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... ... @@ -1,105 +1,0 @@ 1 -==Framework == 2 - 3 - 4 -====First, ideal moral theories can't guide action because they don't account for oppression or injustice that occurs in the real world. ==== 5 -Mills writes ~~C. W. (2009), Rawls on Race/Race in Rawls. The Southern Journal of Philosophy. Charles W. Mills is John Evans Professor of Moral and Intellectual Philosophy at Northwestern University~~ 6 -Now how can this ideal ideal—a society not merely without a past history 7 -AND 8 -to have been of much help when and if it ever did arrive. 9 - 10 - 11 -====And, attempting to reach ethical conclusions from the standpoint of the oppressor results in ethics that exclude oppressed groups and serve to justify that actions of the oppressors. Starting with the oppressed is only way we can legitimize our actions, or else we will never know if we are reinforcing oppression. ==== 12 -Kellner writes ~~Douglas Kellner is the George Kneller Chair in the Philosophy of Education in the Graduate School of Education and Information Studies at the University of California, Los Angeles. "Critical Theory, Poststructuralism, and the Philosophy of Liberation" Undated~~ 13 -"This passage strikes me as providing a useful opening to discuss the relationship between 14 -AND 15 -subjectivity itself as an imperialist attempt of the subject to dominate the world." 16 - 17 - 18 -====The debate space is a representation of the Master and Mousetraps that must be discursively broken down via analysis and criticism, therefor==== 19 - 20 - 21 -====The ROTB is to endorse the debater who best deconstructs hegemonic hypermasculinity within knowledge production and perspectivity ==== 22 -**Spaulding 13** (Christina is a graduate from Berkeley with a focus on gender and justice) "Anti-Pornography Laws as a Claim for Equal Respect: Feminism, Leberalism" Berkeley Journal of Gender, Law and Justice Volume 4 Issue 1 September 2013 http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1024andcontext=bglj //AG 23 -MacKinnon argues that the invisibility of male dominance is itself a function of power, 24 -AND 25 -the likely effect of these factors on a jury's determination of the issue." 26 - 27 - 28 -==NC== 29 - 30 - 31 -====The aff's advocacy is inherently male—by their engagement in reformist politics they construct a "change" in the system that still functions under the patriarchal structures and does nothing but relegitimize laws that are disempowering to feminine bodies. ==== 32 -**MacKinnon 1** (Catherine A. is an American radical feminist, scholar, lawyer, teacher and activist from Yale University) "Feminism, Marxism, Method, and the State: Toward Feminist Jurisprudence" Vol. 8 No. 4 1983. The University of Chicago Press http://www.feministes-radicales.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Catharine-MacKinnon-Feminism-Marxism-Method-and-the-State-toward-feminist-jurisprudence-Copie.pdf //AG 33 -A · jurisprudence is a theory of the relation between life ; and law. 34 -AND 35 -the support of positive law, nothing constitutional can be done about it. 36 - 37 - 38 -====The affirmative's endorsement of the first amendment papers over and obscures the harassment and abuse women disproportionately experience as a result of "free speech." ==== 39 -**Franks 2014(Mary Ann Franks, Professor of Law at Miami University, Legislative andTech Policy Director, Cyber Civil Rights Institute, "Free Speech Elitism: Harassment Is Not the Price 'We' Pay for Free Speech", 03/25/14, **http://www.huffingtonpost.com/mary-anne-franks/harassment-free-speech-women_b_4640459.html**, July 29, 2015)** 40 -Many thoughtful and provocative conversations about online harassment have emerged lately, particularly in the 41 -AND 42 -. It is a psychic tax imposed on those least able to pay." 43 - 44 - 45 -====Specifically, ordinances against pornography are deemed unconstitutional on the basis of first amendment rights ==== 46 -**Spaulding 13** (Christina is a graduate from Berkeley with a focus on gender and justice) "Anti-Pornography Laws as a Claim for Equal Respect: Feminism, Leberalism" Berkeley Journal of Gender, Law and Justice Volume 4 Issue 1 September 2013 http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1024andcontext=bglj //AG 47 -The limitations of existing doctrinal categories became explicit in American Booksellers Ass'n, Inc. 48 -AND 49 -in the ordinance was a form of "low value" speech.' 50 - 51 - 52 -====Pornography reinforces a cultural of male-dominant sexuality and normalizes sexual violence – turns case==== 53 -Jensen and Okrina 4. Robert Jensen ~~Professor in the School of Journalism at the University of Texas, a founding board member of the Third Coast Activist Resource Center, and a member of the board of Culture Reframed.~~, Debbie Okrina ~~Member of VAWnet – staff writer~~, "Pornography and Sexual Violence", National Resource Center on Domestic Violence 54 -Commercial pornography in the United States is at the same time increasingly more normalized and 55 -AND 56 -and anti-pornography movements have been at the forefront of that task. 57 - 58 - 59 -====It constructs the groundwork for speech that can exist—it is the constraint that renders "no" "yes" and understanding it is a prerequisite to any form of speech ==== 60 -**Langton** (Rae Helen is an Australian and British professor of philosophy in the Faculty of Philosophy at the University of Cambridge, and taught previously at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, University of Edinburgh, and Monash University) "Speech Acts and Unspeakable Acts" 1993 MIT http://web.mit.edu/langton/www/pubs/SpeechActs.pdf //AG 61 -But we have seen that there is the possibility of a different kind of silence 62 -AND 63 -. This is speech that determines the kind of speech there can be. 64 - 65 - 66 -====The first impact is a hegemonic state that continually reproduces structural violence as a "natural" occurrence==== 67 -**Repo 06** ~~Jemima repo, University of Helsinki Department of Political Science World Politics Master's Thesis; "GENDERING THE MILITARISATION OF THE WAR ON TERRORISM: Discourses and Representations of Masculinities and Femininities" September 2006 http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/val/yleis/pg/repo/genderin.pdf~~ 68 -Feminist theory identifies international politics from its realist roots essentially as a masculine- 69 -AND 70 -stand in the sidelines of battle as reminders of national cause and virtue. 71 - 72 - 73 -====Masculine lenses make extinction inevitable ==== 74 - 75 -**Clark 4**—French Cumbie Professor of Conflict Resolution at George Mason University (Mary E, Rhetoric, Patriarchy and War: Explaining the Dangers of "Leadership" in Mass Culture, Women and Language. Urbana: Fall 2004. Vol. 27, Iss. 2; pg. 21, 8 pgs, ProQuest, AMiles) 76 - 77 -Today's Western patriarchal world view now dominates globalwide dialogue among the "leaders" of Earth's nearly two hundred nation-states. Its Machiavellian/Realpolitik assumptions about the necessity of' military power to preserve order within and between groups of humans trumps—and stifles—other potential viewpoints. Founded on the belief that "evil" is innate, it dictates that human conflict must be "controlled": global "law" backed by coercive force. This view, when cross-culturally imposed, becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy, thus "legitimating" an escalating use of force. Western leaders (male and female) use a rhetoric couched in a "hegemonic masculinity" to justify their ready use of military force to coerce "those who are against us" into compliance. This translates globally as "national leaders must never lose facet!" Changing this dominant paradigm requires dismantling the hierarchic hegemony of masculine militarism and its related economic institutions, through global cross-cultural dialogues, thus replacing a hegemonic world view and institutions with new, more adaptive visions, woven out of the most useful remnants of multiple past cultural stories. The paper concludes with a few examples where people around the worm are doing just this—using their own small voices to insert their local "sacred social story" into the global dialogue. This global process—free from a hegemonic militaristic rhetoric—has the potential to initiate a planetary dialogue where "boundaries" are no longer borders to be defended, but sites of social ferment and creative adaptation. When the call came for papers on War, Language, and Gender, referring us to Carol Cohn's seminal paper "Sex and Death in the Rational World of Defense Intellectuals," (1) I at first felt that little more could be added on the subject. But events in Washington in the ensuing weeks stimulated me to a broader "take" on this topic. Defense intellectuals, after all, are embedded in a whole culture, and the interaction is two-way. Not only does their strategic framework with its euphemistic language about war and killing have the outcome of forcing society to think in their terms; their framework and language developed in response to our deeply embedded, Western cultural image of a Machiavellian / neo-Darwinian universe. In other words, militarism and the necessity for organized physical force (2) emerge out of culturewide assumptions about human nature. Throughout historical times these assumptions have repeatedly proved to be self-fulfilling