Summary

• Objects (1 modified, 1 added, 0 removed)
  • Caselist.RoundClass[10]
  • Caselist.CitesClass[9]

Details

Caselist.RoundClass[10]

EntryDate

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1		-2016-09-18 18:00:20.266
	1	+2016-09-18 18:00:20.0

Caselist.CitesClass[9]

Cites

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	1	+=1-off =
	2	+Interp: The affirmative must defend a prohibition on all types of nuclear power. They may not defend a prohibition on only (X) reactors.
	3	+They do
	4	+1. Ground- defending a ban on only certain reactors denies the neg key DA ground. Key generics like the warming DA are solved because you still allow nuclear reactors, just not the bad versions. That is awful ground because I am forced defending bad nuclear reactors while the aff gets to defend a shift to good reactors. The aff can cherry pick which reactor they choose so they will always defend the best reactor screwing over the neg. Ground is key to fairness since equal acess to args controls equal acess to the ballot.
	5	+2. Limits
	6	+Your interp moots neg prep. It changes the debate from nuke power good/bad to which types of reactors are good/bad. Thus almost all of my prep is not applicable to this aff, making it nearly impossible to win.
	7	+There are way too many types of different nuclear reactors. You can spec any reactor or permutation of reactors. Given that you can also spec which country you want or which implementation to use, that explodes the amount of aff's I have to be prepping for. I will always be behind on the prep issue because I have to split my time between all the different aff's whereas you can just frontline your aff.
	8	+**Wikipedia** incidcates there are way too many reactors for me to research:
	9	+~~Wikipedia, "Nuclear reactor," Accessed Sept. 18, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_reactor~~#Reactor_types~~ JW
	10	+Classifications~~edit~~ Nuclear Reactors are classified by several methods; a brief outline of these classification methods is provided. Classification by type of nuclear reaction~~edit~~ Nuclear fission~~edit~~ All commercial power reactors are based on nuclear fission. They generally use uranium and its product plutonium as nuclear fuel, though a thorium fuel cycle is also possible. Fission reactors can be divided roughly into two classes, depending on the energy of the neutrons that sustain the fission chain reaction: Thermal reactors (the most common type of nuclear reactor) use slowed or thermal neutrons to keep up the fission of their fuel. Almost all current reactors are of this type. These contain neutron moderator materials that slow neutrons until their neutron temperature is thermalized, that is, until their kinetic energy approaches the average kinetic energy of the surrounding particles. Thermal neutrons have a far higher cross-section (probability) of fissioning the fissile nuclei uranium-235, plutonium-239, and plutonium-241, and a relatively lower probability of neutron capture by uranium-238 (U-238) compared to the faster neutrons that originally result from fission, allowing use of low-enriched uranium or even natural uranium fuel. The moderator is often also the coolant, usually water under high pressure to increase the boiling point. These are surrounded by a reactor vessel, instrumentation to monitor and control the reactor, radiation shielding, and a containment building. Fast neutron reactors use fast neutrons to cause fission in their fuel. They do not have a neutron moderator, and use less-moderating coolants. Maintaining a chain reaction requires the fuel to be more highly enriched in fissile material (about 20 or more) due to the relatively lower probability of fission versus capture by U-238. Fast reactors have the potential to produce less transuranic waste because all actinides are fissionable with fast neutrons,~~19~~ but they are more difficult to build and more expensive to operate. Overall, fast reactors are less common than thermal reactors in most applications. Some early power stations were fast reactors, as are some Russian naval propulsion units. Construction of prototypes is continuing (see fast breeder or generation IV reactors). Nuclear fusion~~edit~~ Fusion power is an experimental technology, generally with hydrogen as fuel. While not suitable for power production, Farnsworth-Hirsch fusors are used to produce neutron radiation. Classification by moderator material~~edit~~ Used by thermal reactors: Graphite-moderated reactors Water moderated reactors Heavy-water reactors (Used in Canada, India, Argentina, China, Pakistan, Romania and South Korea).~~20~~) Light-water-moderated reactors (LWRs). Light-water reactors (the most common type of thermal reactor) use ordinary water to moderate and cool the reactors. When at operating temperature, if the temperature of the water increases, its density drops, and fewer neutrons passing through it are slowed enough to trigger further reactions. That negative feedback stabilizes the reaction rate. Graphite and heavy-water reactors tend to be more thoroughly thermalized than light water reactors. Due to the extra thermalization, these types can use natural uranium/unenriched fuel. Light-element-moderated reactors. Molten salt reactors (MSRs) are moderated by light elements such as lithium or beryllium, which are constituents of the coolant/fuel matrix salts LiF and BeF2. Liquid metal cooled reactors, such as those whose coolant is a mixture of lead and bismuth, may use BeO as a moderator. Organically moderated reactors (OMR) use biphenyl and terphenyl as moderator and coolant. Water cooled reactor. There are 104 operating reactors in the United States. Of these, 69 are pressurized water reactors (PWR), and 35 are boiling water reactors (BWR).