Changes for page West Ranch Won Neg

Last modified by Administrator on 2017/08/29 03:41

From version < 249.1 >
edited by Jong Hak Won
on 2017/04/29 13:41
To version < 217.1 >
edited by Jong Hak Won
on 2017/02/20 00:57
< >
Change comment: There is no comment for this version

Summary

Details

Caselist.CitesClass[50]
Cites
... ... @@ -1,87 +1,0 @@
1 -=1-off =
2 -
3 -
4 -====A. Uniqueness: Federal funding for colleges and universities is growing now and has been increasing for several years ====
5 -**Camera 16** ~~Lauren Camera, education reporter at US News, "Federal Education Funding: Where Does the Money Go?" US News, Jan. 14, 2016, http://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/data-mine/2016/01/14/federal-education-funding-where-does-the-money-go~~ JW
6 -Government spending on education has surged over the last decade and a half, with
7 -AND
8 -$14.9 billion this year, an increase of 43 percent.
9 -
10 -
11 -====B. Title IX requires colleges to restrict constitutionally protected speech or lose federal funding.====
12 -Fire 16, Foundation for Individual Rights in Education, Department of Justice: Title IX Requires Violating First Amendment, 2016, https://www.thefire.org/department-of-justice-title-ix-requires-violating-first-amendment/
13 -WASHINGTON, April 25, 2016—The Department of Justice now interprets Title IX
14 -AND
15 -University presidents must find the courage to stand up to this federal overreach."
16 -
17 -
18 -====Federal funding is critical for college operations, especially financial aid====
19 -Pew 15 (**The Pew Charitable Trusts – compiles evidence and non-partisan analysis to inform the public and create better public policy, "Federal and State Funding of Higher Education: A Changing Landscape", http://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/issue-briefs/2015/06/federal-and-state-funding-of-higher-education)**
20 -**States and the federal government have long provided substantial funding for higher education, but **
21 -**AND**
22 -**, while state funds primarily pay for the general operations of public institutions.**
23 -
24 -
25 -====C. Benefactors will quit funding colleges if all speech is protected====
26 -MacDonald 05**, **G. Jeffrey MacDonald Correspondent of The Christian Science Monitor. Donors: too much say on campus speech? ; Colleges feel more pressure from givers who want to help determine who'll be speaking on campus. The Christian Science Monitor ~~Boston, Mass~~ 10 Feb 2005: 11. ~~Premier~~
27 -According to Hamilton President Joan Hinde Stewart, angry benefactors threatened to quit giving if
28 -AND
29 -says Doyle, especially in terms of paid speakers who "promote hate."
30 -
31 -
32 -====D. Impact ====
33 -
34 -
35 -====Cuts to funding for higher ed and financial aid hampers college access, especially for students from low-income or minority backgrounds. This is a huge economic blow because college degrees reduce poverty, crime and a laundry list of impacts. ====
36 -Mitchell et al 16 **(Report published by the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities; authors were Michael Mitchell (State Budget and Tax), Michael Leachman (State Budget and Tax), and Kathleen Masterson, "Funding Down, Tuition Up: State Cuts to Higher Education Threaten Quality and Affordability at Public Colleges", http://www.cbpp.org/research/state-budget-and-tax/funding-down-tuition-up,**
37 -**Years of **cuts in** state **funding for public colleges and universities have driven up tuition** **
38 -**AND**
39 -
40 -**o/w**
41 -**scale **
42 -**size of link**
43 -**Turns the 1AC**
44 -
45 -
46 -=2-off =
47 -
48 -
49 -====A. Trump is pushing protectionism and tarrifs right now- Republicans are unwilling to support ====
50 -Steinhaur Dec 5, Jennifer, House G.O.P. Signals Break With Trump Over Tariff Threat, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/05/us/politics/house-republicans-trade-trump.html
51 -WASHINGTON — House Republican leaders signaled on Monday that they would not support President-
52 -AND
53 -against protectionism and to urge a robust debate on free markets and trade."
54 -
55 -
56 -====B. Link ====
57 -
58 -
59 -====1. Implementing the aff is the vindication that the Trump administration needs. He's losing pol-cap now after implementing a muslim ban and nominating a deeply unpopular cabinet. Aff lets him regain steam since he railed against "political correctness" during the campaign trail. ====
60 -**Weigel 16** ~~Moira Weigel, writer and academic, "Political correctness: how the right invented a phantom enemy," The Guardian, November 30, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/nov/30/political-correctness-how-the-right-invented-phantom-enemy-donald-trump~~ JW
61 -Three weeks ago, around a quarter of the American population elected a demagogue with
62 -AND
63 -themselves as "politically correct". The phrase is only ever an accusation.
64 -
65 -
66 -====2. Trump's retaliation against the Berkeley protests means he gets credit for the implementation of the aff. It proves he can beat even the most liberal institutions. ====
67 -**Brown and Mangan 17** ~~Sarah Brown and Katherine Mangan, "Trump Can't Cut Off Berkeley's Funds by Himself. His Threat Still Raised Alarm," The Chronicle of Higher Education, Feb. 3, 2017, http://www.chronicle.com/article/Trump-Can-t-Cut-Off/239100?cid=trend_right.~~ JW
68 -Back in October, when President Trump vowed to "end" political correctness on
69 -AND
70 -. "He had to do it in a way that was threatening."
71 -
72 -
73 -====C. internal link ====
74 -
75 -
76 -====1. The plan is popular with Congressional Republicans that Trump needs to win over to his side ====
77 -**McGrady 16** ~~Michael McGrady, CU Colorado Springs, "House Republicans to college students: Have you been censored? Let us know. Email us!" The College Fix, March 4, 2016, http://www.thecollegefix.com/post/26499/~~ JW
78 -House Republicans have called on students nationwide to email them stories of censorship in the
79 -AND
80 -stand up for you? Who would defend you in the public place?"
81 -
82 -
83 -====D. New tarrifs doom millions and millions to extreme poverty. They also have a spillover effect, multiplying the impact. ====
84 -Beauchamp 16, Zach, Apr 5, 2016, If you're poor in another country, this is the scariest thing Bernie Sanders has said http://www.vox.com/2016/3/1/11139718/bernie-sanders-trade-global-poverty
85 -Free trade is one of the best tools we have for fighting extreme poverty.
86 -AND
87 -serious about it, the damage to the world's very poorest would be astronomical
EntryDate
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -2017-02-20 01:01:01.0
Judge
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -Braden James
Opponent
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -Brentwood RY
ParentRound
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -51
Round
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -1
Team
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -West Ranch Won Neg
Title
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -JANFEB - Berkeley R1 NC
Tournament
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -Berkeley
Caselist.CitesClass[51]
Cites
... ... @@ -1,91 +1,0 @@
1 -=1-off =
2 -
3 -
4 -===K – Black Safe Spaces ===
5 -
6 -
7 -==== Imagine being stuck in a sort of vertigo that seems as if you have no where to go, no where to hide, no where to just be with people who understand your struggle – this is the analysis the 1AC fundamentally misses and affirms for more free speech – safe spaces on college campuses are necessary and needed to help black students deal with being black. ====
8 -Tyler Kingkade Lilly Workneh Ryan Grenoble Nov 16^^th^^, 2015 Campus Racism Protests Didn't Come Out Of Nowhere, And They Aren't Going Away Quickly Mizzou seems to have catalyzed years of tension over inequality and race. Senior Editor/Reporter, The Huffington Post, Senior Black Voices Editor, The Huffington Post News Editor, The Huffington Post http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/campus-racism-protests-didnt-come-out-of-nowhere_us_56464a87e4b08cda3488bfb
9 -If there's one thing University of Missouri senior Alanna Diggs thinks people are getting wrong
10 -AND
11 -going to help our country live up to what we say we believe."
12 -
13 -
14 -====Forcing minorities to confront racial microaggressions without any other form of recourse or retreat induces racial "battle fatigue" that translates into actual material harms ====
15 -**Smith et al 07** ~~William A. Smith University of Utah Walter R. Allen University of California, Los Angeles Lynette L. Danley University of Utah, ""Assume the Position . . . You Fit the Description" Psychosocial Experiences and Racial Battle Fatigue Among African American Male College Students," American Behavioral Scientist, 2007~~ JW
16 -Racial Microaggressions in Historically White Environments The concern about greater distress and academic attrition among
17 -AND
18 -broken between students of color and the HWI community (Smith, 2004)
19 -
20 -
21 -====Antiblackness is metaphysics – This means that it is engrained within the structure of society – trying to change the mind of racists with free speech can never occur – this also non unique the "productive" dialogue the aff seeks to achieve ====
22 -Warren 15 ~~Calvin L., Black Nihilism and the Politics of Hope ; Surce: CR: The New Centennial Review, Vol. 15, No. 1, Derrida and French Hegelianism (Spr ing 2015), XMT, pp. 215-248 Published by: Michigan State University Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor .org/stable/10.14321/crnewcentrevi.15.1.0215 . Accessed: 30/03/2015
23 -For the black nihilist, anti-blackness is metaphysics. It is the system
24 -AND
25 -account will inevitably reproduce the very structures of thought that it would dismantle.
26 -
27 -
28 -====The politics of the 1AC removes safe spaces on college campuses – this impact turns and outweighs the case – safe spaces are uniquely key for marginalized communities to come together and actually engage in conversations about identity ====
29 -**Pickett 16 RaeAnn Pickett. August 31st 2016. **Pickett is senior director of communications and public Affairs at the National Latina Institute for Reproductive Health and a Ms. Foundation Public Voices Fellows. Trigger Warnings and Safe Spaces Are Necessary. Published by TIME.
30 -After the birth of my first son, I had postpartum depression. I was
31 -AND
32 -should be at the vanguard of modeling the way forward—not backward.
33 -
34 -
35 -====The roll of the ballot is to endorse the debater with the best methodology to liberate the oppressed====
36 -
37 -
38 -====The roll of the judge is to be a critical educator ====
39 -
40 -
41 -====Thus, the alternative – safe spaces that are currently in the status quo should remain where they are. The negative cannot fiat more safe spaces will occur – but our method in the kritik is affirming the tangibility and productivity that safe spaces provide to black students on colleges campuses. ====
42 -Okeke 16
43 -Okeke ,Cameron .I'm a black UChicago graduate. Safe spaces got me through college. Cameron Okeke is currently earning a master's in bioethics at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and Berman Institute of Bioethics in Baltimore, Maryland. His views are his own and do not represent those of the institution he currently attends. Aug 29, 2016 http://www.vox.com/2016/8/29/12692376/university-chicago-safe-spaces-defense
44 -The University of Chicago sent a dizzying letter to its freshman class last week,
45 -AND
46 -free. Don't let us in if you can't make room for us.
47 -
48 -
49 -=2-off =
50 -
51 -
52 -====A. Uniqueness: Federal funding for colleges and universities is growing now and has been increasing for several years ====
53 -**Camera 16** ~~Lauren Camera, education reporter at US News, "Federal Education Funding: Where Does the Money Go?" US News, Jan. 14, 2016, http://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/data-mine/2016/01/14/federal-education-funding-where-does-the-money-go~~ JW
54 -Government spending on education has surged over the last decade and a half, with
55 -AND
56 -$14.9 billion this year, an increase of 43 percent.