prophecies. The pervasive perception of enemy-competitors has generated violent conflicts that flared up and died back, only to flare up again through our failure to achieve deep resolution and, especially, to alter our basic beliefs about human nature and our consequent social institutions. Today our species, politically, comprises some 180190 "nations" of varying cultural homogeneity and moral legitimacy, not to mention size and physical power. Regardless of their indigenous, internal cultural preferences, their cross-national interactions are institutionalized to fit a framework long established by former Western colonial powers among themselves. In other words, the global "reality" constructed by Western patriarchies-a Realpolitik, ultimately grounded in military power-has come to define day-to-day cross-national politics. During the era of the Cold War, this resulted in small, powerless nations seeking alliances with one or other superpower, which offered not only development aid but military protection, and, for locally unpopular, but "cooperating" leaders, small arms to maintain order at home. The "end" of the Cold War brought little change in this pervasive global militarism (though it did strengthen the role of economic hegemony by the remaining superpower (3)). The enormous technological "improvements"-i.e. efficiency in killing power-in weaponry of all types over the past few decades has now resulted in a dangerously over-armed planet that simultaneously faces a desperate shortage of resources available for providing the world's people with water, energy, health care, education, and the infrastructure for distributing them. While our environmental and social overheads continue to mount, our species seems immobilized, trapped in an institutionalized militarism-an evolutionary cul-de-sac! We need new insights-as Cohn said, a new language, a new set of metaphors, a new mental framework-for thinking, dialoguing and visioning new patterns of intersocietal interaction. 78 - 79 - 80 -====Thus I advocate public colleges and universities should ban the public exhibition of pornography. ==== 81 -**Gilkerson** (Luke is a Covenant Eye's Educational Resource Manager and has a BA in Philosophy and Religious Studies and an MA in Religion) "Porn 101: College Campuses Using Porn in the Classroom" Covenant Eyes October 31 2008 http://www.covenanteyes.com/2008/10/31/porn-101-college-campuses-using-porn-in-the-classroom/ //AG 82 -"So you Want to Teach Porn" Some professors and educators feel that in 83 -AND 84 -conjoined, and that this imagery is a big part of that loneliness. 85 - 86 - 87 -====The negative allows for a re-interpretation of the constitution allowing us to envision realities that are separate but within the intricacies of traditional doctrine—means the negative will always be a prerequisite to action ==== 88 -**Spaulding 13** (Christina is a graduate from Berkeley with a focus on gender and justice) "Anti-Pornography Laws as a Claim for Equal Respect: Feminism, Leberalism" Berkeley Journal of Gender, Law and Justice Volume 4 Issue 1 September 2013 http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1024andcontext=bglj //AG 89 -Although it may be argued that the tools of traditional political theory are themselves too 90 -AND 91 -to reinterpret and reshape present doctrine, building from its theoretical foundations up. 92 - 93 - 94 -====College is the backbone of the porn industry, supported and maintained by administration ==== 95 -Leaky 9 (Michael Leahy is the author of Porn Nation and is a writer for Spero, a global news organization) "Academia promoting Hard-Core Porn on Campus" April 15, 2009 Spero News http://www.speroforum.com/a/18892/Academia-promoting-HardCore-Porn-on-campus~~#.WFMTudUrK9g //AG 96 -College students across the U.S. have been watching porn. More specifically 97 -AND 98 -on how we view ourselves and act toward others in relationships is undeniable." 99 - 100 - 101 -====Stripping porn of its authority is a necessary starting place—-the neginstigates a change that opens up space for conflicting voices ==== 102 -**Langton** (Rae Helen is an Australian and British professor of philosophy in the Faculty of Philosophy at the University of Cambridge, and taught previously at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, University of Edinburgh, and Monash University) "Speech Acts and Unspeakable Acts" 1993 MIT http://web.mit.edu/langton/www/pubs/SpeechActs.pdf //AG 103 -What we have not yet considered, however, is whether speech that subordinates should 104 -AND 105 -more speech depends on whether, and to what extent women can speak. - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,8 +1,0 @@ 1 -====Nuclear propulsion solves asteroid deflection- moves them out of harmful orbit==== 2 -**Spotts, 05** (Peter N., staff writer of the Christian Science Monitor, "To steer an asteroid away from Earth, try a space 'tractor", 11/14/05, http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/1114/p02s01-usgn.html) AFL 3 -If an asteroid ever threatens AND 4 -due for retirement in five years. 5 -====The impact is extinction==== 6 -**McGUIRE 02 **(Bill, Professor of Geohazards at University College London and is one of Britain's leading volcanologists, A Guide to the End of the World, p. 159-168) 7 -The Tunguska events pale into insignificance AND 8 -wc could do little about a new comet heading in our direction. - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,111 +1,0 @@ 1 -=Framework= 2 - 3 - 4 -====First, ideal moral theories can't guide action because they don't account for oppression or injustice that occurs in the real world. ==== 5 -Mills writes ~~C. W. (2009), Rawls on Race/Race in Rawls. The Southern Journal of Philosophy. Charles W. Mills is John Evans Professor of Moral and Intellectual Philosophy at Northwestern University~~ 6 -Now how can this ideal ideal—a society not merely without a past history 7 -AND 8 -to have been of much help when and if it ever did arrive. 9 - 10 - 11 -====And, attempting to reach ethical conclusions from the standpoint of the oppressor results in ethics that exclude oppressed groups and serve to justify that actions of the oppressors. Starting with the oppressed is only way we can legitimize our actions, or else we will never know if we are reinforcing oppression. ==== 12 -Kellner writes ~~Douglas Kellner is the George Kneller Chair in the Philosophy of Education in the Graduate School of Education and Information Studies at the University of California, Los Angeles. "Critical Theory, Poststructuralism, and the Philosophy of Liberation" Undated~~ 13 -"This passage strikes me as providing a useful opening to discuss the relationship between 14 -AND 15 -subjectivity itself as an imperialist attempt of the subject to dominate the world." 16 - 17 - 18 -==== The debate space is a representation of the Master and Mousetraps that must be discursively broken down via analysis and criticism, therefor==== 19 - 20 - 21 -====The ROTB is to endorse the debater who offers the best methodology to critically deconstruct and challenge hegemonic knowledge production ==== 22 -**Hyndman 2004** (Jennifer, Professor in the Departments of Social Science and Geography, and is Associate Director, Research in the Centre for Refugee Studies at York, "Mind the gap: bridging feminist and political geography through geopolitics", Political Geography, Volume 23, Issue 3, Science Direct, HC) 23 -Like advocates of critical geopolitics, scholars of transnational feminist theory and postcolonial feminism have 24 -AND 25 -from which to analyze visceral conceptions of violence, security, and mobility. 26 - 27 - 28 -====Challenging status quo epistemology is a prerequisite for any governmental action—means even if the aff is a good idea, their methodology damns it because their vantage is from oppressor==== 29 -**MacKinnon '83** (Catherine A. is an American radical feminist, scholar, lawyer, teacher and activist from Yale University) "Feminism, Marxism, Method, and the State: Toward Feminist Jurisprudence" Vol. 8 No. 4 1983. The University of Chicago Press http://www.feministes-radicales.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Catharine-MacKinnon-Feminism-Marxism-Method-and-the-State-toward-feminist-jurisprudence-Copie.pdf //AG 30 -·Law from the male point of view combines coercion with authority, policing society 31 -AND 32 -no longer inevitable. When it loses its ground it loosens its grip. 33 - 34 - 35 -=Fem AF= 36 - 37 - 38 -====The aff's advocacy is inherently male—by their engagement in reformist politics they construct a "change" in the system that still functions under the patriarchal structures and does nothing but relegitimize laws that are disempowering to feminine bodies. ==== 39 -**MacKinnon 1** (Catherine A. is an American radical feminist, scholar, lawyer, teacher and activist from Yale University) "Feminism, Marxism, Method, and the State: Toward Feminist Jurisprudence" Vol. 8 No. 4 1983. The University of Chicago Press http://www.feministes-radicales.