to the environment, water, coastal homes, agriculture and fisheries as mentioned, but also would lead to conflict and thus impact national security. Resource wars are inevitable as countries respond, adapt and compete for the shrinking set of those available resources. These wars have arguably already started and will continue in the future because climate change will force countries to act for national survival; the so-called Climate Wars. As early as 2003 Greenpeace alluded to a report which it claimed was commissioned by the Pentagon titled: An Abrupt Climate Change Scenario and Its Implications for U.S. National Security. It painted a picture of a world in turmoil because global warming had accelerated. The scenario outlined was both abrupt and alarming. The report offered recommendations but backed away from declaring climate change an immediate problem, concluding that it would actually be more incremental and measured; as such it would be an irritant, not a shock for national security systems. In 2006 the Center for Naval Analyses (CNA) – Institute of Public Research – convened a board of 11 senior retired generals and admirals to assess National Security and the Threat to Climate Change. Their initial report was published in April 2007 and made no mention of the potential acceleration of climate change. The team found that climate change was a serious threat to national security and that it was: "most likely to happen in regions of the world that are already fertile ground for extremism." The team made recommendations from their analysis of regional impacts which suggested the following. Europe would experience some fracturing because of border migration. Africa would need more stability and humanitarian operations provided by the United States. The Middle East would experience a "loss of food and water security (which) will increase pressure to emigrate across borders." Asia would suffer from "threats to water and the spread of infectious disease. " In 2009 the CIA opened a Center on Climate Change and National Security to coordinate across the intelligence community and to focus policy. In May 2014, CNA again convened a Military Advisory Board but this time to assess National Security and the Accelerating Risk of Climate Change. The report concludes that climate change is no longer a future threat but occurring right now and the authors appeal to the security community, the entire government and the American people to not only build resilience against projected climate change impacts but to form agreements to stabilize climate change and also to integrate climate change across all strategy and planning. The calm of the 2007 report is replaced by a tone of anxiety concerning the future coupled with calls for public discourse and debate because "time and tide wait for no man." The report notes a key distinction between resilience (mitigating the impact of climate change) and agreements (ways to stabilize climate change) and states that: Actions by the United States and the international community have been insufficient to adapt to the challenges associated with projected climate change. Strengthening resilience to climate impacts already locked into the system is critical, but this will reduce long-term risk only if improvements in resilience are accompanied by actionable agreements on ways to stabilize climate change. The 9/11 Report framed the terrorist attacks as less of a failure of intelligence than a failure of imagination. Greenpeace~’s 2003 account of the Pentagon~’s alleged report describes a coming climate Armageddon which to readers was unimaginable and hence the report was not really taken seriously. It described: A world thrown into turmoil by drought, floods, typhoons. Whole countries rendered uninhabitable. The capital of the Netherlands submerged. The borders of the U.S. and Australia patrolled by armies firing into waves of starving boat people desperate to find a new home. Fishing boats armed with cannon to drive off competitors. Demands for access to water and farmland backed up with nuclear weapons. The CNA and Greenpeace/Pentagon reports are both mirrored by similar analysis by the World Bank which highlighted not only the physical manifestations of climate change, but also the significant human impacts that threaten to unravel decades of economic development, which will ultimately foster conflict. Climate change is the quintessential "Tragedy of the Commons," where the cumulative impact of many individual actions (carbon emission in this case) is not seen as linked to the marginal gains available to each individual action and not seen as cause and effect. It is simultaneously huge, yet amorphous and nearly invisible from day to day. It is occurring very fast in geologic time terms, but in human time it is (was) slow and incremental. Among environmental problems, it is uniquely global. With our planet and culture figuratively and literally honeycombed with a reliance on fossil fuels, we face systemic challenges in changing the reliance across multiple layers of consumption, investment patterns, and political decisions; it will be hard to fix21 - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,9 +1,0 @@ 1 -==3== 2 - 3 -====Courts won~’t defend the plan.==== 4 -**NYCB 16** (New York City Bar, February 2016, "REPORT BY THE INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE THE NEW YORK CITY BAR ASSOCIATION OF ADVANCING THE RIGHT TO HOUSING IN THE UNITED STATES: Using International Law as a Foundation", http://www2.nycbar.org/pdf/report/uploads/20072632-AdvancingtheRighttoHousingIHR2122016final.pdf) //SN 5 -At the most fundamental level, the US Constitution does not include a right to housing. Although arguments have been made that certain language in the Constitution is broad enough to encompass a right to adequate housing,51 in Lindsey v. Normet, 405 U.S. 56 (1972), the US Supreme Court held that the Constitution provides no "guarantee of access to dwellings of a particular quality."52 The debate persists, but federal law continues to offer only a limited scope of protections with respect to housing. 