57 -
58 -
59 -====B. Title IX requires colleges to restrict constitutionally protected speech or lose federal funding.====
60 -Fire 16, Foundation for Individual Rights in Education, Department of Justice: Title IX Requires Violating First Amendment, 2016, https://www.thefire.org/department-of-justice-title-ix-requires-violating-first-amendment/
61 -WASHINGTON, April 25, 2016—The Department of Justice now interprets Title IX
62 -AND
63 -University presidents must find the courage to stand up to this federal overreach."
64 -
65 -
66 -====Federal funding is critical for college operations, especially financial aid====
67 -Pew 15 (**The Pew Charitable Trusts – compiles evidence and non-partisan analysis to inform the public and create better public policy, "Federal and State Funding of Higher Education: A Changing Landscape", http://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/issue-briefs/2015/06/federal-and-state-funding-of-higher-education)**
68 -**States and the federal government have long provided substantial funding for higher education, but **
69 -**AND**
70 -**, while state funds primarily pay for the general operations of public institutions.**
71 -
72 -
73 -====C. Benefactors will quit funding colleges if all speech is protected====
74 -MacDonald 05**, **G. Jeffrey MacDonald Correspondent of The Christian Science Monitor. Donors: too much say on campus speech? ; Colleges feel more pressure from givers who want to help determine who'll be speaking on campus. The Christian Science Monitor ~~Boston, Mass~~ 10 Feb 2005: 11. ~~Premier~~
75 -According to Hamilton President Joan Hinde Stewart, angry benefactors threatened to quit giving if
76 -AND
77 -says Doyle, especially in terms of paid speakers who "promote hate."
78 -
79 -
80 -====D. Impact ====
81 -
82 -
83 -====Cuts to funding for higher ed and financial aid hampers college access, especially for students from low-income or minority backgrounds. This is a huge economic blow because college degrees reduce poverty, crime and a laundry list of impacts. ====
84 -Mitchell et al 16 **(Report published by the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities; authors were Michael Mitchell (State Budget and Tax), Michael Leachman (State Budget and Tax), and Kathleen Masterson, "Funding Down, Tuition Up: State Cuts to Higher Education Threaten Quality and Affordability at Public Colleges", http://www.cbpp.org/research/state-budget-and-tax/funding-down-tuition-up,**
85 -**Years of **cuts in** state **funding for public colleges and universities have driven up tuition** **
86 -**AND**
87 -
88 -**o/w**
89 -**scale **
90 -**size of link**
91 -**Turns the 1AC**
EntryDate
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -2017-02-20 01:02:09.0
Judge
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -John Overing
Opponent
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -Dougherty Valley KD
ParentRound
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -52
Round
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -4
Team
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -West Ranch Won Neg
Title
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -JANFEB - Berkeley R4 NC
Tournament
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -Berkeley
Caselist.CitesClass[52]
Cites
... ... @@ -1,103 +1,0 @@
1 -=1-off =
2 -
3 -
4 -====Counterplan text: The United States federal government should establish congressional oversight over the National Insider Threat Policy. ====
5 -
6 -
7 -====The CP's oversight is key to allowing whistleblowers to criticize the military and resolves the chilling effect that stops them from coming out ====
8 -**Canterbury 14 **(Angela, Director of Public Policy, "POGO's Angela Canterbury testifies on "Limitless Surveillance at the FDA: Protecting the Rights of Federal Whistleblowers" February 26, 2014, pg online @ http://www.pogo.org/our-work/testimony/2014/pogos-angela-canterbury-testifies.html //um-ef)
9 -Whistleblowers are the guardians of the public trust and safety. Without proper controls at
10 -AND
11 -and accountable to the American people. I look forward to your questions.
12 -
13 -
14 -====The Insiders Threat program affects thousands of military personnel preventing an effective check of military policies====
15 -**Goztola 16** ~~Kevin Goztola, managing editor of Shadowproof Press, "'Insider Threat' Program: Hundred Thousand Pentagon Personnel Under Total Surveillance," Common Dreams, January 8, 2016, http://www.commondreams.org/views/2016/01/08/insider-threat-program-hundred-thousand-pentagon-personnel-under-total-surveillance~~ JW
16 -At least a hundred thousand military, civilian, and contractor personnel at the Defense
17 -AND
18 -no good reason for the government to be sharing this data at all.
19 -
20 -
21 -====Solves the case – creates Congressional oversight that prevents militaristic overreach of power====
22 -**Goodman 13**
23 -**(Melvin, PhD, former CIA Analyst, adjunct professor at Johns Hopkins University, former professor of international relations at the National War College, senior fellow at the Center for International Policy, "The Need for National Security Leaks," pg online @ https://consortiumnews.com/2013/06/19/the-need-for-national-security-leaks/ //um-ef)**
24 -The attack line against whistleblowers Bradley Manning and Edward Snowden – that they should have
25 -AND
26 -and the media defer to authorized sources, we will need courageous whistleblowers.
27 -
28 -
29 -=2-off =
30 -
31 -
32 -====Currently military academies are successfully implementing policies that combat sexual assault and stigma. Increased reporting indicates they are working. ====
33 -**Baldor and Elliot 16** ~~LOLITA C. BALDOR and DAN ELLIOTT, Associated Press, "Pentagon: Reports of sexual assaults at major military academies surged in 2014-15 school year," US News, Jan. 8, 2016, http://www.usnews.com/news/politics/articles/2016-01-08/reports-of-sexual-assaults-spike-at-military-academies~~ JW
34 -WASHINGTON (AP) — Reports of sexual assaults at the three major military academies
35 -AND
36 -or don't want to go through the emotional turmoil of a court case.
37 -
38 -
39 -====Permitting free speech on military academies opens the flood gate for toxic militaristic discourse about sexual assault ====
40 -**Witte 15** ~~Brian Witte, writer at the Baltimore Sun, "Civilian Naval Academy professor sues Navy over free speech," the Baltimore Sun, November 5, 2015, http://www.baltimoresun.com/g00/news/maryland/bs-md-bruce-fleming-naval-academy-lawsuit-20151105-story.html?i10c.referrer=~~ JW
41 -*brackets from original text
42 -A civilian professor at the U.S.
43 -AND
44 -Fleming for daring to criticize the ~~Sexual Assault Prevention and Response Program.~~"
45 -
46 -
47 -====Military academies are sites for toxic hegemonic masculinity which means that status quo sexual assault prevention programs are key ====
48 -**Scott 14** ~~Scott, Elizabeth H., "From the Barracks to the Frat House: Hegemonic Masculinity and the Normalization, Promotion and Replication of Rape Culture in Male Dominated Spaces— A Comparison of the United States Military and the American College Fraternity" (2014). College of William and Mary Undergraduate Honors Theses. Paper 57.~~ JW
49 -For some students, college is a time to establish connections and bonds— through
50 -AND
51 -expense of women and femininity—they are representative of a rape culture.
52 -
53 -
54 -====This kind of discourse is exactly what justifies a culture of rape in militaries that affirms a violent misogynist power structure====
55 -**Lucero 15** ~~Gabriel Lucero, Master of Public Policy and Juris Doctor candidate at Duke University Sanford School of Public Policy and School of Law, "Military Sexual Assault: Reporting and Rape Culture," Sanford Journal of Public Policy, Vol. 6 No. 1 (Winter 2015), 1–32~~ JW
56 -"Rape culture," a term coined by feminists in the 1970s, is not
57 -AND
58 -to why victims ~~survivors~~ of military sexual assault are not reporting.
59 -
60 -
61 -=3-off =
62 -
63 -
64 -====A. Uniqueness: Federal funding for colleges and universities is growing now and has been increasing for several years ====
65 -**Camera 16** ~~Lauren Camera, education reporter at US News, "Federal Education Funding: Where Does the Money Go?" US News, Jan. 14, 2016, http://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/data-mine/2016/01/14/federal-education-funding-where-does-the-money-go~~ JW
66 -Government spending on education has surged over the last decade and a half, with
67 -AND
68 -$14.9 billion this year, an increase of 43 percent.
69 -
70 -
71 -====B. Title IX requires colleges to restrict constitutionally protected speech or lose federal funding.====
72 -Fire 16, Foundation for Individual Rights in Education, Department of Justice: Title IX Requires Violating First Amendment, 2016, https://www.thefire.org/department-of-justice-title-ix-requires-violating-first-amendment/
73 -WASHINGTON, April 25, 2016—The Department of Justice now interprets Title IX
74 -AND
75 -University presidents must find the courage to stand up to this federal overreach."
76 -
77 -
78 -====Federal funding is critical for college operations, especially financial aid====
79 -Pew 15 (**The Pew Charitable Trusts – compiles evidence and non-partisan analysis to inform the public and create better public policy, "Federal and State Funding of Higher Education: A Changing Landscape", http://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/issue-briefs/2015/06/federal-and-state-funding-of-higher-education)**
80 -**States and the federal government have long provided substantial funding for higher education, but **
81 -**AND**
82 -**, while state funds primarily pay for the general operations of public institutions.**
83 -
84 -
85 -====C. Benefactors will quit funding colleges if all speech is protected====
86 -MacDonald 05**, **G. Jeffrey MacDonald Correspondent of The Christian Science Monitor. Donors: too much say on campus speech? ; Colleges feel more pressure from givers who want to help determine who'll be speaking on campus. The Christian Science Monitor ~~Boston, Mass~~ 10 Feb 2005: 11. ~~Premier~~
87 -According to Hamilton President Joan Hinde Stewart, angry benefactors threatened to quit giving if
88 -AND
89 -says Doyle, especially in terms of paid speakers who "promote hate."
90 -
91 -
92 -====D. Impact ====
93 -
94 -
95 -====Cuts to funding for higher ed and financial aid hampers college access, especially for students from low-income or minority backgrounds. This is a huge economic blow because college degrees reduce poverty, crime and a laundry list of impacts. ====
96 -Mitchell et al 16 **(Report published by the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities; authors were Michael Mitchell (State Budget and Tax), Michael Leachman (State Budget and Tax), and Kathleen Masterson, "Funding Down, Tuition Up: State Cuts to Higher Education Threaten Quality and Affordability at Public Colleges", http://www.cbpp.org/research/state-budget-and-tax/funding-down-tuition-up,**
97 -**Years of **cuts in** state **funding for public colleges and universities have driven up tuition** **
98 -**AND**
99 -
100 -o/w
101 -scale
102 -size of link
103 -Turns the 1AC
EntryDate
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -2017-02-20 17:01:53.0
Judge
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -Neel Yerneni
Opponent
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -Dougherty Valley CS
ParentRound
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -53
Round
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -6
Team
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -West Ranch Won Neg
Title
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -JANFEB - Berkeley R6 NC
Tournament
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -Berkeley
Caselist.CitesClass[53]
Cites
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -It was a mostly lay round so just message me if you really want the cites
EntryDate
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -2017-03-05 16:57:24.0
Judge
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -Zane Dille
Opponent
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -Elite of Irvine SS
ParentRound
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -54
Round
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -2
Team
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -West Ranch Won Neg
Title
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -JANFEB - USC R2 NC
Tournament
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -USC
Caselist.CitesClass[54]
Cites
... ... @@ -1,71 +1,0 @@
1 -=1-off =
2 -
3 -
4 -====A. Uniqueness: Federal funding for colleges and universities is growing now and has been increasing for several years ====
5 -**Camera 16** ~~Lauren Camera, education reporter at US News, "Federal Education Funding: Where Does the Money Go?" US News, Jan. 14, 2016, http://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/data-mine/2016/01/14/federal-education-funding-where-does-the-money-go~~ JW
6 -Government spending on education has surged over the last decade and a half, with
7 -AND
8 -$14.9 billion this year, an increase of 43 percent.