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Catharine-MacKinnon-Feminism-Marxism-Method-and-the-State-toward-feminist-jurisprudence-Copie.pdf //AG 40 -A · jurisprudence is a theory of the relation between life ; and law. 41 -AND 42 -the support of positive law, nothing constitutional can be done about it. 43 - 44 - 45 -====The affirmative supports the masculine rule of law, which normalizes violence and makes it impossible to fight==== 46 -Francis and Smith 2k15 (Francis, Leslie and Smith, Patricia, "Feminist Philosophy of Law", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2015 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.),) URL = http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2015/entries/feminism-law/. ///AG 47 -Many standard accounts of the nature of law hold that law presumes and reflects a 48 -AND 49 -(MacKinnon 2006, 1989; Smith 2005, 1993; Olsen 1983). 50 - 51 - 52 -====Any instance of qualified immunity disrupts rule of law==== 53 -**Spader** (Graduate from Schoolo Marquette University, specializing in legal studies) "Immunity v. Liability and the Clash of Fundamental Values: Ancient Mysteries Crying out for Understanding" Chicago-Kent Law Review, Volume 61 Issue 1 Article 3, January 1985 http://scholarship.kentlaw.iit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2560andcontext=cklawreview //AG 54 -**I do not condone the use of "man" as reference to individuals 55 -AND 56 -more of the decisions of government officers by more rule of law.43 57 - 58 - 59 -====Specifically, society creates the hypermasculine officer who functions as a tool of subordination means banning qualified immunity doesn't make police any more accountable==== 60 -**Gale 2001** (Mary Ellen is an elected member of the ACLU National Board of Directors since 1987 and the ACLU of Southern California Board of Directors since 1976, served on the ACLU National Executive Committee for sixteen. Her scholarship centers on constitutional law and democratic governance, civil liberties, civil rights, economic justice, women's right and feminist legal theory) "Calling in the Girl Scouts: Feminist Legal Theory and Police Misconduct" Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School 1/1/2001 http://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2266andcontext=llr ///AG 61 -Studies of the police culture that perpetuates the paramilitary mythology of police work show that 62 -AND 63 -enemy and it is us-or at least some of us. 36 64 - 65 - 66 -====The first impact is a hegemonic state that continually reproduces structural violence as a "natural" occurrence==== 67 -**Repo 06** ~~Jemima repo, University of Helsinki Department of Political Science World Politics Master's Thesis; "GENDERING THE MILITARISATION OF THE WAR ON TERRORISM: Discourses and Representations of Masculinities and Femininities" September 2006 http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/val/yleis/pg/repo/genderin.pdf~~ 68 -Feminist theory identifies international politics from its realist roots essentially as a masculine- 69 -AND 70 -stand in the sidelines of battle as reminders of national cause and virtue. 71 - 72 - 73 -====Masculine lenses make extinction inevitable ==== 74 - 75 -**Clark 4**—French Cumbie Professor of Conflict Resolution at George Mason University (Mary E, Rhetoric, Patriarchy and War: Explaining the Dangers of "Leadership" in Mass Culture, Women and Language. Urbana: Fall 2004. Vol. 27, Iss. 2; pg. 21, 8 pgs, ProQuest, AMiles) 76 - 77 -Today's Western patriarchal ….new patterns of intersocietal interaction. 78 - 79 - 80 -====Therefor, the alternative is to embrace feminist jurisprudence as a radical deconstruction of hypermasculine law and knowledge AND as a practical fight against the masculine as a liberation strategy.==== 81 - 82 - 83 -====Feminist jurisprudence is a practical coupling of theory and lived experience that uproots the structure of oppression which is uniquely key.==== 84 -**Pruit 1** (Lisa R. received her Ph.D in Law at the University of London and focuses on cultural differences and the intersection of law) "A Survey of Feminist Jurisprudence Volume 16, Issue 2, Article 1 University of Arkansas at Little Rock Law Review 1994 http://lawrepository.ualr.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1768andcontext=lawreview // AG 85 -In spite of that early rejection of the project's "packaging" and imperative, 86 -AND 87 -inquiry and decision-making, and legal "ways of knowing."' 88 - 89 - 90 -====The negative embraces an urgent feminism intent on reclaiming the lived experiences of womxn that cannot be defined universally ==== 91 -**MacKinnon 2** (Catherine A. is an American radical feminist, scholar, lawyer, teacher and activist from Yale University) "Feminism, Marxism, Method, and the State: Toward Feminist Jurisprudence" Vol. 8 No. 4 1983. The University of Chicago Press http://www.feministes-radicales.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Catharine-MacKinnon-Feminism-Marxism-Method-and-the-State-toward-feminist-jurisprudence-Copie.pdf //AG 92 -The practice of a politics of all women in the face of its theoretical impossibility 93 -AND 94 -it not very Archimedean. If feminism is revolutionary, this is why. 95 - 96 - 97 -====The alternative is a reclamation of feminine voices as a way to overturn the legal system—it is hearing the rape survivor, listening to the battered womxn, and rejecting the hypermasculization of society and it's laws. ==== 98 - 99 - 100 -====Disengaging from the legal system creates a dialogue that begins to deconstruct the hypermasculinzized culture that prides violence against feminine bodies.==== 101 -**Gruber 9** (Aya is a Professor of Law from the University of Iowa) "Rape, Feminism, And the War on Crime" Washington Law Review Association 2009 https://digital.law.washington.edu/dspace-law/bitstream/handle/1773.1/175/Gruber_Author20Copy.pdf?sequence=1 //AG 102 -Nevertheless, the possibilities for feminist exploration outside criminal law appear extensive and exciting. 103 -AND 104 -them as people, not just seek to incarcerate them as criminals.432 105 - 106 - 107 -====Male viewpoints are systemically privileged—the negative's discourse is a liberation strategy means A) discursive critique of the masculine lens is a good place to start regardless of solvency and B) solvency can ONLY be coupled with the negs discourse==== 108 -**Patterson 92** (Dennis is a Board of Governors Professor and specializes in commercial law, trade law, and legal philosophy) "Postmodernism/Feminism/Law" Cornell Law Review Volume 77, Issue 2 January 1992 http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3514andcontext=clr //AG 109 -Are women different from men? This seemingly simple question is immediately rendered problematic by 110 -AND 111 -men. Is implies (or could be made to imply) ought. - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@ 1 -Interpretation: The Affirmative may only advocate that countries prohibit the production of nuclear power in their own countries. To clarify, if you defend x country, the ban must take place within x country’s land. - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,20 +1,0 @@ 1 -====The space race is still ongoing in different forms – alien hunt proves.==== 2 -**Barnato 4/1 ** 3 -Katy Barnato, 4-1-2016, "Europe, Russia hunt for alien life in new Space Race," CNBC, http://www.cnbc.com/2016/04/20/europe-russia-hunt-for-alien-life-in-new-space-race.html 4 -A new Space Race may AND 5 -statement published online in February. 6 -==== 7 -The US is losing. Ambrose 4/28 8 -Jeffrey R. Ambroseoctober 1, 2016, 4-28-2016, "The New Space Race – Who Will Take the Lead?," No Publication,https://realtruth.org/articles/100709-003-international.html ==== 9 -Over a half-century ago, AND 10 -sign of America's declining superiority. 11 -====ASRGs are nuclear power generators that can win the space race – Russia has the plutonium market cornered – switch is needed now 12 -**Berger 09** – Staff writer for space news (Russia Withholding Plutonium NASA Needs for Deep Space Exploration,http://www.spacenews.com/civil/091211-russia-withholding-plutonium-needed-nasa.html) 13 -WASHINGTON — Russia has reneged on an AND 14 -we need to walk that path."==== 15 -==== 16 -Perception of space dominance means Russia will resort to asymmetric warfare in space to defeat the US==== 17 -**Smith 11** – 1st lieutenant Milstar Payload Engineer, 4th Space Operations Squadron and BA in Astronautical Engineering (Justin, The Age of Asymetric Warfare, http://www.schriever.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-070906-083.pdf) 18 -This notion came to stark relief on 11 January 2007, when China successfully tested 19 -AND 20 -for war: "fear, honor, and interest."23 - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,15 +1,0 @@ 1 -===1NC=== 2 - 3 - 4 -====The affirmative discourse represents an inherently unstable world needing short term solutions to constant threats. This form of security logic authorizes global domination and violence==== 5 -**Chernus 01** (Ira Chernus. Chernus is a Professor of Religious Studies at the University of Colorado at Boulder. 2001. ~~"Fighting Terror in The National Insecurity State," http://spot.colorado.edu/~~chernus/WaronTerrorismEssays/FightingTerror.htm~~) VR 6 -Just as the outcome of World War I sowed the seeds of World War II 7 -AND 8 -hope for a better, a more peaceful, a genuinely secure future. 9 - 10 - 11 -====The alternative is to reject the affirmative's security discourse to embrace the insecurity of humanity.