~~21~~ Pressurized water reactor (PWR) Pressurized water reactors constitute the large majority of all Western nuclear power plants. A primary characteristic of PWRs is a pressurizer, a specialized pressure vessel. Most commercial PWRs and naval reactors use pressurizers. During normal operation, a pressurizer is partially filled with water, and a steam bubble is maintained above it by heating the water with submerged heaters. During normal operation, the pressurizer is connected to the primary reactor pressure vessel (RPV) and the pressurizer "bubble" provides an expansion space for changes in water volume in the reactor. This arrangement also provides a means of pressure control for the reactor by increasing or decreasing the steam pressure in the pressurizer using the pressurizer heaters. Pressurised heavy water reactors are a subset of pressurized water reactors, sharing the use of a pressurized, isolated heat transport loop, but using heavy water as coolant and moderator for the greater neutron economies it offers. Boiling water reactor (BWR) BWRs are characterized by boiling water around the fuel rods in the lower portion of a primary reactor pressure vessel. A boiling water reactor uses 235U, enriched as uranium dioxide, as its fuel. The fuel is assembled into rods housed in a steel vessel that is submerged in water. The nuclear fission causes the water to boil, generating steam. This steam flows through pipes into turbines. The turbines are driven by the steam, and this process generates electricity.~~22~~ During normal operation, pressure is controlled by the amount of steam flowing from the reactor pressure vessel to the turbine. Pool-type reactor Liquid metal cooled reactor. Since water is a moderator, it cannot be used as a coolant in a fast reactor. Liquid metal coolants have included sodium, NaK, lead, lead-bismuth eutectic, and in early reactors, mercury. Sodium-cooled fast reactor Lead-cooled fast reactor Gas cooled reactors are cooled by a circulating inert gas, often helium in high-temperature designs, while carbon dioxide has been used in past British and French nuclear power plants. Nitrogen has also been used.~~citation needed~~ Utilization of the heat varies, depending on the reactor. Some reactors run hot enough that the gas can directly power a gas turbine. Older designs usually run the gas through a heat exchanger to make steam for a steam turbine. Molten salt reactors (MSRs) are cooled by circulating a molten salt, typically a eutectic mixture of fluoride salts, such as FLiBe. In a typical MSR, the coolant is also used as a matrix in which the fissile material is dissolved. Classification by generation~~edit~~ Generation I reactor (early prototypes, research reactors, non-commercial power producing reactors) Generation II reactor (most current nuclear power plants 1965–1996) Generation III reactor (evolutionary improvements of existing designs 1996-now) Generation IV reactor (technologies still under development unknown start date, possibly 2030) In 2003, the French Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique (CEA) was the first to refer to "Gen II" types in Nucleonics Week.~~23~~ The first mentioning of "Gen III" was in 2000, in conjunction with the launch of the Generation IV International Forum (GIF) plans. "Gen IV" was named in 2000, by the United States Department of Energy (DOE) for developing new plant types.~~24~~ Classification by phase of fuel~~edit~~ Solid fueled Fluid fueled Aqueous homogeneous reactor Molten salt reactor Gas fueled (theoretical) Classification by use~~edit~~ Electricity Nuclear power plants including small modular reactors Propulsion, see nuclear propulsion Nuclear marine propulsion Various proposed forms of rocket propulsion Other uses of heat Desalination Heat for domestic and industrial heating Hydrogen production for use in a hydrogen economy Production reactors for transmutation of elements Breeder reactors are capable of producing more fissile material than they consume during the fission chain reaction (by converting fertile U-238 to Pu-239, or Th-232 to U-233). Thus, a uranium breeder reactor, once running, can be re-fueled with natural or even depleted uranium, and a thorium breeder reactor can be re-fueled with thorium; however, an initial stock of fissile material is required.~~25~~ Creating various radioactive isotopes, such as americium for use in smoke detectors, and cobalt-60, molybdenum-99 and others, used for imaging and medical treatment. Production of materials for nuclear weapons such as weapons-grade plutonium Providing a source of neutron radiation (for example with the pulsed Godiva device) and positron radiation~~clarification needed~~ (e.g. neutron activation analysis and potassium-argon dating~~clarification needed~~) Research reactor: Typically reactors used for research and training, materials testing, or the production of radioisotopes for medicine and industry. These are much smaller than power reactors or those propelling ships, and many are on university campuses. There are about 280 such reactors operating, in 56 countries. Some operate with high-enriched uranium fuel, and international efforts are underway to substitute low-enriched fuel.~~26~~
	11	+3. Topical version of the aff solves. You can just read generic nuclear power and have specific advantages about specific reactors.
	12	+D. 1. Fairness is a voter since the ballot asks who the better debater is and you can't make that decision accurately if the round is unfair.
	13	+2. Fairness outweighs education
	14	+Education loss is a reversible harm - I can always read up more on topic lit later, or do rebuttal redos to increase clash and critical thinking skills. But an unfair decision is permanent.