9 -
10 -
11 -====B. Title IX requires colleges to restrict constitutionally protected speech or lose federal funding.====
12 -Fire 16, Foundation for Individual Rights in Education, Department of Justice: Title IX Requires Violating First Amendment, 2016, https://www.thefire.org/department-of-justice-title-ix-requires-violating-first-amendment/
13 -WASHINGTON, April 25, 2016—The Department of Justice now interprets Title IX
14 -AND
15 -University presidents must find the courage to stand up to this federal overreach."
16 -
17 -
18 -====Federal funding is critical for college operations, especially financial aid====
19 -Pew 15 (**The Pew Charitable Trusts – compiles evidence and non-partisan analysis to inform the public and create better public policy, "Federal and State Funding of Higher Education: A Changing Landscape", http://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/issue-briefs/2015/06/federal-and-state-funding-of-higher-education)**
20 -**States and the federal government have long provided substantial funding for higher education, but **
21 -**AND**
22 -**, while state funds primarily pay for the general operations of public institutions.**
23 -
24 -
25 -====C. Benefactors will quit funding colleges if all speech is protected====
26 -MacDonald 05**, **G. Jeffrey MacDonald Correspondent of The Christian Science Monitor. Donors: too much say on campus speech? ; Colleges feel more pressure from givers who want to help determine who'll be speaking on campus. The Christian Science Monitor ~~Boston, Mass~~ 10 Feb 2005: 11. ~~Premier~~
27 -According to Hamilton President Joan Hinde Stewart, angry benefactors threatened to quit giving if
28 -AND
29 -says Doyle, especially in terms of paid speakers who "promote hate."
30 -
31 -
32 -====D. Impact ====
33 -
34 -
35 -====Cuts to funding for higher ed and financial aid hampers college access, especially for students from low-income or minority backgrounds. This is a huge economic blow because college degrees reduce poverty, crime and a laundry list of impacts. ====
36 -Mitchell et al 16 **(Report published by the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities; authors were Michael Mitchell (State Budget and Tax), Michael Leachman (State Budget and Tax), and Kathleen Masterson, "Funding Down, Tuition Up: State Cuts to Higher Education Threaten Quality and Affordability at Public Colleges", http://www.cbpp.org/research/state-budget-and-tax/funding-down-tuition-up,**
37 -**Years of **cuts in** state **funding for public colleges and universities have driven up tuition** **
38 -**AND**
39 -
40 -a) scale
41 -b) size of link
42 -Turns the 1AC
43 -
44 -
45 -===DA Framing===
46 -
47 -
48 -====Ideal theory strips away particularities making ethics inaccessible and epistemically skewed====
49 -Mills 05, Charles, 2005, Ideal Theory" as Ideology,
50 -"The crucial common claim—whether couched in terms of ideology and fetishism,
51 -AND
52 -level, the descriptive concepts arrived at may be misleading." (175)
53 -
54 -
55 -=2-off =
56 -A. Trump is pushing protectionism and tarrifs right now- Republicans are unwilling to support
57 -Steinhaur Dec 5, Jennifer, House G.O.P. Signals Break With Trump Over Tariff Threat, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/05/us/politics/house-republicans-trade-trump.html
58 -WASHINGTON — House Republican leaders signaled on Monday that they would not support President-elect Donald J. Trump's threat to impose a heavy tax on companies that move jobs overseas, the first significant confrontation over the conservative economic orthodoxy that Mr. Trump relishes trampling. "I don't want to get into some kind of trade war," Representative Kevin McCarthy, Republican of California and majority leader, told reporters in response to Mr. Trump's threats over the weekend to seek a 35 percent import tariff on goods sold by United States companies that move jobs overseas and displace American workers. Speaker Paul D. Ryan also pushed back against Mr. Trump on Monday in an interview with a Wisconsin reporter, saying an overhaul of the corporate tax code would more effectively keep companies in the United States than tax penalties. "I think we can get at the goal here," he said, "which is to keep American businesses American, build things in America and sell them overseas — that can be properly addressed with comprehensive tax reform." Mr. Trump's economic positions clashed with traditional conservatives during the campaign, but now these differences — on trade, government spending on infrastructure, and tax policies — have set the incoming president on a perilous course with the lawmakers whose support he needs to keep his agenda on track. Continue reading the main story "There will be a tax on our soon to be strong border of 35 percent for these companies wanting to sell their product, cars, A.C. units etc., back across the border," Mr. Trump said in a series of Twitter messages over the weekend. The response from Republican leaders underscored the limits of legislating 140 characters at a time on Twitter, and gave Democrats cause to believe they can work with Mr. Trump to outmaneuver congressional Republicans next year. "The president-elect won in part by campaigning against the Republican establishment on many economic issues," said Senator Chuck Schumer of New York, the incoming Democratic leader. "If he wants to get something done for working families in this country, he'll have to stand up to them when it comes time to govern, too." Mr. Trump first startled Republicans during the campaign when he attacked trade deals, putting himself more in line with Senator Bernie Sanders of Vermont than Mr. Ryan. He repeatedly insisted that trade deals had displaced American workers and harmed the economy, upending two centuries of American economic policies that held trade up as a good thing, a position that Republicans have pushed in recent decades. His positions helped imperil President Obama's trade pact with Asian nations, the Trans-Pacific Partnership, and abruptly stop further trade negotiations, which many experts in both parties believe limits the United States in its economic position against China, especially when paired with tariff threats. "I respect President-elect Trump for fulfilling his campaign promise to withdraw from T.P.P.," Representative Kevin Brady, Republican of Texas and chairman of the powerful House Ways and Means Committee, said shortly after the election. "We can't abandon these markets to China and other competitors, because American businesses and customers will lose out," he added. Mr. Trump made Republicans bend to his will — and against their long-held opposition to picking "winners and losers" in the economy — even before his inauguration when he announced last month that the Indiana-based air-conditioning manufacturer Carrier would keep roughly 1,000 jobs in the state rather than moving them to Mexico, thanks to $7 million in tax incentives negotiated by Vice President-elect Mike Pence, the current governor of Indiana. This is the sort of package Republicans have traditionally loathed. The once intensely conservative Mr. Pence channeled the views of Mr. Sanders when he explained the Carrier deal by saying, "The free market has been sorting it out, and America's been losing." Mr. Ryan and many other fiscal conservatives appeared to agree. "Everyone here knows what it means to lose jobs in their districts," said Representative Tom Cole, Republican of Oklahoma. "If Trump can keep a thousand families from going through such an ordeal, then good for him. And if it makes other companies think twice about the human consequences of their business decisions, so much the better." But big tariffs appear too much to abide. Both Mr. Ryan and Senator Mitch McConnell, Republican of Kentucky and the majority leader, supported a bill that gave Mr. Obama and his successor special "fast track" authority to negotiate trade agreements, and are proponents of reducing tariff barriers. "Tax cuts and deregulation will make the American economy great again, but tariffs and trade wars will make it tank again," David McIntosh, president of the conservative group Club for Growth, said in a statement, adding, "The majority leader is right to caution against protectionism and to urge a robust debate on free markets and trade."
59 -B. Trump campaigned against political correctness and retaliated against the Berkeley protests, which means he gets credit for the implementation of the aff. It proves he can beat even the most liberal institutions.
60 -**Brown and Mangan 17** ~~Sarah Brown and Katherine Mangan, "Trump Can't Cut Off Berkeley's Funds by Himself. His Threat Still Raised Alarm," The Chronicle of Higher Education, Feb. 3, 2017, http://www.chronicle.com/article/Trump-Can-t-Cut-Off/239100?cid=trend_right.~~ JW
61 -Back in October, when President Trump vowed to "end" political correctness on college campuses, it was unclear how the then-presidential candidate planned to go about doing that. On Thursday, he dropped a hint: He threatened to cut off federal funding to the University of California at Berkeley after violent protests there prompted campus leaders to call off a talk by a far-right provocateur. Milo Yiannopoulos is a Breitbart News editor and Trump supporter who has for months traveled to campuses to give talks that often draw protests and have sometimes resulted in violence. He was once permanently banned from Twitter for his role in a harassment campaign against the actress Leslie Jones, and he has drawn heavy fire for his insulting comments about feminists, Black Lives Matters protesters, Islam, and topics he considers part of leftist ideology. Mr. Yiannopoulos was scheduled to speak on Berkeley's campus late Wednesday, as part of his "Dangerous Faggot" tour, and more than 1,500 students gathered outside the venue to peacefully protest. Then about 100 additional protesters — mostly nonstudents, Berkeley officials said — joined the fray and hurled smoke bombs, broke windows, and started fires. The violence forced the campus police to put Berkeley on lockdown and led university leaders to cancel the event. The following morning, a political commentator suggested on Fox and Friends First that President Trump should take away Berkeley's federal funding. Shortly thereafter, Mr. Trump decided to weigh in. Not surprisingly, Mr. Yiannopoulos liked that idea. On Facebook Thursday, he linked to a Breitbart article about the federal money Berkeley receives, adding, "Cut the whole lot, Donald J. Trump." Others were quick to condemn the president's threat. U.S. Rep. Barbara Lee, a California Democrat whose district includes the Berkeley campus, tweeted back: "President Trump doesn't have a license to blackmail universities. He's the president, not a dictator, and his empty threats are an abuse of power." Later, in a statement, Ms. Lee said Mr. Yiannopoulos "has made a career of inflaming racist, sexist and nativist sentiments." Meanwhile, she wrote, "Berkeley has a proud history of dissent and students were fully within their rights to protest peacefully." Could Mr. Trump take away a university's federal funding for what he sees as a violation of the First Amendment? Not on his own, and not entirely, some scholars say, though there are ways he could advocate for cutting some of it. Regardless, Mr. Trump's singling out of Berkeley is worth paying attention to, they say, because it serves as a message to other campus officials that they may soon be put in the position of responding to the president's social-media whims. How Berkeley Prepared Berkeley's chancellor, Nicholas B. Dirks, went to great lengths last week to explain why the university would not give in to demands to cancel Mr. Yiannopoulos's appearance. The First Amendment, the chancellor wrote, does not allow the university to censor or prohibit such events. "In our view, Mr. Yiannopoulos is a troll and provocateur who uses odious behavior in part to 'entertain,' but also to deflect any serious engagement with ideas," Mr. Dirks wrote. But, he added, "we are defending the right to free expression at an historic moment for our nation, when this right is once again of paramount importance." Mr. Dirks went on to warn that the university "will not stand idly by" if anyone tries to violate university policies by disrupting the talk. Still, the furor over the protests delighted many activists who have been arguing for years that pressure