==== 12 -Mark **Neocleous**, Professor of Political Economy at Brunel University, 20**08**, "Critique of Security", McGill-Queen's University, pp. 184-186, Published 2008 13 -The only way out of such a dilemma, to escape the fetish, is 14 -AND 15 -; it requires us to be brave enough to return the gift.143 - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,11 +1,0 @@ 1 -====Satellites need nuclear power—they last much longer than solar cells in space and provide vital heat for electronics to work ==== 2 - 3 -**David 11** Leonard, David (Space Insider Columnist. Reporting on space activities for over 50 years. Has been honored internationally and recognized By the royal Aeronautical Society- award for best space submission at the aerospace journalist convention in Engalnd in 2006. 2010 Winner of the prestigious National space club press award, presented this honor during the club's annual robert H. Goddard Memorial Dinner in April 2011 that was held in Washington, DC.). "50 Years of Nuclear-Powered Spacecraft: It All Started with Satellite Transit 4A." Space.com. N.p., 2011. Web. 09 Aug. 2016. http://www.space.com/12118-space-nuclear-power-50-years-transit-4a.html. 4 - 5 -Consider this a nuclear blast from the past AND 6 -community: "Nukes do it all night!" 7 -====Satelite collapse causes micalc and full scale space-war==== 8 - 9 -**Young 15**: Matt Young (staff writer). "World war brews in space between China, US and Russia." News.com.au. August 15th, 2015.http://www.news.com.au/technology/science/space/world-war-brews-in-space-between-china-us-and-russia/news-story/c85d02e00588873de421fe14aaf121bd 10 -Three leading superpowers: Russia, China AND 11 -defend our space assets if attacked." - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,46 +1,0 @@ 1 -==K== 2 - 3 - 4 -====The role of the ballot is to vote for the debater who best ruptures the ideology of militarization that has infected the public sphere. ==== 5 -**Giroux 04** (Henry A. Giroux is an American and Canadian scholar and cultural critic. One of the founding theorists of critical pedagogy in the United States, he is best known for his pioneering work in public pedagogy, cultural studies, youth studies, higher education, media studies, and critical theory. "War on Terror The Militarising of Public Space and Culture in the United States", Third Text, Vol. 18, Issue 4, 2004. http://www.henryagiroux.com/online_articles/Third20Text202004-war20on20terror.pdf) //JA 11/26/15 6 -As militarisation spreads its influence both at home and abroad, a culture of fear 7 -AND 8 -which a democratic future both at home and abroad stands in the balance. 9 - 10 - 11 -====Militarization that occurs is the root cause of antiblack racism and there is no current alternative that does anything to solve this – prefer the representation and the political achievements of the 1AC.==== 12 -Janjic 14 Biljana Janjic - Webster University, International Relations Department, Alumnus. Studies Right-Wing Extremism, Radical Right, and Right-Wing Movements. March 2014 ~~"Cultural Racism in Contemporary Europe: Securitization of Immigration and Radical Right-Wing Parties", ProQuest LLC 2014~~ RPG 13 -The research applies Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) with the aim of analyzing 14 -AND 15 - reference to improving integration of immigrants breeds uncertainty about the approaches. 16 - 17 - 18 -====This ideology has permeated through all of society and has led to the poor and minorities being subject to the necropolitical. Their impact calculus is simply fear mongering to try and rally public support for a policy that simply glosses over the issues they are trying to solve. It isn't the state's policies that cause their impacts. It's the ideology of militarization.==== 19 -**Giroux 13** (Henry A. Giroux is an American and Canadian scholar and cultural critic. One of the founding theorists of critical pedagogy in the United States, he is best known for his pioneering work in public pedagogy, cultural studies, youth studies, higher education, media studies, and critical theory. "THE OCCUPY MOVEMENT MEETS THE SUICIDAL STATE: NEOLIBERALISM AND THE PUNISHING OF DISSENT", Situations, Vol. V, No. 1. 2013. http://ojs.gc.cuny.edu/index.php/situations/article/viewFile/1432/1467) //JA 11/27/15 20 -These domestic paramilitary forces also undermine free speech and dissent through the sheer threat of 21 -AND 22 -most important tool of power and the mediating force in shaping social relationships. 23 - 24 - 25 -====Handguns are the symbol of antiblack sentiments, all handguns have done is produce trauma disproportionately in the racially segregated ghettos and is a direct link to control over the black body.==== 26 -Joseph **Peniel** (Reporter for Newsweek). "Guns Have Been the Most Dramatic Weapon Used Against African Americans, but Not the Most Effective." Newsweek. 23 June 2015. http://www.newsweek.com/guns-have-beenmost-dramatic-weapon-used-against-african-americans-not-most-346101 27 -Post-civil-rights America has seen an explosion of guns and gun violence 28 -AND 29 -are connected to a long and continuous history of racial and economic oppression. 30 - 31 - 32 -====Thus I advocate for a pragmatic rejection of militaristic ideologies through the banning of handguns==== 33 - 34 - 35 -====Handguns bans lead to an increase in public discourse and reform. The aff is essential to combat the all-encompassing ideology of militarization.==== 36 -**Watkins writes** ~~Christine Watkins is an educational project consultant and writer based in Chicago. "Gun Control: The Debate and Public Policy". http://www.socialstudies.org/system/files/publications/se/6105/610502.html. From the beginning to "an alternative process~~ //roman 37 -Violence is frequently the lead story on the evening news. Crime and its prevention 38 -AND 39 -to seek information, solutions, and above all, effective public policy. 40 - 41 - 42 -====Action must be grounded in anti-militarist knowledge production – it's impossible to change these material conditions without an appreciation for how militarism structures policymaking and other realities. ==== 43 -**Chávez 12** (Karma R. Chávez is an associate professor of rhetoric, politics, and culture at University of Wisconsin-Madison. Ph.D. Arizona State University, 2007. M.A. University of Alabama, 2003. M.A. University of Alabama, 2002. "Border Interventions: The need to Shift from a Rhetoric of Security to a Rhetoric of Militarization," 2012)//JA 11/24/15 44 -Scholars of rhetoric and performance have opened important terrains in the study of immigration and 45 -AND 46 -are conflated, similarly to how undocumented migration and drug trafficking were conflated. - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,53 +1,0 @@ 1 -=NC short= 2 - 3 - 4 -====The ROTB is to endorse the debater who best deconstructs hegemonic hypermasculinity within knowledge production and perspectivity ==== 5 -**Spaulding 13** (Christina is a graduate from Berkeley with a focus on gender and justice) "Anti-Pornography Laws as a Claim for Equal Respect: Feminism, Leberalism" Berkeley Journal of Gender, Law and Justice Volume 4 Issue 1 September 2013 http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1024andcontext=bglj //AG 6 -MacKinnon argues that the invisibility of male dominance is itself a function of power, 7 -AND 8 -the likely effect of these factors on a jury's determination of the issue." 9 - 10 - 11 -====The aff's advocacy is inherently male—by their engagement in reformist politics they construct a "change" in the system that still functions under the patriarchal structures and does nothing but relegitimize laws that are disempowering to feminine bodies. ==== 12 -**MacKinnon 1** (Catherine A. is an American radical feminist, scholar, lawyer, teacher and activist from Yale University) "Feminism, Marxism, Method, and the State: Toward Feminist Jurisprudence" Vol. 8 No. 4 1983. The University of Chicago Press http://www.feministes-radicales.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Catharine-MacKinnon-Feminism-Marxism-Method-and-the-State-toward-feminist-jurisprudence-Copie.pdf //AG 13 -A · jurisprudence is a theory of the relation between life ; and law. 14 -AND 15 -the support of positive law, nothing constitutional can be done about it. 16 - 17 - 18 -====Specifically, ordinances against pornography are deemed unconstitutional on the basis of first amendment rights ==== 19 -**Spaulding 13** (Christina is a graduate from Berkeley with a focus on gender and justice) "Anti-Pornography Laws as a Claim for Equal Respect: Feminism, Leberalism" Berkeley Journal of Gender, Law and Justice Volume 4 Issue 1 September 2013 http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1024andcontext=bglj //AG 20 -The limitations of existing doctrinal categories became explicit in American Booksellers Ass'n, Inc. 21 -AND 22 -in the ordinance was a form of "low value" speech.' 23 - 24 - 25 -====It constructs the groundwork for speech that can exist—it is the constraint that renders "no" "yes" and understanding it is a prerequisite to any form of speech ==== 26 -**Langton** (Rae Helen is an Australian and British professor of philosophy in the Faculty of Philosophy at the University of Cambridge, and taught previously at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, University of Edinburgh, and Monash University) "Speech Acts and Unspeakable Acts" 1993 MIT http://web.mit.edu/langton/www/pubs/SpeechActs.pdf //AG 27 -But we have seen that there is the possibility of a different kind of silence 28 -AND 29 -. This is speech that determines the kind of speech there can be. 30 - 31 - 32 -**====Porn represents the material exploitation of vulnerability====** 33 -**Evans** (Mary Evans is a writer for The World University Rankings ) "Sexual Solipsism: Philosophical Essays on Pornography and Objectification" June 4^^th^^, 2009 The World University Ranking https://www.timeshighereducation.com/books/sexual-solipsism-philosophical-essays-on-pornography-and-objectification/406821.article //AG 34 -For philosophers, arguments about pornography involve questions about human and civil rights and in 35 -AND 36 -of convention or the marketplace) through which we currently order our sexuality. 