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-=Structural Violence 1AC= |
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-====I value morality as per the evaluative term "ought" in the resolution, which is defined as "used to express duty or moral obligation". By Merriam-Webster.==== |
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-====The standard is minimizing oppression==== |
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-====Structural violence is based in moral exclusion which is flawed because exclusion is based on arbitrarily perceived difference.==== |
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-**Winter and Leighton 01**. Winter, D. D., and Dana C. Leighton." Structural violence." Peace, conflict and violence: Peace psychology for the 21st century (2001): 99-101. |
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-Finally, to recognize the operation of structural violence forces us to ask questions about |
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-local cultures, will be our most surefooted path to building lasting peace. |
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-====Theories that can~’t create material change in the real world are counter-productive and threaten actual solutions to oppression.==== |
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-**Curry 14.** Tommy J. "The Cost of a Thing: A Kingian Reformulation of a Living Wage Argument in the 21st Century" (2014) Victory Briefs, p. 55-56 Assistant Professor, Department of Philosophy, Texas AandM |
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-Despite the pronouncement of debate as an activity and intellectual exercise pointing to the real |
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-used to currently justify the living wages in under our contemporary moral parameters. |
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-==Contention 1 is Police Violence== |
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-====Police brutality exacerbates racial divisions==== |
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-**Panwala 3** |
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-Asit S. Panwala (Assistant District Attorney, Felony Cases, Bronx County District Attorney~’s Office; B.A., Berkeley; J.D., NYU). "The Failure of Local and Federal Prosecutors to Curb Police Brutality." Fordham Urban Law Journal, Volume 30, Issue 2 (2003) Article 7. http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=207926context=ulj |
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-Although police departments across the country have attempted to ameliorate the hostility between police officers |
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-law, especially when the racial dynamics of police brutality are considered.7 |
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-====Queer bodies are also more likely to be victims of police violence. ==== |
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-**Meyer 15 **(Doug Meyer, "Violence Against Queer People: Race, Class, Gender, and the Persistence of Anti-LGBT Discrimination", Professor of Women, Gender, and Sexuality at the University of Virginia, 2015) |
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-In this sense, Kevin~’s interpretation of the officers~’ behavior seems accu¬rate, as he |
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-with respect" by police officers than when she was perceived as transgender. |
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-====Stronger civil liability is key to restore trust in the police force==== |
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-**De Stefan 16** |
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-Lindsey De Stefan (J.D. Candidate, 2017, Seton Hall University School of Law). ""No Man Is Above the Law and No Man Is Below It:" How Qualified Immunity Reform Could Create Accountability and Curb Widespread Police Misconduct" (2016). Law School Student Scholarship. Paper 850. JDN. http://scholarship.shu.edu/student_scholarship/850 |
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-Unfortunately, while the FBI plans to improve its system for gathering information about the |
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-of the stringent immunity afforded to police officers could take effect relatively quickly. |
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-==Contention 2 is Misconduct== |
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-====Misconduct leads to a cycle of corruption and low trust in government==== |
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-**Panwala 3** |
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-Asit S. Panwala (Assistant District Attorney, Felony Cases, Bronx County District Attorney~’s Office; B.A., Berkeley; J.D., NYU). "The Failure of Local and Federal Prosecutors to Curb Police Brutality." Fordham Urban Law Journal, Volume 30, Issue 2 (2003) Article 7. http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=207926context=ulj |
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-The criminal, a marginalized member of society, is in many ways the perfect |
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-officers~~ to abuse their authority in other ways, including corruption." 9 |
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-====Limiting qualified immunity is key to hold police accountable==== |
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-**Wright 15** |
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-Sam Wright (Public Interest Lawyer). "Want to Fight Police Misconduct? Reform Qualified Immunity." Above the Law. 3 November 2015. http://abovethelaw.com/2015/11/want-to-fight-police-misconduct-reform-qualified-immunity/ |
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-In order to truly hold police accountable for bad acts, civilians must be able |
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-want to see justice done, we should push to make it happen. |
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-====Civil liability is the best starting point for challenging police misconduct more broadly==== |
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-**De Stefan 16** |
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-Lindsey De Stefan (J.D. Candidate, 2017, Seton Hall University School of Law). ""No Man Is Above the Law and No Man Is Below It:" How Qualified Immunity Reform Could Create Accountability and Curb Widespread Police Misconduct" (2016). Law School Student Scholarship. Paper 850. http://scholarship.shu.edu/student_scholarship/850 |
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-In recent months, it has been impossible to ignore the overwhelming presence of police |
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-in decreasing the overall incidence of police misconduct in the United States. |
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-====Single cases can create a domino effect, justifying more serious future offenses==== |
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-**Leong 6** |
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-Nancy Leong (Research Scholar, Georgetown University Law Center; J.D., Stanford Law School, 2006). "The Saucier Qualified Immunity Experiment: An Empirical Analysis." (2009). Faculty Publications. Paper 66. http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=106326context=facpubs |
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-One might expect that the Supreme Court would be less concerned about the implications of |
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-thus correctly held in Pearson that sequencing take place at the court~’s discretion. |
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-==Contention 3 is Police Effectiveness== |
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-====Trust in police plays a larger role in reducing crime than deterrence==== |
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-**Tyler et al. 15** |
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-Tom R. Tyler (Yale Law School and Yale University), Phillip Atiba Goff (University of California, Los Angeles), and Robert J. MacCoun (Stanford Law School). "The Impact of Psychological Science on Policing in the United States: Procedural Justice, Legitimacy, and Effective Law Enforcement." Psychological Science in the Public Interest (Volume 16, Number 3). 2 November 2015. http://www.psychologicalscience.org/index.php/publications/policing.html |
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-In the past few decades, law enforcement has primarily used a deterrence model to |
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-by reporting crimes, identifying criminals, and acting as witnesses during trials. |
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-====Studies show increased accountability improves police effectiveness==== |
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-**Schwartz 15** |
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-Joanna Schwartz (Law Professor at UCLA); interview with Paul Rosenberg (California-based writer/activist, senior editor for Random Lengths News, and a columnist for Al Jazeera English). "We must make the police pay: When cops go too far, they must feel the pain too." Salon. 9 May 2015. http://www.salon.com/2015/05/09/we_must_make_the_police_pay_when_cops_go_too_far_they_must_feel_the_pain_too/ |
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-But beyond that issue of strengthening police accountability, there needs to be a much |
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-these horrible events that have been in the media over the past year. |