to be politically correct on campuses has stifled those with conservative views. Among them were members of the "alt-right" movement, a loosely affiliated group characterized by its white nationalist, sexist, and anti-Semitic views. The group clearly felt vindicated by the president's assertion that Berkeley doesn't allow free speech, which came on the heels of the online discussion group Reddit banning an alt-right community for publishing personally identifiable information about people it is criticizing. The Left is trying to shut us down because they are losing. We're the real opposition on the Right. We're... https://t.co/Q9HayfRhSD — AltRight.com (@AltRight_com) February 2, 2017 On Thursday, Mr. Dirks released a statement doubling down on his earlier comments about the campus's commitment to free speech. The violence, he said, was perpetrated by "more than 100 armed individuals clad all in black who utilized paramilitary tactics to engage in violent, destructive behavior" designed to shut the event down. "We deeply regret that the violence unleashed by this group undermined the First Amendment rights of the speaker as well as those who came to lawfully assemble and protest his presence." The university had anticipated a large crowd of protesters at Mr. Yiannopoulos's talk on Wednesday night and had brought in dozens of police officers from across the university system to help maintain order. But "we could not plan for the unprecedented," Mr. Dirks wrote. The event was called off only after the campus police concluded that the speaker had to be evacuated for his own safety, he added. "We could not plan for the unprecedented." Mr. Trump's threat was also criticized by a group that is known for condemning campuses that it sees as violating free speech rights. The Foundation for Individual Rights in Education, known as FIRE, released a statement Thursday objecting to "both violence and attempts to silence protected expression." The group said, however, that it had seen no evidence that Berkeley, as an institution, had made any effort to silence Mr. Yiannopoulos, and that the university had, in fact, resisted calls to cancel his visit until the situation got out of hand. FIRE added a caution that seemed to be directed at President Trump's threat to strip funding from Berkeley. "To punish an educational institution for the criminal behavior of those not under its control and in contravention of its policies, whether through the loss of federal funds or through any other means, would be deeply inappropriate and most likely unlawful," its statement said. Withholding Federal Funds The idea of punishing colleges for free-speech controversies was originally Ben Carson's idea, said Jonathan Zimmerman, a professor of the history of education at the University of Pennsylvania. Mr. Carson, a neurosurgeon and former Republican presidential candidate, said in October 2015 that he would have the U.S. Department of Education "monitor our institutions of higher education for extreme political bias and deny federal funding if it exists." Terry W. Hartle, a senior vice president at the American Council on Education, took the question mark on the end of Mr. Trump's tweet literally. The president might have been asking, Could I withhold federal funds from Berkeley? Mr. Hartle said. Yes, the federal government has the authority to withhold federal funds like financial aid from colleges that engage in certain activities, Mr. Hartle said. And it has the authority to attach conditions to the money it gives out. The Solomon Amendment, for instance, requires colleges to admit ROTC or military recruiters to their campus or risk losing money. But Congress would have to act to give the government the ability to take away federal funds for controversies involving the First Amendment, Mr. Hartle said. The government also couldn't pull funding from Berkeley by retroactively saying the institution's federal money is contingent on protecting free speech, said Alexander (Sasha) Volokh, an associate professor of law at Emory University. "If the funding comes explicitly with strings attached, which is that you must adequately protect free speech on your campus if you want these funds, and if the university takes these funds knowing the condition, that's one thing," he said. The U.S. Supreme Court has weighed in several times on strings attached to federal funding, Mr. Volokh said, and has determined that such conditions must be clearly stated in advance and related to the matter being funded. For instance, he said, the court said it was OK for the government to tie federal highway funds to a requirement for states to adopt a drinking age of 21, because highway safety could be affected by the drinking age. But the National Institutes of Health probably couldn't attach a requirement for free-speech protection to a grant for researching Ebola, he said. Moving forward, Mr. Trump could tell federal research agencies that some of their contracts with colleges and researchers should now include stipulations about free speech, Mr. Volokh said. "I have the feeling that Trump had something much blunter in mind," he said. 'Uncharted Territory' Mr. Trump's social-media attack on Berkeley raises another question for colleges: how to respond to such tweets. "This is uncharted territory for all organizations," not just colleges, Mr. Hartle said, citing Mr. Trump's criticism of Boeing for what he considered to be an overpriced contract for constructing two Air Force One planes that future presidents will use. (Boeing subsequently promised to keep the cost below $4 billion.) "You can't just ignore it if the president of the United States tweets about you." It might not be wise to pick a fight with someone who has millions of Twitter followers, Mr. Hartle said, but "you can't just ignore it if the president of the United States tweets about you." Berkeley is in a particularly difficult situation, Mr. Hartle said, because in his view the university did everything right when Mr. Yiannopoulos came to the campus. "Berkeley tried to allow him to speak and to allow protesters to protest," he said. "Everything was fine until the protests turned violent." One challenge for colleges, he said, will probably involve dealing with people, particularly nonstudents, who want to disrupt speakers and who "now see resorting to violence as simply another tactic in an effort to accomplish their purpose." If Mr. Trump were to push Congress to pass a law giving him the authority to take away federal funds from colleges for free-speech controversies, Mr. Hartle said, "they should carve out some sort of exception when it involved violence or a police request." "Trump is not wrong when he says a lot of people on these campuses want to squelch free speech." While the president might not make such legislation a priority, college officials shouldn't dismiss his criticism of Berkeley, said Mr. Zimmerman, of Penn. "It's ridiculous and frightening for the president to be threatening to withhold money based on his perception of what's happening with free speech on campus," he said. On the other hand, he said, "Trump is not wrong when he says a lot of people on these campuses want to squelch free speech." When institutions disinvite speakers or try to quash a right-wing group's event or demonstration, Mr. Zimmerman said, "they're playing right into Trump's hands." Given the violence, Mr. Zimmerman doesn't begrudge Berkeley's administration for canceling the speech. But he described as problematic a letter signed by dozens of professors saying that Mr. Yiannopoulos shouldn't be allowed to speak on campus. Ultimately, Mr. Volokh is more concerned about the way in which Mr. Trump made his point, versus the content of the tweet. "It wasn't enough for him to say that free speech is important," Mr. Volokh said. "He had to do it in a way that was threatening."
62 -C.
63 -1. The plan wins over Congressional Republicans and the Ways and Means committee
64 -**McGrady 16** ~~Michael McGrady, CU Colorado Springs, "House Republicans to college students: Have you been censored? Let us know. Email us!" The College Fix, March 4, 2016, http://www.thecollegefix.com/post/26499/~~ JW
65 -House Republicans have called on students nationwide to email them stories of censorship in the wake of a subcommittee hearing on Wednesday at which testimony conveyed that colleges abuse their tax-exempt status as an excuse to restrict free speech. Students — as well as faculty and administrators — have been asked to send in their suppressed-speech stories to campus.speech@mail.house.gov. The request comes as concerns over freedom of speech on campus had its day in Washington D.C. as lawmakers examined whether universities that prohibit students' use of campus resources for political activity and enforce restrictive speech codes are operating lawfully under their tax-exempt status. "Confusion over IRS guidelines is the likely cause of this censorship," the Foundation for Individual Rights in Education's litigation director Catherine Sevcenko told lawmakers. "General counsel are not going to allow political activity that they fear would endanger the school's tax-exempt status." The debate among House Ways and Means oversight subcommittee members questioned whether colleges violate the public trust by not allowing students to voice political opinions. The Hill reports that Democrats on the panel questioned why the committee was even addressing the issue, suggesting "it would be a better use of the panel's time to hold hearings about the effect of budget cuts on the IRS's customer service and about identity thieves stealing taxpayer information." But Republicans stood firm that protecting campus free speech is vital. "Every single year, American taxpayers give colleges and universities billions of dollars worth of tax breaks. As a nation, we believe education is an extremely valuable public good. But is this bargain truly benefiting the American taxpayers—or the students—when colleges suppress speech on campus?" Rep. Peter Roskam, a Republican from Illinois, said at the start of the hearing. He pointed out most colleges, both public and private, are either tax-exempt organizations or have separate endowments that are tax-exempt. "Under these provisions of tax law, taxpayers give financial benefits to schools based on the educational value they offer our society," he said. "When colleges and universities suppress speech, however, we have to question whether that educational mission is really being fulfilled." And Republican Rep. Mike Lee of Pennsylvania added: "I don't care what college it is, private or public, all these folks are influenced some way or another by the tax code." "So, I don't want anybody to ever be confused about why we would hold this ~~hearing~~ today," Lee said. "If not us, who? Who would hear you? Who would stand up for you? Who would defend you in the public place?"
66 -2. Winners win: Presidential boldness creates a steamroll effect
67 -**Green 10** ~~David Michael Green, professor of political science at Hofstra University, "The Do-Nothing 44th President," OpEd News, June 11, 2010, http://www.opednews.com/articles/The-Do-Nothing-44th-Presid-by-David-Michael-Gree-100611-648.html~~ JW
68 -Moreover, there is a continuously evolving and reciprocal relationship between presidential boldness and achievement. In the same way that nothing breeds success like success, nothing sets the president up for achieving his or her next goal better than succeeding dramatically on the last go around. This is absolutely a matter of perception, and you can see it best in the way that Congress and especially the Washington press corps fawn over bold and intimidating presidents like Reagan and George W. Bush. The political teams surrounding these presidents understood the psychology of power all too well. They knew that by simultaneously creating a steamroller effect and feigning a clubby atmosphere for Congress and the press, they could leave such hapless hangers-on with only one remaining way to pretend to preserve their dignities. By jumping on board the freight train, they could be given the illusion of being next to power, of being part of the winning team. And so, with virtually the sole exception of the now retired Helen Thomas, this is precisely what they did.
69 -D. New tarrifs doom millions and millions to extreme poverty. They also have a spillover effect, multiplying the impact.