37 - 38 - 39 -====Thus I advocate public colleges and universities should ban the public exhibition of pornography. ==== 40 -**Gilkerson** (Luke is a Covenant Eye's Educational Resource Manager and has a BA in Philosophy and Religious Studies and an MA in Religion) "Porn 101: College Campuses Using Porn in the Classroom" Covenant Eyes October 31 2008 http://www.covenanteyes.com/2008/10/31/porn-101-college-campuses-using-porn-in-the-classroom/ //AG 41 -"So you Want to Teach Porn" Some professors and educators feel that in 42 -AND 43 -conjoined, and that this imagery is a big part of that loneliness. 44 - 45 - 46 -====I reserve the right to clarify in CX—also, CX checks abuse so grant me an auto-I meet if the interp isn't checked in cross ex to discourage non checking and frivolous theory, which is uniquely bad for debate ==== 47 - 48 - 49 -====Stripping porn of its authority is a necessary starting place—-the neg instigates a change that opens up space for conflicting voices ==== 50 -**Langton** (Rae Helen is an Australian and British professor of philosophy in the Faculty of Philosophy at the University of Cambridge, and taught previously at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, University of Edinburgh, and Monash University) "Speech Acts and Unspeakable Acts" 1993 MIT http://web.mit.edu/langton/www/pubs/SpeechActs.pdf //AG 51 -What we have not yet considered, however, is whether speech that subordinates should 52 -AND 53 -more speech depends on whether, and to what extent women can speak. - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,142 +1,0 @@ 1 -==Framework== 2 - 3 - 4 -====First, ideal moral theories can't guide action because they don't account for oppression or injustice that occurs in the real world. ==== 5 -Mills writes ~~C. W. (2009), Rawls on Race/Race in Rawls. The Southern Journal of Philosophy. Charles W. Mills is John Evans Professor of Moral and Intellectual Philosophy at Northwestern University~~ 6 -Now how can this ideal ideal—a society not merely without a past history 7 -AND 8 -to have been of much help when and if it ever did arrive. 9 - 10 - 11 -====And, attempting to reach ethical conclusions from the standpoint of the oppressor results in ethics that exclude oppressed groups and serve to justify that actions of the oppressors. Starting with the oppressed is only way we can legitimize our actions, or else we will never know if we are reinforcing oppression. ==== 12 -Kellner writes ~~Douglas Kellner is the George Kneller Chair in the Philosophy of Education in the Graduate School of Education and Information Studies at the University of California, Los Angeles. "Critical Theory, Poststructuralism, and the Philosophy of Liberation" Undated~~ 13 -"This passage strikes me as providing a useful opening to discuss the relationship between 14 -AND 15 -subjectivity itself as an imperialist attempt of the subject to dominate the world." 16 - 17 - 18 -====The ROTB is to endorse the debater who best deconstructs hegemonic hypermasculinity within knowledge production and perspectivity ==== 19 -**Spaulding 13** (Christina is a graduate from Berkeley with a focus on gender and justice) "Anti-Pornography Laws as a Claim for Equal Respect: Feminism, Leberalism" Berkeley Journal of Gender, Law and Justice Volume 4 Issue 1 September 2013 http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1024andcontext=bglj //AG 20 -MacKinnon argues that the invisibility of male dominance is itself a function of power, 21 -AND 22 -the likely effect of these factors on a jury's determination of the issue." 23 - 24 - 25 -==Inherency== 26 - 27 - 28 -====Desmond 16 ==== 29 -(Matthew Desmond is assistant professor of sociology and social studies at Harvard University. He is an affiliate of the Institute for Research on Poverty.) "Forced Out: For Many Poor Americans, Eviction Never Ends" The New Yorker, February 8^^th^^ 2016 http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/02/08/forced-out //AG 30 -Arleen Beale's latest eviction began with a snowball fight. It was January of 2008 31 -AND 32 -glass dining table and a lace tablecloth; the meat in the freezer. 33 - 34 - 35 -====This was a hard aff to write—data is limited because evictions are underreported and stigmatized by society and policy makers in the United States==== 36 -**Hartman and Robinson 3** (Chester Hartman is President/Executive Director of the Poverty and Race Research Action Council and David Robinson is Senior Staff Attorney for Housing and Special Projects at the Legal Services for New York City Legal Support Unit) "Evictions: The Hidden Housing Problem" Housing Policy Debate Volume 14, Issue 4 Fannie Mae Foundation 2003 https://www.innovations.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/10950.pdf //AG 37 -Each year, an untold number of Americans are evicted or otherwise forced to leave 38 -AND 39 -be a useful complement to our treatment of the tenant displacement problem.)3 40 - 41 - 42 -====But the studies we do have are astounding—some cities estimate nearly 1000 REPORTED evictions a year, but it's estimated that threefold or more goes unreported.==== 43 -**Hartman and Robinson 3** (Chester Hartman is President/Executive Director of the Poverty and Race Research Action Council and David Robinson is Senior Staff Attorney for Housing and Special Projects at the Legal Services for New York City Legal Support Unit) "Evictions: The Hidden Housing Problem" Housing Policy Debate Volume 14, Issue 4 Fannie Mae Foundation 2003 https://www.innovations.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/10950.pdf //AG 44 -As noted, the data on evictions are limited and uneven. But some estimate 45 -AND 46 -to generate and obtain good data, systems must be put into place. 47 - 48 - 49 -====Thus the plan: The United States federal government should guarantee the Right to Housing by banning forced evictions and promoting legal security of tenure for all persons.==== 50 -**UHCHR 09** (UHCHR, November 2009, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, "The Right to Adequate Housing", http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/FS21_rev_1_Housing_en.pdf) //SN 51 -In some cases its recommendations, have been very specific. During its review of 52 -AND 53 -the resolution that states must ensure that national law conforms to international standards. 54 - 55 - 56 -=Adv 1: Womxn = 57 - 58 - 59 -====The status quo right to housing is politically androcentric—lack of tenure disproportionately affects womxn ==== 60 -**Paglione 6** (Giulia btained her LL.M. degree in Public International Law at the University of Oslo, Norway, and her M.A. degree in Philosophy at the University "La Sapienza" of Rome, Italy. She was a Research Fellow at the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly and is currently working as Senior) "Domestic Violence and Housing Rights: A Reinterpretation of the Right to Housing" Human Rights Quarterly, Vol 28 No. 1 (Feb 2006, The Johns Hopkins University Press http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/20072726.pdf //AG 61 -The biased and male-oriented interpretation of the right to housing is likewise visible 62 -AND 63 -in violent situations because they face homelessness if they resist domestic violence.30 64 - 65 - 66 -====Womxn face specific forms of marginalization—having kids, reporting maintenance problems, or reporting domestic violence incidents are grounds for eviction==== 67 -**White and Desmond 16** (Gillian White is a Senior Associate at the Atlantic, Matthew Desmond is assistant professor of sociology and social studies at Harvard University. He is an affiliate of the Institute for Research on Poverty and author of "Force Out") "American's Insidious Eviction Problem" The Atlantic 03/01/2016 https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/03/eviction-matthew-desmond-housing/471375/ //AG 68 -White: I thought one of the most powerful passages in the book was this 69 -AND 70 -call 911 and risk eviction, or not call and risk more abuse. 71 - 72 - 73 -====Home is a unique site of resistance for womxn—allows for a reclamation of identity that spills over to allow reengagement in society ==== 74 -**Fox 8** (Lorna of the William and Mary Journal of Women and Law) "Re-Possessing "Home": A Re-Analysis of Gender, Homeownership, and Debtor Default for Feminist Legal Theory" Volume 14, Issue 3, Article 2 2008 http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1022andcontext=wmjowl //AG 75 -The importance of the activity of homemaking was also emphasized in bell hooks's analysis of 76 -AND 77 -outright, but rather to "extend its positive values to everyone." '59 78 - 79 - 80 -====Forced evictions are a prima facie example of exclusionary politics and mindsets==== 81 -**UN 14** (UN Habitat for a better urban future and United Nations Human Rights office of the High Commissioner) "Forced Evictions" Fact Sheet No. 25/Rev 1 2014 http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/FS25.Rev.1.pdf //AG 82 -Forced evictions are generally discriminatory or lead to discrimination. In many instances, the 83 -AND 84 -targets of forced eviction specifically because of their race, ethnicity or religion. 