6 - 7 -====Courts are key to your solvency – empirics.==== 8 -**Olds 10** (Kyra Olds, May 21^^st^^ 2010, "THE ROLE OF COURTS IN MAKING THE RIGHT TO HOUSING A REALITY THROUGHOUT EUROPE: LESSONS FROM FRANCE AND THE NETHERLANDS", http://hosted.law.wisc.edu/wordpress/wilj/files/2011/10/olds_170.pdf) //SN 9 -On May 30, 2008, for the first time, a court upheld DALO, ("droit au logement opposable" or "roughly translated, ~’the inalienable right to housing that a court cannot deny you~’"2 ), a French law enacted in March 2007.3 The court ruled that in order for the state to meet its obligation to protect the right to housing, families must not merely have a place to stay for the night but an adequate home.4 On March 3, 2008, Namizata Fofana~’s housing application was denied.5 The mediation committee ruled that her need for housing was not urgent because she currently had a place to live. Madame Fofana, a 26 year-old mother of two and legal immigrant from Cote d~’Ivoire, was living in a shelter.7 However, she only had permission to live in that shelter for a total of 21 months.8 On June 9, 2008, she and her two children would be forced to leave the shelter, and without governmental assistance, would end up on the streets.9 Madame Fofana appealed the administrative decision to the courts. The courts overturned the decision based on DALO, which recognizes a legally enforceable right to housing.10 Without the courts, Madame Fofana and her children would have had nowhere to turn. While France purports to support an inalienable right to housing, in this case, the government~’s practices did not reflect the ideals it had established in its statutes and international agreements. Judicial action was necessary to make this right a reality for the Fofana family. - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -2017-03-09 19:32:15.351 - Judge
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -Forrest Hebron - Opponent
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -Clear Brook AS - ParentRound
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -9 - Round
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -1 - Team
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -Westwood Myneni Neg - Title
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -MarApr- Court DA - Tournament
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -TFA
- Caselist.RoundClass[1]
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- EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -2016-10-21 00:34:44.0 - Judge
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -Randall Martinez - Opponent
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -Evanston ES - Round
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -2 - Tournament
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -St Marks
- Caselist.RoundClass[2]
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- Cites
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -0 - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -2016-10-21 00:35:25.0 - Judge
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -Randall Martinez - Opponent
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -Evanston ES - Round
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -2 - Tournament
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -St Marks
- Caselist.RoundClass[3]
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- Cites
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -1 - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -2016-12-03 15:42:34.0 - Judge
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -Samuel Rinkacs - Opponent
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -Harlingen ST - Round
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -2 - Tournament
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -UT
- Caselist.RoundClass[5]
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- Cites
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -3 - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -2016-12-03 15:46:30.0 - Judge
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -Samuel Rinkacs - Opponent
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -Harlingen ST - Round
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -2 - Tournament
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -UT
- Caselist.RoundClass[6]
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- Cites
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -4,5,6 - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -2016-12-03 15:53:11.0 - Judge
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -Brady Lu - Opponent
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -Reagan RV - Round
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -3 - Tournament
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -UT
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -7 - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -2017-03-09 19:29:54.0 - Judge
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -Forrest Hebron - Opponent
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -Clear Book AS - Round
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -1 - Tournament
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -TFA
- Caselist.RoundClass[8]
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -8 - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -2017-03-09 19:31:04.0 - Judge
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -Forrest Hebron - Opponent
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -Clear Brook AS - Round
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -1 - Tournament
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -TFA
- Caselist.RoundClass[9]
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- EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -2017-03-09 19:32:13.0 - Judge
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -Forrest Hebron - Opponent
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -Clear Brook AS - Round
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -1 - Tournament
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -TFA