70 -Beauchamp 16, Zach, Apr 5, 2016, If you're poor in another country, this is the scariest thing Bernie Sanders has said http://www.vox.com/2016/3/1/11139718/bernie-sanders-trade-global-poverty
71 -Free trade is one of the best tools we have for fighting extreme poverty. If Sanders wins, and is serious about implementing his trade agenda as outlined in the NYDN interview and elsewhere, he will impoverish millions of already-poor people. What's worse is that the specific ways Sanders has proposed to roll back previous trade agreements could lead to serious reprisals from the affected countries. The nightmare scenario, experts say, is a global slide toward protectionism, wherein China and other countries take cues from the US and impose their own retaliatory tariffs. That would devastate economies in the developing world, dooming many more millions to a lifetime of crushing poverty. What makes this issue particularly tricky, though, is that there's real truth to Sanders's critique: Recent economic research suggests that freer trade has hurt many Americans, particularly those who worked in manufacturing. The question, then, is how much we're willing to hurt the world's poor in order to help ourselves. Sanders wants to reverse decades of US trade liberalization Bernie Sanders's opposition to trade goes far beyond opposing new agreements, like the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) and the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP). His website promises to "reverse" NAFTA and the Central American FTA (CAFTA), bills slashing US tariffs on goods from around the Americas. It also promises to get rid of permanent normal trade relations (PNTR) with China, a Clinton-era designation that prevents the US from imposing special tariffs on China that it doesn't impose on other trading partners. "If corporate America wants us to buy their products they need to manufacture those products in this country, not in China or other low-wage countries," Sanders's website says. According to Gary Hufbauer, a senior fellow at the Peterson Institute for International Economics and an expert on trade law, Sanders could unilaterally withdraw from NAFTA and CAFTA. Ending PNTR for China would probably be impossible without congressional buy-in, but Sanders could unilaterally impose new tariffs on Chinese goods, which would accomplish the same end of limiting imports from China. "There is power within the White House to increase duties on imported goods," Hufbauer tells me. "That's especially true with so-called safeguard laws, where ~~the president alleges~~ an injury to a domestic industry." But would Sanders actually do it? There's certainly reason for skepticism. Kim Elliott, an expert on trade at the Center for Global Development, notes that previous candidates (including both Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton in 2008) have suggested they would quit NAFTA. Of course, she points out, Obama did no such thing. Daniel Drezner, a professor and trade expert at Tufts University's Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy who's been following the campaign closely, disagrees. He thinks Sanders's strong convictions on corporate America — his deep, ideological belief that American economic policy is arranged to benefit the rich and hurt the poor — would cause him to take a harder line on trade than any prior president. "Bernie thinks the American worker has gotten screwed," Drezner tells me. "He thinks the solution to that, at least in part, is to raise trade barriers against China and other low-wage economies." Sanders's record in Congress strongly supports Drezner's case. The candidate has bragged, in debates, of never supporting a trade agreement. In 1993, he was literally on the picket line against NAFTA; in 2005, Rep. Sanders spearheaded a congressional effort to reverse PNTR status for China. His campaign issued a fact sheet contrasting his decades of opposition to trade with Clinton's decades of supporting new agreements. "If we are serious about rebuilding the middle class and creating the millions of good paying jobs we desperately need, we must fundamentally rewrite our trade policies," Sanders wrote in a 2015 piece for the Guardian. There is no reason to doubt his sincerity on this issue. If he doesn't prioritize rolling back trade agreements, he betrays not only a series of campaign promises but an entire career's worth of advocacy. Sanders's policies would be devastating for China and Latin America To understand why these policies trouble development economists, you need to understand a little bit about who the world's poorest people really are. Extreme poverty — defined by the World Bank as living on less than $1.90 a day— is crushing. It's the kind of grinding poverty where you don't get access to running water, adequate food, proper toilets, or basic health care. Wealthy countries like the US have (nearly) eradicated this kind of poverty. Thankfully, extreme poverty is in decline globally, with the biggest declines (roughly 800 million people's worth since 1981) coming in China: Here's the problem for Sanders: The global decline in extreme poverty is inseparable from the global trading regime. When poor countries can sell cheap goods to rich countries, or bring in a lot of foreign direct investment, growth skyrockets. This means more jobs, better government services, and thus less poverty. "The free trade, or freer trade, that we've had since the end of the Second World War has been the great engine which has lifted up literally hundreds of millions of people out of poverty — far more than any aid programs," Hufbauer says. "The econometrics is indisputable." See, for example, this 2008 study by UCLA economist Romain Wacziarg and Karen Horn Welch. Wacziarg and Welch looked at 50 years of trade data to figure out the effects of trade liberalization on economic growth. They found that, on average, economic growth increased by 1.5 points after a country passed laws opening up to foreign trade: China is, of course, the most dramatic example of this effect: Its incredible economic growth since 1981 came principally from exports. While the Chinese economy has since shifted away from exports somewhat, the sector still makes up 22.6 percent of Chinese GDP. Trade with the US — the world's largest economy — is a key part of that story of uplift. Any serious attempt by a Sanders administration to impede trade with China would put a serious crimp in Chinese economic growth, which is already slowing down. This would make it harder for the roughly 54 million Chinese people still living in extreme poverty to escape — and it could potentially could throw even more Chinese people into poverty. "If Sanders were to impose significant trade barriers with China," Drezner says, "the marginal middle class, or the ones who had just gotten out of poverty, would likely wind up falling back into poverty." "China's economy is already not doing as well as it was," Charles Kenny, a senior fellow at the Center for Global Development, says. "Anything that slows down the growth of exports … is going to be bad for future reductions in Chinese poverty." Canceling NAFTA and CAFTA would also be quite bad. While there's not a lot of extreme poverty in Mexico and Central America, these countries are still far poorer than the US. Impeding free trade with those countries would prevent US dollars from flowing in, thus further impoverishing their poorest. "The proposals to end particular trade agreements — that could be devastating for Central America," Elliott says. "If it meant going back to the trade barriers that we had in place a decade ago, that's going to mean much less trade coming out of Central America to the United States, ~~and thus~~ many fewer jobs." Even Dani Rodrik — a Harvard economist who called NAFTA a "huge disappointment" for Mexico in our conversation — thinks rolling back it and CAFTA would be a bad idea. "It would make a big difference to how America's partners in the world look at it, in terms of its credibility to be a leader," he says. Asked about a major tariff on Chinese goods, he waxed apocalyptic. "The example of the 1930s — with the US Smoot-Hawley tariff increases, and the kind of trade war that seriously exacerbated the Great Depression in the world economy, and the downward spiral of global trade — I think that should stand as a very serious warning," he says. The global consequences could be even worse These decisions don't happen in a vacuum. The global trade system, generally speaking, depends on leadership by example. When the United States opens up its own markets, other countries tend to do the same. If the US were to embrace protectionism, other countries would follow suit. The logic here is fairly ironclad. If the world's largest economy feels the need to protect its own industries from foreign competition, why shouldn't other, less economically powerful countries do the same? "Without the United States, you can't have global trade deals, you can't have progress in this area," Kenny says. "If the United States does start backsliding towards protectionism, that is quite likely to set off a spiral toward greater protectionism worldwide." American tariffs "are legally capped at 2, 3, 4 percent" under international trade law, says Elliott. Violating that restriction "risks setting off the kind of trade war that we saw in the early years of the Great Depression. Other countries are not just going to sit around and not respond to that." How bad this gets, of course, depends on how committed Sanders is to throwing up barriers to foreign trade. The more he uses executive authority to enact new tariffs, the more retaliation from other countries you're likely to see. The people who would be screwed over the most by a global backlash to free trade would, clearly, be the roughly 900 million people still living in extreme poverty. These people, clustered in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, could still reap tremendous benefits from exporting goods to foreign markets — essentially replicating a major part of China's growth strategy. But if richer countries like China and the US get into a serious trade war, with overall tariffs escalating on both sides, they could lose access to these markets. No more exports means much less growth, which in turn dooms millions — maybe hundreds of millions — of people to extreme poverty. Smaller, poorer countries "are just going to be bystanders who have to take what comes at them from the global economy," Elliott says. "The poor countries don't have anything in the way of fiscal or financial sources to cushion the blow, especially for the poorest people." Sanders's war on trade might be aimed at helping the American working class. But if he were really serious about it, the damage to the world's very poorest would be astronomical.
EntryDate
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -2017-03-05 17:06:32.0
Judge
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -Ayden Loeffler
Opponent
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -Malborough GK
ParentRound
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -55
Round
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -3
Team
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -West Ranch Won Neg
Title
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -JANFEB - USC R3 NC
Tournament
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -USC
Caselist.CitesClass[55]
Cites
... ... @@ -1,45 +1,0 @@
1 -=1-off =
2 -Interp: The aff must defend that all constitutionally protected speech in all venues ought not be restricted by public colleges or universities. To clarify, they can't defend removing a specific restriction on speech.
3 -
4 -
5 -=2-off =
6 -Interp: Constitutionally protected speech refers to either (a) literal speaking or (b) symbolic speech, so the affirmative must not defend the lifting of restrictions on printed, written, or published material.
7 -
8 -
9 -=3-off =
10 -
11 -
12 -====CP Text: Public colleges and universities in the United States ought not restrict any constitutionally protected journalistic speech except in instances of plagiarism or fabrication of article content====
13 -
14 -
15 -====Plagiarism has happened on colleges and is not subject to copyright law. ====
16 -**SPLC 15** ~~Student Press Law Center, advocate for student First Amendment rights, for freedom of online speech, and for open government on campus, "Avoiding plagiarism in the student media," August 31, 2015, http://www.splc.org/article/2015/08/avoiding-plagiarism-in-the-student-media~~ JW
17 -"Plagiarist!" It is an accusation that strikes fear in the hearts of students
18 -AND
19 -unique reason as to why plagiarized articles are necessary to access the aff impacts
20 -
21 -
22 -====Students also straight up fabricate articles, making up quotes and sources ====
23 -**Tenore 12** ~~Mallory Jean Tenore, managing editor of The Poynter Institute's website, "10 ways to prevent plagiarism, fabrication at college newspapers (and in any newsroom)" Poynter, October 8, 2012, https://www.poynter.org/2012/10-ways-to-prevent-plagiarism-fabrication-at-college-newspapers-and-in-any-newsroom/190754/~~ JW
24 -Multiple news organizations have recently found themselves in the middle of plagiarism and fabrication scandals
25 -AND
26 -crazy how little support we give student journalists compared to what we expect."
27 -
28 -
29 -====Students who engage in such practices are fired in the status quo ====
30 -**Reimold 13** ~~Dan Reimold, "Ethics Alert: Should Student Reporter Who Fabricated Sources Be Outed by Editors?" College Media Matters, October 10, 2013, http://www.collegemediamatters.com/2013/10/10/ethics-alert-should-student-reporter-who-fabricated-sources-be-outed-by-editors/~~ JW
31 -A reporter at The Daily O'Collegian made up "at least one and as many
32 -AND
33 -articles online by including information from real sources in place of the bogus ones
34 -
35 -
36 -====Some university publications don't have external accountability which leads to educationally bankrupt journalism and an inability to check journalism====
37 -WSN 16, WSN Editorial Board, 2016, Fake News Problem Includes Quack Journalism, http://www.nyunews.com/2016/12/01/fake-news-problem-includes-quack-journalism/
38 -Specifically on the university level, publications like The Odyssey have damaged journalism by providing
39 -AND
40 -Americans reject all kinds of fake news sites and support the genuine article.
41 -
42 -
43 -====Plagiarism harms the academic environment in universities====
44 -Colantuono** ~~Florence Colantuono, "Academic Plagiarism." Explorable.~~**
45 -**The written word is used to gauge a persons experience and achievement, **when something is plagiarized it does not afford **the reader** a true opportunity **to understand the writer,** to gauge progress** in academia. Clearly this act impacts the writers learning. If when presented with a paper an unknowing instructor provides constructive criticism that is meant for the writer to help improve, it is wasted. The author can never know the status of their work if it is not their own. **Academic plagiarism** affects many people along the way. It obviously affects the person whose work has been plagiarized by not affording the author credit for hard work. It **affects the person who commits' the plagiarism by not affording** the person **an opportunity to receive constructive feedback.** By not sharing ones own ideas important milestones are missed. It affects the efforts of the instructor to gauge the material being taught as useful of not. Generally academic plagiarism affects the academic community as a whole. **Academic success is based on the ability of the institution to affect** both **public** and corporate **policy**, **with a high plagiarism rate the institution will lose standing and creditability.
EntryDate
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -2017-03-05 17:09:46.0
Judge
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -Srividiya Desaraju
Opponent
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -Harvard Westlake EE
ParentRound
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -56
Round
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -5
Team
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -West Ranch Won Neg
Title
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -JANFEB - USC R5 NC
Tournament
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -USC
Caselist.CitesClass[56]
Cites
... ... @@ -1,71 +1,0 @@
1 -=1-off =
2 -A. CP Text: Public colleges and universities in the United States ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech except in the case of the nonconsensual distribution of sexually explicit images.