85 - 86 - 87 -=Adv 2: Children= 88 - 89 - 90 -====Forced eviction creates a cycle of poverty and violence affecting individuals and society ==== 91 -**Hartman and Robinson 3** (Chester Hartman is President/Executive Director of the Poverty and Race Research Action Council and David Robinson is Senior Staff Attorney for Housing and Special Projects at the Legal Services for New York City Legal Support Unit) "Evictions: The Hidden Housing Problem" Housing Policy Debate Volume 14, Issue 4 Fannie Mae Foundation 2003 https://www.innovations.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/10950.pdf //AG 92 -Second, the economic, social, and psychological impact of forced displacement can be 93 -AND 94 -shame and pain that come with that experience" (MacKinnon 2002).10 95 - 96 - 97 -====Further, the psychological impact of homelessness on children is equivalent to that of armed conflict==== 98 -**UHCHR 09** (UHCHR, November 2009, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, "The Right to Adequate Housing", http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/FS21_rev_1_Housing_en.pdf) //SN 99 -Children's health, educational advancement and overall well-being are deeply influenced by the 100 -AND 101 -children's development is considered to be similar to that of armed conflict.13 102 - 103 - 104 -====Status quo government regulations work in tandem with private agencies—responsible for phenomena like gentrification wrecking communities as we speak==== 105 -**Hartman and Robinson 3** (Chester Hartman is President/Executive Director of the Poverty and Race Research Action Council and David Robinson is Senior Staff Attorney for Housing and Special Projects at the Legal Services for New York City Legal Support Unit) "Evictions: The Hidden Housing Problem" Housing Policy Debate Volume 14, Issue 4 Fannie Mae Foundation 2003 https://www.innovations.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/10950.pdf //AG 106 -Changes in land use, such as rehabilitation, co-op/condo conversion 107 -AND 108 -control and condo conversion laws, and so on, see Hartman 2002a.) 109 - 110 - 111 -**====Eviction is profit motivated—companies specialize in evictions while families are literally thrown into the streets====** 112 -**Desmond 2016** (Matthew Desmond is assistant professor of sociology and social studies at Harvard University. He is an affiliate of the Institute for Research on Poverty.) "Forced Out: For Many Poor Americans, Eviction Never Ends" The New Yorker, February 8^^th^^ 2016 http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/02/08/forced-out //AG 113 -These days, evictions are too commonplace to attract attention. There are sheriff squads 114 -AND 115 -, social workers, or pastors. But nearly everyone has a landlord. 116 - 117 - 118 -==U/V== 119 - 120 - 121 -====Ask if I will meet your interp in cx; this avoids unnecessary theory- we can work something out; this allows for greater substantive debate which is the only form of education which is unique to debate. Grant me an auto I meet on T/theory if the interp isn't checked to discourage nonchecking.==== 122 - 123 - 124 -====Abstract questioning is useless - debate should seek to design concrete alternatives.==== 125 -**Bryant 12 **~~(EDITED FOR GENDERED LANGUAGE – the author said "she" and it was replaced with the word "to" – Levi Bryant is currently a Professor of Philosophy at Collin College. In addition to working as a professor, Bryant has also served as a Lacanian psychoanalyst. He received his Ph.D. from Loyola University in Chicago, Illinois, where he originally studied 'disclosedness' with the Heidegger scholar Thomas Sheehan. Bryant later changed his dissertation topic to the transcendental empiricism of Gilles Deleuze, "Critique of the Academic Left", http://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/11/11/underpants-gnomes-a-critique-of-the-academic-left/)~~ 126 -I must be in a mood today– half irritated, half amused –because 127 -AND 128 -things contain dirty secrets, ugly motives, and are doomed to fail. 129 - 130 - 131 -====Particularism is good—root cause claims and focus on overarching structures ignore application to material injustice.==== 132 -Gregory Fernando **Pappas 16** ~~Texas AandM University~~ "The Pragmatists' Approach to Injustice", The Pluralist Volume 11, Number 1, Spring 2016, BE 133 -The pragmatists' approach should be distinguished from nonideal theories whose starting point seems to be 134 -AND 135 -in making us see aspects of injustices we would not otherwise appreciate.15 136 - 137 - 138 -====Forced Evictions includes discrimination of housing, sweeps, and demolition ==== 139 -**Foscarinis et al 4** (Maria Foscarinis is the Executive Director of the National Law Center on Homelessness and Poverty, Brad Paul is the Executive Director of the National Policy and Advocacy Council on Homelessness, Bruce Porter is the Director of the Social Rights Advocacy Centre, and Andrew Scherer is Executive Director and President of the Legal Services for New York City) "The Human Right to Housing: Making the Case in US Advocacy" Clearing House Review Journal of Poverty Law and Policy 2004 https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2483410 140 -The Istanbul Declaration and the Habitat Agenda, a longer document elaborating on the declaration 141 -AND 142 -advocates in one community are using this argument to challenge that destruction.82 - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,26 +1,0 @@ 1 -====Social security is effectively keeping 21 million Americans out of poverty. Reno 16==== 2 -Reno, Virginia. "Social Security: The Foundation Of Economic Security." Retirement and Disability Policy. March 21, 2016. Web. February 07, 2017. http://blog.ssa.gov/social- security-the-foundation-of-economic-security/. 3 -For example, many people know that 10 percent of seniors, or 4. 4 -AND 5 -a nation, can address senior poverty and promote economic security for all. 6 - 7 - 8 -====Any increase in spending necessitates a tradeoff in other programs. Sange 11==== 9 -Sange, Alexandra. "House Passes New Rules For The 112th Congress." National association of community health centers. January 18, 2011. Web. February 07, 2017. http://blogs.nachc.com/washington/house-passes-new-rules-for-the-112th-congress/. 10 -The new rules replace the previous 'pay-as-you-go' or 11 -AND 12 -rule increases in revenue cannot be used to offset increases in mandatory spending. 13 - 14 - 15 -====Republicans will demand that cuts come from major welfare programs and social services. Mcauliff 14==== 16 -Mcauliff, Michael. "GOP Passes Deficit-Hiking Tax Cuts, Accuses Dems Of Irresponsibility." Huffington Post. June 12, 2014. Web. February 07, 2017. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/06/12/republicans-raise-deficit_n_5488588.html. 17 -Democrats accused Republicans of hypocrisy, pointing out that a few months ago when the 18 -AND 19 -to extend long-term unemployment insurance for a significant period of time. 20 - 21 - 22 -====Cuts in other social programs directly harm poverty rates—turns case. Rank 06==== 23 -Rank, Mark. "Toward A New Understanding Of American Poverty." Washington University Journal of Law and Policy. January 01, 2006. Web. February 07, 2017. http://openscholarship.wustl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1241andcontext=law_journa l_law_policy. 24 -Similarly, changes in various social supports and the social safety net available to families 25 -AND 26 -versus understanding how and why the game produces losers in the first place. - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,26 +1,0 @@ 1 -====US construction industry slow now==== 2 -Slowey 3/2 (Kim Slowey, ~~writer who has been active in the construction industry for the last 25 years and is licensed as a certified general contractor in Florida. She received her BA in Mass Communications/Journalism from the University of South Florida and has experience in both commercial and residential construction~~, 3-2-2017, "Weak productivity crippling global construction industry growth," Construction Dive, http://www.constructiondive.com/news/weak-productivity-crippling-global-construction-industry-growth/437249/) //AD 3 -Not only has the U.S. construction industry failed to keep pace with 4 -AND 5 -be able to address the shortage of housing in the U.S. 6 - 7 - 8 -====Housing construction empirically accelerates pollution==== 9 -Gray 2/28. (Jennifer Gray, ~~Staff Writer and Independent Journalist at SustainableBuild~~, 2-28-2017, "Pollution From Construction," SustainableBuild, http://www.sustainablebuild.co.uk/pollutionfromconstruction.html) //AD 10 -The construction industry is a major source of pollution, responsible for around 4 11 -AND 12 -noise levels disturb the natural cycles of animals and reduces their usable habitat. 