	15	+3. Drop the debater
	16	+a) Recourse- Drop the arg always incentivizes abusive positions because worse case scenario you lose access to the arg but best case you win on an abusive arg. Drop the debater to incentives further checking of abuse and to deter your use of them.
	17	+b) Drop the arg is severance on T because it shifts their advocacy to whole res in the 1ar. This is unfair because the 1nc strategy was premised on the AC plantext. If you allow them to shift it punishes me for their abuse.
	18	+4. Competing Interps
	19	+a) Reasonability begs the question of what's reasonable, requiring arbitrary intervention for the judge to evaluate the round. Even if you set a brighltine its arbitrary, allowing you to always set a brightline that lets you get away with abuse. Your 1AC brightline proves, ARTICULATE WHY
	20	+b) Reasonability begs the question of their interp. If I win offense, they are unreasonable. So a. even under reasonability the debater with the most offense wins and b. it collapses to competing interps because the debater has to win their interp / counterinterp first.
	21	+5. No RVIs
	22	+a) RVI's prevent theory from checking abuse. I wouldn't want to initiate a theory debate against an abusive case if my opponent could win the theory debate on an RVI. This is especially bad since they knew what they were defending beforehand but I didn't ensuring a huge prep skew on theory already.
	23	+b) Reciprocity-Theory is not a nib- you can go for link turns or impact turns- you can impact turn with fairness for who or link turn with arguments for why I violate or use the voters to generate offense on a new shell. Giving you another way out creates a 2:1 skew.
	24	+6. T outweighs 1AR theory:
	25	+a) Non topical affs force me to be abusive because I am debating off my prep and need to compensate for 1AC advantages, means T outweighs because it occurred first and framed any other theory violations;
	26	+b) T is the most severe impact because it gives the aff a monopoly on prep;
	27	+c) T outweighs because it's the only codified rule – theory interps are just made up by debaters but the only thing that we have going into the round is the topic.
	28	+
	29	+
	30	+=2-off =
	31	+
	32	+
	33	+====The 1AC is addicted to the bomb—evoking images of atomic destruction legitimizes the use of nuclear weapons on a broader scale and condones any "lesser" form of violence====
	34	+**Lamarre 08**
	35	+(Thomas Lamarre, 08, "Born of Trauma: Akira and Capitalist Modes of Destruction," positions, vol. 16 no. 1)
	36	+Images of atomic destruction and nuclear apocalypse abound in popular culture, familiar mushroom clouds
	37	+AND
	38	+is as much and maybe more of a danger today than ever before.
	39	+
	40	+
	41	+====This fixation on national interests and apocalyptic scenarios justifies endless violence, totalitarianism, and nuclear war====
	42	+**Shapiro 10**, Iraq vs. U.S.: Total War Meets Pure War, http://www.alan-shapiro.com/iraq-vs-u-s-total-war-meets-pure-war/
	43	+Since at least the beginning of the Reagan years, the U.S.
	44	+AND
	45	+politics sometimes means not leaving everything up to the politicians and their institutions.
	46	+
	47	+
	48	+====Specifically their truth claims are a self-fulfilling prophecy====
	49	+**Davis 06** – assistant prof. of English at Gordon College
	50	+(Doug, Future-War Storytelling: National Security and Popular Film, ReThinking Global Security, ed by Andrew Martin and Patrice Petro, pg 16, 2006)
	51	+Strategic Fiction and the History of the Future
	52	+Fictions of nuclear terrorism have become
	53	+AND
	54	+represent are a license to act, to arm, and to war.
	55	+
	56	+
	57	+====Security is self-defeating – security creates fear and insecurity – justifies endless conflict ====
	58	+**Lifton, 03** – Prof. of Psychiatry @ Harvard U Med. School
	59	+(Robert Jay, Superpower Syndrome: America's Apocalyptic Confrontation with the World, Pg. 112-116)
	60	+That kind of apocalyptic impulse in war-making has hardly proved conducive to a
	61	+AND
	62	+be said to partner with and act in concert of the Islamic apocalyptic.
	63	+
	64	+
	65	+====Security imposes a calculative logic that perpetuates structural violence and destroys Value-To-Life.====
	66	+Dillon 96 (Michael, Professor of Politics – University of Lancaster, Politics of Security, p. 26)
	67	+Everything, for example, has now become possible. But what human being seems
	68	+AND
	69	+for example, through strategic discourse- even if the details have changed.
	70	+
	71	+
	72	+====The alternative is to reject the aff's securitization to solve violent security imaginations ====
	73	+**Neocleous 08** ~~Mark Neocleous, Professor of the Critique of Political Economy @ Brunel University, London, "Critique of Security," Edinburgh University Press, 2008~~ JW
	74	+Anyone well versed in history or with experience of university life will know about the
	75	+AND
	76	+state; it requires us to be brave enough to return the gift.
	77	+
	78	+
	79	+====The role of the ballot is to critically examine the 1AC's securitization politics and discourse. ====
	80	+
	81	+
	82	+=Case =

EntryDate

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	1	+2016-09-18 18:00:22.305

Judge

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	1	+Michael OKrent

Opponent

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	1	+Cypress Woods LC

ParentRound

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	1	+10

Round

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	1	+6

Team

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	1	+West Ranch Won Neg

Title

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	1	+SEPTOCT - Greenhill R6 NC

Tournament

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	1	+Greenhill