3 -It competes- The nonconsensual distribution of sexually explicit images is constitutionally protected speech – aff allows it on college campuses.
4 -Goldberg 16 – Bracketed for potentially offensive language Erica Goldberg Columbia Law Review Volume 116, No. 3 April 2016 "FREE SPEECH CONSEQUENTIALISM"
5 -States have begun to criminalize the publication of nude photos if the person publishing the photos knows or should have known that the subject of the image did not consent to the disclosure.296 Virginia law- makers introduced legislation, for example, that would criminalize pub- lishing sexually explicit pictures of someone without permission and with "the intent to cause them substantial emotional distress."297 A California defendant was convicted of felony charges of identity theft and extortion, for running a revenge porn website where he made aggrieved ex-lovers pay to have their photos removed from his site.298 His lawyer argued that although his behavior was immoral and offensive, he did not break any laws by allowing others to post sexually explicit photographs.299 The regulation of ~~non-consensual sexually explicit image distribution~~ revenge porn presents thorny First Amendment issues, even though the speech is considered both highly injurious and of low value.300 Some argue that ~~non-consensual sexually explicit image distribution~~ revenge porn can be regulated as obscenity,301 but, like much pornography, sexually explicit speech that does not rise to the level of obscenity is still protected speech.302 Criminal statutes and torts based on the invasion of privacy and emotional distress caused by of ~~non-consensual sexually explicit image distribution~~ revenge porn compromise the freedom to distribute protected speech lawfully obtained. Indeed, the Supreme Court has recognized a right for the media to publish even unlawfully obtained content, so long as the publisher was not involved in the illegal so long as the publisher was not involved in the illegal conduct that produced the content.303 And in United States v. Stevens , the Supreme Court held that individuals cannot be held criminally liable for distributing speech depicting illegal acts, so long as the individuals did not perpetrate the underlying act.304 of ~~non-consensual sexually explicit image distribution~~ Revenge porn, as defined here, is both legally obtained and depicts a legal act. In the ultimate articulation of free speech consequentialism, Mary Anne Franks argues for criminalization of revenge porn because "some expressions ~~of free speech~~ are just considered so socially harmful and don't contribute any benefits to society."305 Yet this does not separate ~~non-consensual sexually explicit image distribution~~ revenge porn from any number of categories of protected speech that may cause others emotional distress and are considered by some to pos- sess little value; this is nothing more than a call for judges to make whole- sale and retail judgments about the value and harms that flow from particular forms of speech. If revenge porn can be regulated, legislators should not target the victim's emotional distress or the invasion of pri- vacy, as these focal points threaten to undermine strong free speech pro- tections exceptional to America's free speech regime.
6 -C. CP solves – deters perpetrators and creates a cultural shift.
7 -Citron and Franks 14 brackets for potentially offensive language Danielle Keats Citron, Mary Anne Franks. "CRIMINALIZING REVENGE PORN" 4/21/2014 https://www.law.yale.edu/system/files/area/center/isp/documents/danielle_citron_-_criminalizing_revenge_porn_-_fesc.pdf Danielle Keats Citron is a Lois K. Macht Research Professor and Professor of Law, University of Maryland Francis King Carey School of Law; Affiliate Scholar, Stanford Center on Internet and Society; Affiliate Fellow, Yale Information Society Project. Mary Anne Franks is an Associate Professor of Law, University of Miami School of Law.
8 -As this discussion shows, civil law cannot meaningfully deter and redress revenge porn. We now turn to the potential for a criminal law response. III. CRIMINAL LAW'S POTENTIAL TO COMBAT REVENGE PORN A criminal law solution is essential to deter judgment-proof perpetrators. As attorney and revenge porn expert Erica Johnstone puts it, "~~e~~ven if people aren't afraid of being sued because they have nothing to lose, they are afraid of being convicted of a crime because that shows up on their record forever."68 Nonconsensual ~~image distribution's~~ pornography's rise is surely related to the fact that malicious actors have little incentive to refrain from such behavior. While some critics believe that existing criminal law adequately addresses nonconsensual pornography, this Part highlights how existing criminal law fails to address most cases of revenge porn. A. The Importance of Criminal Law Criminal law has long prohibited privacy invasions and certain violations of autonomy. Criminal law is essential to send the clear message to potential perpetrators that nonconsensual ~~image distribution~~ pornography inflicts grave privacy and autonomy harms that have real consequences and penalties.69 While we share general concerns about over-incarceration, rejecting the criminalization of serious harms is not the way to address those concerns. We are also sensitive to objections that criminalizing revenge porn might reinforce the harmful and erroneous perception that women should be ashamed of their bodies or their sexual activities, but maintain that recognizing and protecting sexual autonomy does exactly the opposite.70 A criminal law solution would send the message that individuals' bodies (mostly female bodies) are their own and that society recognizes the grave harms that flow from turning individuals into objects of pornography without their consent. In this way, a criminal law approach will help us conceptualize the involuntary publication of someone's sexually explicit images as a form of sexual assault. When sexual abuse is inflicted on an individual's physical body, it is considered rape or sexual assault. The fact that nonconsensual pornography does not involve physical contact does not change the fact that it is a form of sexual abuse. Federal and state criminal laws regarding voyeurism demonstrate that physical contact is not necessary to cause great harm and suffering. Video voyeurism laws punish the nonconsensual recording of a person in a state of undress in places where individuals enjoy a reasonable expectation of privacy. 71 Criminal laws prohibiting voyeurism rest on the commonly accepted assumption that observing a person in a state of undress or engaged in sexual activity without that person's consent not only inflicts dignitary harms upon the individual observed, but also inflicts a social harm serious enough to warrant criminal prohibition and punishment. International criminal law provides precedent and perspective on this issue. Both the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda ("ICTR") and the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia ("ICTY") have employed a definition of sexual violence that does not require physical contact. In both tribunals, forced nudity was found to be a form of sexual violence.72 In the Akayesu case, the ICTR found that "~~s~~exual violence is not limited to physical invasion of the human body and may include acts which do not involve penetration or even physical contact." 73 In the Furundzija case, the ICTY similarly found that international criminal law punishes not only rape, but also "all serious abuses of a sexual nature inflicted upon the physical and moral integrity of a person by means of coercion, threat of force or intimidation in a way that is degrading and humiliating for the victim's dignity."74 The legal and social condemnation of child pornography exemplifies our collective understanding that the production, viewing, and distribution of certain kinds of sexual images are harmful. In New York v. Ferber,75 the United States Supreme Court recognized that the distribution of child pornography is distinct from the underlying crime of the sexual abuse of children.76 The Court observed that "~~t~~he distribution of photographs and films depicting sexual activity by juveniles . . . ~~is~~ a permanent record of the children's participation and the harm to the child is exacerbated by their circulation."77 When images and videos of sexual assaults and surreptitious observation are distributed and consumed, they inflict further harms on the victims and on society connected to, but distinct from, the criminal acts to which the victims were originally subjected.78 The trafficking of this material increases the demand for images and videos that exploit the individuals portrayed. This is why the Court in Ferber held that it is necessary to shut down the "distribution network" of child pornography to reduce the sexual exploitation of children: "The most expeditious if not the only practical method of law enforcement may be to dry up the market for this material by imposing severe criminal penalties on persons selling, advertising, or otherwise promoting the product."79 Nonconsensual pornography raises similar concerns. Disclosing sexually explicit images without permission can have lasting and destructive consequences. Victims often feel shame and humiliation every time they see them and every time they think that others are viewing them. Consider the experience of sports reporter Erin Andrews. After a stalker secretly taped her while she undressed in her hotel room, he posted as many as ten videos of her online.80 Google Trends data suggested that just after the release of the videos, much of the nation began looking for some variation of "Erin Andrews peephole video."81 Nearly nine months later, Andrews explained: "I haven't stopped being victimized—I'm going to have to live with this forever . . . . When I have kids and they have kids, I'll have to explain to them why this is on the Internet."82 She further lamented that when she walks into football stadiums to report on a game, she faces the taunts of fans who have seen her naked online.83 She explained that she "felt like ~~she~~ was continuing to be victimized" each time she talked about it.84 Andrews's experience is echoed by that of Lena Chen, who allowed her ex-boyfriend to take pictures of them having sex. 85 After he betrayed her trust and posted the pictures online, the pictures went viral.86 As Chen explained, feeling ashamed of her sexuality was not something that came naturally to her, but it is now something she knows inside and out. 87 Victims of nonconsensual pornography are harmed each time a person views or shares their intimate images. B. Current Criminal Law's Limits Existing federal and state criminal laws have limited application to the initial posters of nonconsensual pornography and the laws have even less force with regard to site operators. This Subpart first explores the potential of criminal harassment statutes in pursuing the original discloser. Then, it turns to the possibility of extortion and child pornography charges against revenge porn site operators.
9 -
10 -
11 -====D. Impact: Non-consensual image distribution causes chilling effect for survivors who are afraid to speak out and are silenced. Causes psychological violence. ====
12 -Citron and Franks 14 Brackets for potentially offensive language Danielle Keats Citron, Mary Anne Franks. "CRIMINALIZING REVENGE PORN" 4/21/2014 https://www.law.yale.edu/system/files/area/center/isp/documents/danielle_citron_-_criminalizing_revenge_porn_-_fesc.pdf Danielle Keats Citron is a Lois K. Macht Research Professor and Professor of Law, University of Maryland Francis King Carey School of Law; Affiliate Scholar, Stanford Center on Internet and Society; Affiliate Fellow, Yale Information Society Project. Mary Anne Franks is an Associate Professor of Law, University of Miami School of Law.
13 -Victims' fear can be profound. They do not feel safe leaving their homes.
14 -AND
15 -~~survivors~~ victims, it constitutes a vicious form of sex discrimination.
16 -
17 -
18 -==Materiality Double Bind==
19 -The PIC does everything that the aff does except allow nonconsensual image distribution. In the world of the PIC, one of three things happen: Either
20 -Nonconsensual image distribution is bad under the AC FW and thus you vote negative because there is a unique piece of offense on the CP, or
21 -Nonconsensual image distribution doesn't link to the AC FW in which case both the aff and the neg have equal offense under the FW because they do the same thing, and you presume neg, or
22 -Nonconsensual image distribution is a good thing under your framework and there is a performative DA and independent reason to vote against you because you justify things like psychological violence and sexual assault as being good which makes debate dangerously unsafe. Also means you are the definition of abstraction because your framework can ignore things like assault which is a reason to drop you because debate needs to care about the real world consequences of our discourse.