13 - 14 - 15 -====Pollution causes biodiversity loss – empirically proven==== 16 -Lovett et al 9. (Gary M. Lovett, Timothy H. Tear, David C. Evers, Stuart E.G. Findlay, B. Jack Cosby, Judy K. Dunscomb, Charles T. Driscoll, and Kathleen C. Weathers, ~~Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies~~, ~~The Nature Conservancy~~, ~~Biodiversity Research Institute~~, ~~Cary Institute~~, ~~University of Virginia ~~, ~~The Nature Conservancy~~, ~~Syracuse University~~, ~~Cary Institute~~, "Effects of Air Pollution on Ecosystems and Biological Diversity in the Eastern United States", THE YEAR IN ECOLOGY AND CONSERVATION BIOLOGY, New York Academy of Sciences, 2009, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19432647 ) //AD 17 -Conservation organizations have most often focused on land-use change, climate change, 18 -AND 19 -of long-term monitoring of air pollution and its effects is emphasized. 20 - 21 - 22 -====Biodiversity loss causes mass extinction – turns and o/w case==== 23 -Nair 12. (Sruthi Nair, ~~Staff writer at the Daily Nexus, UC Santa Barbara~~, 5-22-2012, "Decline in Biodiversity May Lead to Mass Extinction," Daily Nexus, http://dailynexus.com/2012-05-22/decline-biodiversity-lead-mass-extinction/ ) //AD 24 -An international research team working at UCSB's National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis recently 25 -AND 26 -we discover how the beautiful complexity of nature shapes the world around us." - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,21 +1,0 @@ 1 -CP text: The state governments of the United States should guarantee the right to housing ==== 2 -**NLC 11 (**National Law Center on Homelessness and Poverty) "Housing Rights for All: Promoting and Defending Housing Rights in the United States: A Resource Manual on International Law and the Human Right to Adequate Housing" Fifth Edition, 2011 https://www.nlchp.org/Human_Right_to_Housing_Manual //AD 3 -While a right to housing is well established under international law, in terms of 4 -AND 5 -such recognition or creation of a right to housing seem challenging at best. 6 - 7 - 8 -====The plan competes through net benefits: ==== 9 - 10 - 11 -====Federal law doesn't allow for developing a right to housing – CP solves.==== 12 - 13 - 14 -====State governments implement the plan better because they understand local nuances ==== 15 - 16 - 17 -====Public opinion flows towards stronger state governments – mitigates 1AC solvency==== 18 -**Jeffery 12**, Terence P. Jeffrey started as editor in chief of CNSNews.com in September 2007. Prior to that, he served for more than a decade as editor of Human Events, where he is now an editor at large. Terry was born in San Francisco and raised in the Bay Area, the seventh of eleven children. Both his parents were doctors of medicine. Terry earned a bachelors degree in English Literature from Princeton, "Wash Post Poll: Large Majorities Want Smaller Federal Gov't, Say Gov't Controls Too Much" CNS News http://www.cnsnews.com/news/article/wash-post-poll-large-majorities-want-smaller-federal-govt-say-govt-controls-too-much 19 -A survey of 3,130 American adults conducted by the Washington Post and the 20 -AND 21 -, while another 34 percent were Democrats and another 34 percent were Independents. - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,15 @@ 1 +===1NC=== 2 + 3 + 4 +====The affirmative discourse represents an inherently unstable world needing short term solutions to constant threats. This form of security logic authorizes global domination and violence==== 5 +**Chernus 01** (Ira Chernus. Chernus is a Professor of Religious Studies at the University of Colorado at Boulder. 2001. ~~"Fighting Terror in The National Insecurity State," http://spot.colorado.edu/~~chernus/WaronTerrorismEssays/FightingTerror.htm~~) VR 6 +Just as the outcome of World War I sowed the seeds of World War II 7 +AND 8 +hope for a better, a more peaceful, a genuinely secure future. 9 + 10 + 11 +====The alternative is to reject the affirmative's security discourse to embrace the insecurity of humanity.==== 12 +Mark **Neocleous**, Professor of Political Economy at Brunel University, 20**08**, "Critique of Security", McGill-Queen's University, pp. 184-186, Published 2008 13 +The only way out of such a dilemma, to escape the fetish, is 14 +AND 15 +; it requires us to be brave enough to return the gift.143 - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,20 @@ 1 +====The space race is still ongoing in different forms – alien hunt proves.==== 2 +**Barnato 4/1 ** 3 +Katy Barnato, 4-1-2016, "Europe, Russia hunt for alien life in new Space Race," CNBC, http://www.cnbc.com/2016/04/20/europe-russia-hunt-for-alien-life-in-new-space-race.html 4 +A new Space Race may AND 5 +statement published online in February. 6 +==== 7 +The US is losing. Ambrose 4/28 8 +Jeffrey R. Ambroseoctober 1, 2016, 4-28-2016, "The New Space Race – Who Will Take the Lead?," No Publication,https://realtruth.org/articles/100709-003-international.html ==== 9 +Over a half-century ago, AND 10 +sign of America's declining superiority. 11 +====ASRGs are nuclear power generators that can win the space race – Russia has the plutonium market cornered – switch is needed now 12 +**Berger 09** – Staff writer for space news (Russia Withholding Plutonium NASA Needs for Deep Space Exploration,http://www.spacenews.com/civil/091211-russia-withholding-plutonium-needed-nasa.html) 13 +WASHINGTON — Russia has reneged on an AND 14 +we need to walk that path."==== 15 +==== 16 +Perception of space dominance means Russia will resort to asymmetric warfare in space to defeat the US==== 17 +**Smith 11** – 1st lieutenant Milstar Payload Engineer, 4th Space Operations Squadron and BA in Astronautical Engineering (Justin, The Age of Asymetric Warfare, http://www.schriever.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-070906-083.pdf) 18 +This notion came to stark relief on 11 January 2007, when China successfully tested 19 +AND 20 +for war: "fear, honor, and interest."23 - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,11 @@ 1 +====Satellites need nuclear power—they last much longer than solar cells in space and provide vital heat for electronics to work ==== 2 + 3 +**David 11** Leonard, David (Space Insider Columnist. Reporting on space activities for over 50 years. Has been honored internationally and recognized By the royal Aeronautical Society- award for best space submission at the aerospace journalist convention in Engalnd in 2006. 2010 Winner of the prestigious National space club press award, presented this honor during the club's annual robert H. Goddard Memorial Dinner in April 2011 that was held in Washington, DC.). "50 Years of Nuclear-Powered Spacecraft: It All Started with Satellite Transit 4A." Space.com. N.p., 2011. Web. 09 Aug. 2016. http://www.space.com/12118-space-nuclear-power-50-years-transit-4a.html. 4 + 5 +Consider this a nuclear blast from the past AND 6 +community: "Nukes do it all night!" 7 +====Satelite collapse causes micalc and full scale space-war==== 8 + 9 +**Young 15**: Matt Young (staff writer). "World war brews in space between China, US and Russia." News.com.au. August 15th, 2015.http://www.news.com.au/technology/science/space/world-war-brews-in-space-between-china-us-and-russia/news-story/c85d02e00588873de421fe14aaf121bd 10 +Three leading superpowers: Russia, China AND 11 +defend our space assets if attacked." - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,8 @@ 1 +====Nuclear propulsion solves asteroid deflection- moves them out of harmful orbit==== 2 +**Spotts, 05** (Peter N., staff writer of the Christian Science Monitor, "To steer an asteroid away from Earth, try a space 'tractor", 11/14/05, http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/1114/p02s01-usgn.html) AFL 3 +If an asteroid ever threatens AND 4 +due for retirement in five years. 5 +====The impact is extinction==== 6 +**McGUIRE 02 **(Bill, Professor of Geohazards at University College London and is one of Britain's leading volcanologists, A Guide to the End of the World, p. 159-168) 7 +The Tunguska events pale into insignificance AND 8 +wc could do little about a new comet heading in our direction. - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@ 1 +Interpretation: The Affirmative may only advocate that countries prohibit the production of nuclear power in their own countries. To clarify, if you defend x country, the ban must take place within x country’s land. - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,111 @@ 1 +=Framework= 2 + 3 + 4 +====First, ideal moral theories can't guide action because they don't account for oppression or injustice that occurs in the real world. ==== 5 +Mills writes ~~C. W. (2009), Rawls on Race/Race in Rawls. The Southern Journal of Philosophy. Charles W. Mills is John Evans Professor of Moral and Intellectual Philosophy at Northwestern University~~ 6 +Now how can this ideal ideal—a society not merely without a past history 7 +AND 8 +to have been of much help when and if it ever did arrive. 9 + 10 + 11 +====And, attempting to reach ethical conclusions from the standpoint of the oppressor results in ethics that exclude oppressed groups and serve to justify that actions of the oppressors. Starting with the oppressed is only way we can legitimize our actions, or else we will never know if we are reinforcing oppression. ==== 12 +Kellner writes ~~Douglas Kellner is the George Kneller Chair in the Philosophy of Education in the Graduate School of Education and Information Studies at the University of California, Los Angeles. "Critical Theory, Poststructuralism, and the Philosophy of Liberation" Undated~~ 13 +"This passage strikes me as providing a useful opening to discuss the relationship between 14 +AND 15 +subjectivity itself as an imperialist attempt of the subject to dominate the world." 