23 -**Smith 13, Elijah. A Conversation in Ruins: Race and Black Participation in Lincoln Douglas Debate **
24 -It will be uncomfortable, it will be hard, and it will require continued effort but the necessary step in fixing this problem, like all problems, is the community as a whole admitting that such a problem with many "socially acceptable" choices exists in the first place. Like all systems of social control, the reality of racism in debate is constituted by the singular choices that institutions, coaches, and students make on a weekly basis. I have watched countless rounds where competitors attempt to win by rushing to abstractions to distance the conversation from the material reality that black debaters are forced to deal with every day. One of the students I coached, who has since graduated after leaving debate, had an adult judge write out a ballot that concluded by "hypothetically" defending my student being lynched at the tournament. Another debate concluded with a young man defending that we can kill animals humanely, "just like we did that guy Troy Davis". Community norms would have competitors do intellectual gymnastics or make up rules to accuse black debaters of breaking to escape hard conversations but as someone who understands that experience, the only constructive strategy is to acknowledge the reality of the oppressed, engage the discussion from the perspective of authors who are black and brown, and then find strategies to deal with the issues at hand. It hurts to see competitive seasons come and go and have high school students and judges spew the same hateful things you expect to hear at a Klan rally. A student should not, when presenting an advocacy that aligns them with the oppressed, have to justify why oppression is bad. Debate is not just a game, but a learning environment with liberatory potential . Even if the form debate gives to a conversation is not the same you would use to discuss race in general conversation with Bayard Rustin or Fannie Lou Hamer, that is not a reason we have to strip that conversation of its connection to a reality that black students cannot escape.
25 -
26 -
27 -=2-off=
28 -
29 -
30 -====Ethics is divided between ideal and non-ideal theory. Ideal theory ask what justice demands in a perfect world while non-ideal theory ask what justice demands in a world that is already unjust. Prefer non-ideal theory as a meta-ethical starting point: ====
31 -
32 -
33 -====Social Reality- ideal theory ignores social realities, which in turn contradicts ideals. Normative ideals aren't created separately from the social norms that govern us because those influence what we can count as an ideal in the first place. ====
34 -MILLS : Charles W. Mills, "Ideal Theory" as Ideology, 2005
35 - "I suggest that this spontaneous reaction, far from being philosophically naïve or
36 -AND
37 --as-idealized-model will never be achieved." (170)
38 -
39 -
40 -====Standpoint Epistemology: Ideal theory strips away questions of particularities and isolates a universal feature of agents. This normalizes a single experience and epistemically skews ethical theorizing. ====
41 -MILLS 2: Charles W. Mills, "Ideal Theory" as Ideology, 2005
42 -"The crucial common claim—whether couched in terms of ideology and fetishism,
43 -AND
44 -level, the descriptive concepts arrived at may be misleading." (175)
45 -
46 -
47 -====Thus, the standard is resisting material inequalities. Non-ideal theory necessitates consequentialism since instead of following rules that assume an already equal playing field, we take steps to correct the material injustice. Prefer additionally- ====
48 -
49 -
50 -====States have no act-omission distinction which means they are responsible for the state of affairs they bring about, so constraint based theories collapse to consequentialism.====
51 -**Sunstein and Vermule 05** (Cass Sunstein and Adrian Vermuele, "Is Capital Punishment Morally Required? The Relevance of Life-Life Tradeoffs," Chicago Public Law and Legal Theory Working Paper No. 85 (March 2005), p. 17.)
52 -In our view, both the argument from causation and the argument from intention go
53 -AND
54 -All means based and side constraint theories collapse because two violations require aggregation.
55 -
56 -
57 -====Only consequences are relevant because the government is a collection of individuals so it doesn't have a unified intent. Even if it does there is no way to epistemologically access it. And, conflicting side constraints means that the state always violates rights with every action it takes. Only consequentialism solves because it assigns equal weights to all citizens rather than arbitrarily valuing certain people or procedural methods. Prefer government specific obligations because obligations differ by agent- surgeons have an obligation to cut open people while that would be repugnant for a normal person to do. ====
58 -
59 -
60 -====Only naturalism is epistemically accessible====
61 -**Papinaeu 11** ~~David Papineau, "Naturalism," Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2007~~
62 -Moore took this argument to show that moral facts comprise a distinct species of non
63 -AND
64 -it is hard to see how we can have any knowledge of them.
65 -
66 -
67 -====Experience is epistemic – it is how we empirically ground our existence. Pain is universally bad and pleasure is universally good.====
68 -**Nagel '86**. Thomas ~~"The View From Nowhere", 1986~~
69 -I shall defend the unsurprising claim that sensory pleasure is good and pain bad,
70 -AND
71 -such cases. There can be no reason to reject the appearances here.
EntryDate
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -2017-04-29 13:39:37.0
Judge
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -John Overing
Opponent
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -Kamiak NB
ParentRound
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -58
Round
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -1
Team
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -West Ranch Won Neg
Title
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -JANFEB - TOC R1 NC
Tournament
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -TOC
Caselist.RoundClass[51]
Cites
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -50
EntryDate
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -2017-02-20 01:00:58.0
Judge
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -Braden James
Opponent
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -Brentwood RY
Round
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -1
RoundReport
... ... @@ -1,3 +1,0 @@
1 -1AC whole res resistance aff
2 -1NC funding da politics da case turns
3 -2NR DA's
Tournament
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -Berkeley
Caselist.RoundClass[52]
Cites
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -51
EntryDate
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -2017-02-20 01:02:02.0
Judge
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -John Overing
Opponent
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -Dougherty Valley KD
Round
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -4
RoundReport
... ... @@ -1,3 +1,0 @@
1 -1AC whole res critical pedagogy aff
2 -1NC Safe Spaces K funding DA case turns
3 -2NR K and DA
Tournament
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -Berkeley
Caselist.RoundClass[53]
Cites
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -52
EntryDate
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -2017-02-20 17:01:50.0
Judge
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -Neel Yerneni
Opponent
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -Dougherty Valley CS
Round
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -6
RoundReport
... ... @@ -1,3 +1,0 @@
1 -1AC militarism aff
2 -1NC whistleblowers adv cp rape culture da funding da
3 -2NR everything
Tournament
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -Berkeley
Caselist.RoundClass[54]
Cites
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -53
EntryDate
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -2017-03-05 16:57:21.0
Judge
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -Zane Dille
Opponent
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -Elite of Irvine SS
Round
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -2
RoundReport
... ... @@ -1,3 +1,0 @@
1 -1AC lay
2 -1NC Funding DA structural violence NC
3 -2NR DA
Tournament
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -USC
Caselist.RoundClass[55]
Cites
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -54
EntryDate
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -2017-03-05 17:06:12.0
Judge
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -Ayden Loeffler
Opponent
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -Malborough GK
Round
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -3
RoundReport
... ... @@ -1,3 +1,0 @@
1 -1AC dissent aff
2 -1NC funding DA politics DA case turns
3 -2NR Funding DA
Tournament
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -USC
Caselist.RoundClass[56]
Cites
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -55
EntryDate
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -2017-03-05 17:09:41.0
Judge
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -Srividiya Desaraju
Opponent
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -Harvard Westlake EE
Round
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -5
RoundReport
... ... @@ -1,3 +1,0 @@
1 -1AC journalism aff
2 -1NC t-any t-written plagiarism PIC
3 -2NR PIC t-any
Tournament
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -USC
Caselist.RoundClass[58]
Cites
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -56
EntryDate
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -2017-04-29 13:39:35.0
Judge
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -John Overing
Opponent
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -Kamiak NB
Round
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -1
RoundReport
... ... @@ -1,3 +1,0 @@
1 -1AC aesthetics aff
2 -1NC Non consensual image distribution PIC structural violence FW case turns
3 -2NR PIC
Tournament
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -TOC
Caselist.RoundClass[59]
EntryDate
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -2017-04-29 13:41:13.0
Judge
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -Panel
Opponent
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -Loyola DW
Round
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -Octas
RoundReport
... ... @@ -1,3 +1,0 @@
1 -1AC lyotard aff
2 -1NC safe spaces K funding DA case turns
3 -2NR K
Tournament
... ... @@ -1,1 +1,0 @@
1 -USC
Caselist.CitesClass[49]
Cites
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,91 @@
1 +=1-off =
2 +
3 +
4 +===K – Black Safe Spaces ===
5 +
6 +
7 +==== Imagine being stuck in a sort of vertigo that seems as if you have no where to go, no where to hide, no where to just be with people who understand your struggle – this is the analysis the 1AC fundamentally misses and affirms for more free speech – safe spaces on college campuses are necessary and needed to help black students deal with being black. ====
8 +Tyler Kingkade Lilly Workneh Ryan Grenoble Nov 16^^th^^, 2015 Campus Racism Protests Didn't Come Out Of Nowhere, And They Aren't Going Away Quickly Mizzou seems to have catalyzed years of tension over inequality and race. Senior Editor/Reporter, The Huffington Post, Senior Black Voices Editor, The Huffington Post News Editor, The Huffington Post http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/campus-racism-protests-didnt-come-out-of-nowhere_us_56464a87e4b08cda3488bfb
9 +If there's one thing University of Missouri senior Alanna Diggs thinks people are getting wrong
10 +AND
11 +going to help our country live up to what we say we believe."
12 +
13 +
14 +====Forcing minorities to confront racial microaggressions without any other form of recourse or retreat induces racial "battle fatigue" that translates into actual material harms ====
15 +**Smith et al 07** ~~William A. Smith University of Utah Walter R. Allen University of California, Los Angeles Lynette L. Danley University of Utah, ""Assume the Position . . . You Fit the Description" Psychosocial Experiences and Racial Battle Fatigue Among African American Male College Students," American Behavioral Scientist, 2007~~ JW
16 +Racial Microaggressions in Historically White Environments The concern about greater distress and academic attrition among
17 +AND
18 +broken between students of color and the HWI community (Smith, 2004)
19 +
20 +
21 +====Antiblackness is metaphysics – This means that it is engrained within the structure of society – trying to change the mind of racists with free speech can never occur – this also non unique the "productive" dialogue the aff seeks to achieve ====
22 +Warren 15 ~~Calvin L., Black Nihilism and the Politics of Hope ; Surce: CR: The New Centennial Review, Vol. 15, No. 1, Derrida and French Hegelianism (Spr ing 2015), XMT, pp. 215-248 Published by: Michigan State University Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor .org/stable/10.14321/crnewcentrevi.15.1.0215 . Accessed: 30/03/2015
23 +For the black nihilist, anti-blackness is metaphysics. It is the system
24 +AND
25 +account will inevitably reproduce the very structures of thought that it would dismantle.
26 +
27 +
28 +====The politics of the 1AC removes safe spaces on college campuses – this impact turns and outweighs the case – safe spaces are uniquely key for marginalized communities to come together and actually engage in conversations about identity ====
29 +**Pickett 16 RaeAnn Pickett. August 31st 2016. **Pickett is senior director of communications and public Affairs at the National Latina Institute for Reproductive Health and a Ms. Foundation Public Voices Fellows. Trigger Warnings and Safe Spaces Are Necessary. Published by TIME.
30 +After the birth of my first son, I had postpartum depression. I was
31 +AND
32 +should be at the vanguard of modeling the way forward—not backward.
33 +
34 +
35 +====The roll of the ballot is to endorse the debater with the best methodology to liberate the oppressed====
36 +
37 +
38 +====The roll of the judge is to be a critical educator ====
39 +
40 +
41 +====Thus, the alternative – safe spaces that are currently in the status quo should remain where they are. The negative cannot fiat more safe spaces will occur – but our method in the kritik is affirming the tangibility and productivity that safe spaces provide to black students on colleges campuses. ====
42 +Okeke 16
43 +Okeke ,Cameron .I'm a black UChicago graduate. Safe spaces got me through college. Cameron Okeke is currently earning a master's in bioethics at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and Berman Institute of Bioethics in Baltimore, Maryland. His views are his own and do not represent those of the institution he currently attends. Aug 29, 2016 http://www.vox.com/2016/8/29/12692376/university-chicago-safe-spaces-defense
44 +The University of Chicago sent a dizzying letter to its freshman class last week,
45 +AND
46 +free. Don't let us in if you can't make room for us.