16 + 17 + 18 +==== The debate space is a representation of the Master and Mousetraps that must be discursively broken down via analysis and criticism, therefor==== 19 + 20 + 21 +====The ROTB is to endorse the debater who offers the best methodology to critically deconstruct and challenge hegemonic knowledge production ==== 22 +**Hyndman 2004** (Jennifer, Professor in the Departments of Social Science and Geography, and is Associate Director, Research in the Centre for Refugee Studies at York, "Mind the gap: bridging feminist and political geography through geopolitics", Political Geography, Volume 23, Issue 3, Science Direct, HC) 23 +Like advocates of critical geopolitics, scholars of transnational feminist theory and postcolonial feminism have 24 +AND 25 +from which to analyze visceral conceptions of violence, security, and mobility. 26 + 27 + 28 +====Challenging status quo epistemology is a prerequisite for any governmental action—means even if the aff is a good idea, their methodology damns it because their vantage is from oppressor==== 29 +**MacKinnon '83** (Catherine A. is an American radical feminist, scholar, lawyer, teacher and activist from Yale University) "Feminism, Marxism, Method, and the State: Toward Feminist Jurisprudence" Vol. 8 No. 4 1983. The University of Chicago Press http://www.feministes-radicales.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Catharine-MacKinnon-Feminism-Marxism-Method-and-the-State-toward-feminist-jurisprudence-Copie.pdf //AG 30 +·Law from the male point of view combines coercion with authority, policing society 31 +AND 32 +no longer inevitable. When it loses its ground it loosens its grip. 33 + 34 + 35 +=Fem AF= 36 + 37 + 38 +====The aff's advocacy is inherently male—by their engagement in reformist politics they construct a "change" in the system that still functions under the patriarchal structures and does nothing but relegitimize laws that are disempowering to feminine bodies. ==== 39 +**MacKinnon 1** (Catherine A. is an American radical feminist, scholar, lawyer, teacher and activist from Yale University) "Feminism, Marxism, Method, and the State: Toward Feminist Jurisprudence" Vol. 8 No. 4 1983. The University of Chicago Press http://www.feministes-radicales.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Catharine-MacKinnon-Feminism-Marxism-Method-and-the-State-toward-feminist-jurisprudence-Copie.pdf //AG 40 +A · jurisprudence is a theory of the relation between life ; and law. 41 +AND 42 +the support of positive law, nothing constitutional can be done about it. 43 + 44 + 45 +====The affirmative supports the masculine rule of law, which normalizes violence and makes it impossible to fight==== 46 +Francis and Smith 2k15 (Francis, Leslie and Smith, Patricia, "Feminist Philosophy of Law", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2015 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.),) URL = http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2015/entries/feminism-law/. ///AG 47 +Many standard accounts of the nature of law hold that law presumes and reflects a 48 +AND 49 +(MacKinnon 2006, 1989; Smith 2005, 1993; Olsen 1983). 50 + 51 + 52 +====Any instance of qualified immunity disrupts rule of law==== 53 +**Spader** (Graduate from Schoolo Marquette University, specializing in legal studies) "Immunity v. Liability and the Clash of Fundamental Values: Ancient Mysteries Crying out for Understanding" Chicago-Kent Law Review, Volume 61 Issue 1 Article 3, January 1985 http://scholarship.kentlaw.iit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2560andcontext=cklawreview //AG 54 +**I do not condone the use of "man" as reference to individuals 55 +AND 56 +more of the decisions of government officers by more rule of law.43 57 + 58 + 59 +====Specifically, society creates the hypermasculine officer who functions as a tool of subordination means banning qualified immunity doesn't make police any more accountable==== 60 +**Gale 2001** (Mary Ellen is an elected member of the ACLU National Board of Directors since 1987 and the ACLU of Southern California Board of Directors since 1976, served on the ACLU National Executive Committee for sixteen. Her scholarship centers on constitutional law and democratic governance, civil liberties, civil rights, economic justice, women's right and feminist legal theory) "Calling in the Girl Scouts: Feminist Legal Theory and Police Misconduct" Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School 1/1/2001 http://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2266andcontext=llr ///AG 61 +Studies of the police culture that perpetuates the paramilitary mythology of police work show that 62 +AND 63 +enemy and it is us-or at least some of us. 36 64 + 65 + 66 +====The first impact is a hegemonic state that continually reproduces structural violence as a "natural" occurrence==== 67 +**Repo 06** ~~Jemima repo, University of Helsinki Department of Political Science World Politics Master's Thesis; "GENDERING THE MILITARISATION OF THE WAR ON TERRORISM: Discourses and Representations of Masculinities and Femininities" September 2006 http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/val/yleis/pg/repo/genderin.pdf~~ 68 +Feminist theory identifies international politics from its realist roots essentially as a masculine- 69 +AND 70 +stand in the sidelines of battle as reminders of national cause and virtue. 71 + 72 + 73 +====Masculine lenses make extinction inevitable ==== 74 + 75 +**Clark 4**—French Cumbie Professor of Conflict Resolution at George Mason University (Mary E, Rhetoric, Patriarchy and War: Explaining the Dangers of "Leadership" in Mass Culture, Women and Language. Urbana: Fall 2004. Vol. 27, Iss. 2; pg. 21, 8 pgs, ProQuest, AMiles) 76 + 77 +Today's Western patriarchal ….new patterns of intersocietal interaction. 78 + 79 + 80 +====Therefor, the alternative is to embrace feminist jurisprudence as a radical deconstruction of hypermasculine law and knowledge AND as a practical fight against the masculine as a liberation strategy.==== 81 + 82 + 83 +====Feminist jurisprudence is a practical coupling of theory and lived experience that uproots the structure of oppression which is uniquely key.==== 84 +**Pruit 1** (Lisa R. received her Ph.D in Law at the University of London and focuses on cultural differences and the intersection of law) "A Survey of Feminist Jurisprudence Volume 16, Issue 2, Article 1 University of Arkansas at Little Rock Law Review 1994 http://lawrepository.ualr.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1768andcontext=lawreview // AG 85 +In spite of that early rejection of the project's "packaging" and imperative, 86 +AND 87 +inquiry and decision-making, and legal "ways of knowing."' 88 + 89 + 90 +====The negative embraces an urgent feminism intent on reclaiming the lived experiences of womxn that cannot be defined universally ==== 91 +**MacKinnon 2** (Catherine A. is an American radical feminist, scholar, lawyer, teacher and activist from Yale University) "Feminism, Marxism, Method, and the State: Toward Feminist Jurisprudence" Vol. 8 No. 4 1983. The University of Chicago Press http://www.feministes-radicales.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Catharine-MacKinnon-Feminism-Marxism-Method-and-the-State-toward-feminist-jurisprudence-Copie.pdf //AG 92 +The practice of a politics of all women in the face of its theoretical impossibility 93 +AND 94 +it not very Archimedean. If feminism is revolutionary, this is why. 95 + 96 + 97 +====The alternative is a reclamation of feminine voices as a way to overturn the legal system—it is hearing the rape survivor, listening to the battered womxn, and rejecting the hypermasculization of society and it's laws. ==== 98 + 99 + 100 +====Disengaging from the legal system creates a dialogue that begins to deconstruct the hypermasculinzized culture that prides violence against feminine bodies.==== 101 +**Gruber 9** (Aya is a Professor of Law from the University of Iowa) "Rape, Feminism, And the War on Crime" Washington Law Review Association 2009 https://digital.law.washington.edu/dspace-law/bitstream/handle/1773.1/175/Gruber_Author20Copy.pdf?sequence=1 //AG 102 +Nevertheless, the possibilities for feminist exploration outside criminal law appear extensive and exciting. 103 +AND 104 +them as people, not just seek to incarcerate them as criminals.432 105 + 106 + 107 +====Male viewpoints are systemically privileged—the negative's discourse is a liberation strategy means A) discursive critique of the masculine lens is a good place to start regardless of solvency and B) solvency can ONLY be coupled with the negs discourse==== 108 +**Patterson 92** (Dennis is a Board of Governors Professor and specializes in commercial law, trade law, and legal philosophy) "Postmodernism/Feminism/Law" Cornell Law Review Volume 77, Issue 2 January 1992 http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3514andcontext=clr //AG 109 +Are women different from men? This seemingly simple question is immediately rendered problematic by 110 +AND 111 +men. Is implies (or could be made to imply) ought. - EntryDate
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