47 +
48 +
49 +=2-off =
50 +
51 +
52 +====A. Uniqueness: Federal funding for colleges and universities is growing now and has been increasing for several years ====
53 +**Camera 16** ~~Lauren Camera, education reporter at US News, "Federal Education Funding: Where Does the Money Go?" US News, Jan. 14, 2016, http://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/data-mine/2016/01/14/federal-education-funding-where-does-the-money-go~~ JW
54 +Government spending on education has surged over the last decade and a half, with
55 +AND
56 +$14.9 billion this year, an increase of 43 percent.
57 +
58 +
59 +====B. Title IX requires colleges to restrict constitutionally protected speech or lose federal funding.====
60 +Fire 16, Foundation for Individual Rights in Education, Department of Justice: Title IX Requires Violating First Amendment, 2016, https://www.thefire.org/department-of-justice-title-ix-requires-violating-first-amendment/
61 +WASHINGTON, April 25, 2016—The Department of Justice now interprets Title IX
62 +AND
63 +University presidents must find the courage to stand up to this federal overreach."
64 +
65 +
66 +====Federal funding is critical for college operations, especially financial aid====
67 +Pew 15 (**The Pew Charitable Trusts – compiles evidence and non-partisan analysis to inform the public and create better public policy, "Federal and State Funding of Higher Education: A Changing Landscape", http://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/issue-briefs/2015/06/federal-and-state-funding-of-higher-education)**
68 +**States and the federal government have long provided substantial funding for higher education, but **
69 +**AND**
70 +**, while state funds primarily pay for the general operations of public institutions.**
71 +
72 +
73 +====C. Benefactors will quit funding colleges if all speech is protected====
74 +MacDonald 05**, **G. Jeffrey MacDonald Correspondent of The Christian Science Monitor. Donors: too much say on campus speech? ; Colleges feel more pressure from givers who want to help determine who'll be speaking on campus. The Christian Science Monitor ~~Boston, Mass~~ 10 Feb 2005: 11. ~~Premier~~
75 +According to Hamilton President Joan Hinde Stewart, angry benefactors threatened to quit giving if
76 +AND
77 +says Doyle, especially in terms of paid speakers who "promote hate."
78 +
79 +
80 +====D. Impact ====
81 +
82 +
83 +====Cuts to funding for higher ed and financial aid hampers college access, especially for students from low-income or minority backgrounds. This is a huge economic blow because college degrees reduce poverty, crime and a laundry list of impacts. ====
84 +Mitchell et al 16 **(Report published by the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities; authors were Michael Mitchell (State Budget and Tax), Michael Leachman (State Budget and Tax), and Kathleen Masterson, "Funding Down, Tuition Up: State Cuts to Higher Education Threaten Quality and Affordability at Public Colleges", http://www.cbpp.org/research/state-budget-and-tax/funding-down-tuition-up,**
85 +**Years of **cuts in** state **funding for public colleges and universities have driven up tuition** **
86 +**AND**
87 +
88 +**o/w**
89 +**scale **
90 +**size of link**
91 +**Turns the 1AC**
EntryDate
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +2017-02-20 00:57:07.703
Judge
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +John Overing
Opponent
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +Dougherty Valley KD
ParentRound
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +50
Round
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +4
Team
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +West Ranch Won Neg
Title
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +JANFEB - Berkeley R1 NC
Tournament
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +Berkeley
Caselist.RoundClass[50]
EntryDate
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +2017-02-20 00:57:05.0
Judge
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +John Overing
Opponent
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +Dougherty Valley KD
Round
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +4
RoundReport
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,3 @@
1 +1AC whole res resistance aff
2 +1NC Funding DA Politcs DA case turns
3 +2NR DA's
Tournament
... ... @@ -1,0 +1,1 @@
1 +Berkeley

Schools

Aberdeen Central (SD)
Acton-Boxborough (MA)
Albany (CA)
Albuquerque Academy (NM)
Alief Taylor (TX)
American Heritage Boca Delray (FL)
American Heritage Plantation (FL)
Anderson (TX)
Annie Wright (WA)
Apple Valley (MN)
Appleton East (WI)
Arbor View (NV)
Arcadia (CA)
Archbishop Mitty (CA)
Ardrey Kell (NC)
Ashland (OR)
Athens (TX)
Bainbridge (WA)
Bakersfield (CA)
Barbers Hill (TX)
Barrington (IL)
BASIS Mesa (AZ)
BASIS Scottsdale (AZ)
BASIS Silicon (CA)
Beckman (CA)
Bellarmine (CA)
Benjamin Franklin (LA)
Benjamin N Cardozo (NY)
Bentonville (AR)
Bergen County (NJ)
Bettendorf (IA)
Bingham (UT)
Blue Valley Southwest (KS)
Brentwood (CA)
Brentwood Middle (CA)
Bridgewater-Raritan (NJ)
Bronx Science (NY)
Brophy College Prep (AZ)
Brown (KY)
Byram Hills (NY)
Byron Nelson (TX)
Cabot (AR)
Calhoun Homeschool (TX)
Cambridge Rindge (MA)
Canyon Crest (CA)
Canyon Springs (NV)
Cape Fear Academy (NC)
Carmel Valley Independent (CA)
Carpe Diem (NJ)
Cedar Park (TX)
Cedar Ridge (TX)
Centennial (ID)
Centennial (TX)
Center For Talented Youth (MD)
Cerritos (CA)
Chaminade (CA)
Chandler (AZ)
Chandler Prep (AZ)
Chaparral (AZ)
Charles E Smith (MD)
Cherokee (OK)
Christ Episcopal (LA)
Christopher Columbus (FL)
Cinco Ranch (TX)
Citrus Valley (CA)
Claremont (CA)
Clark (NV)
Clark (TX)
Clear Brook (TX)
Clements (TX)
Clovis North (CA)
College Prep (CA)
Collegiate (NY)
Colleyville Heritage (TX)
Concord Carlisle (MA)
Concordia Lutheran (TX)
Connally (TX)
Coral Glades (FL)
Coral Science (NV)
Coral Springs (FL)
Coppell (TX)
Copper Hills (UT)
Corona Del Sol (AZ)
Crandall (TX)
Crossroads (CA)
Cupertino (CA)
Cy-Fair (TX)
Cypress Bay (FL)
Cypress Falls (TX)
Cypress Lakes (TX)
Cypress Ridge (TX)
Cypress Springs (TX)
Cypress Woods (TX)
Dallastown (PA)
Davis (CA)
Delbarton (NJ)
Derby (KS)
Des Moines Roosevelt (IA)
Desert Vista (AZ)
Diamond Bar (CA)
Dobson (AZ)
Dougherty Valley (CA)
Dowling Catholic (IA)
Dripping Springs (TX)
Dulles (TX)
duPont Manual (KY)
Dwyer (FL)
Eagle (ID)
Eastside Catholic (WA)
Edgemont (NY)
Edina (MN)
Edmond North (OK)
Edmond Santa Fe (OK)
El Cerrito (CA)
Elkins (TX)
Enloe (NC)
Episcopal (TX)
Evanston (IL)
Evergreen Valley (CA)
Ferris (TX)
Flintridge Sacred Heart (CA)
Flower Mound (TX)
Fordham Prep (NY)
Fort Lauderdale (FL)
Fort Walton Beach (FL)
Freehold Township (NJ)
Fremont (NE)
Frontier (MO)
Gabrielino (CA)
Garland (TX)
George Ranch (TX)
Georgetown Day (DC)
Gig Harbor (WA)
Gilmour (OH)
Glenbrook South (IL)
Gonzaga Prep (WA)
Grand Junction (CO)
Grapevine (TX)
Green Valley (NV)
Greenhill (TX)
Guyer (TX)
Hamilton (AZ)
Hamilton (MT)
Harker (CA)
Harmony (TX)
Harrison (NY)
Harvard Westlake (CA)
Hawken (OH)
Head Royce (CA)
Hebron (TX)
Heights (MD)
Hendrick Hudson (NY)
Henry Grady (GA)
Highland (UT)
Highland (ID)
Hockaday (TX)
Holy Cross (LA)
Homewood Flossmoor (IL)
Hopkins (MN)
Houston Homeschool (TX)
Hunter College (NY)
Hutchinson (KS)
Immaculate Heart (CA)
Independent (All)
Interlake (WA)
Isidore Newman (LA)
Jack C Hays (TX)
James Bowie (TX)
Jefferson City (MO)
Jersey Village (TX)
John Marshall (CA)
Juan Diego (UT)
Jupiter (FL)
Kapaun Mount Carmel (KS)
Kamiak (WA)
Katy Taylor (TX)
Keller (TX)
Kempner (TX)
Kent Denver (CO)
King (FL)
Kingwood (TX)
Kinkaid (TX)
Klein (TX)
Klein Oak (TX)
Kudos College (CA)
La Canada (CA)
La Costa Canyon (CA)
La Jolla (CA)
La Reina (CA)
Lafayette (MO)
Lake Highland (FL)
Lake Travis (TX)
Lakeville North (MN)
Lakeville South (MN)
Lamar (TX)
LAMP (AL)
Law Magnet (TX)
Langham Creek (TX)
Lansing (KS)
LaSalle College (PA)
Lawrence Free State (KS)
Layton (UT)
Leland (CA)
Leucadia Independent (CA)
Lexington (MA)
Liberty Christian (TX)
Lincoln (OR)
Lincoln (NE)
Lincoln East (NE)
Lindale (TX)
Livingston (NJ)
Logan (UT)
Lone Peak (UT)
Los Altos (CA)
Los Osos (CA)
Lovejoy (TX)
Loyola (CA)
Loyola Blakefield (MA)
Lynbrook (CA)
Maeser Prep (UT)
Mannford (OK)
Marcus (TX)
Marlborough (CA)
McClintock (AZ)
McDowell (PA)
McNeil (TX)
Meadows (NV)
Memorial (TX)
Millard North (NE)
Millard South (NE)
Millard West (NE)
Millburn (NJ)
Milpitas (CA)
Miramonte (CA)
Mission San Jose (CA)
Monsignor Kelly (TX)
Monta Vista (CA)
Montclair Kimberley (NJ)
Montgomery (TX)
Monticello (NY)
Montville Township (NJ)
Morris Hills (NJ)
Mountain Brook (AL)
Mountain Pointe (AZ)
Mountain View (CA)
Mountain View (AZ)
Murphy Middle (TX)
NCSSM (NC)
New Orleans Jesuit (LA)
New Trier (IL)
Newark Science (NJ)
Newburgh Free Academy (NY)
Newport (WA)
North Allegheny (PA)
North Crowley (TX)
North Hollywood (CA)
Northland Christian (TX)
Northwood (CA)
Notre Dame (CA)
Nueva (CA)
Oak Hall (FL)
Oakwood (CA)
Okoboji (IA)
Oxbridge (FL)
Oxford (CA)
Pacific Ridge (CA)
Palm Beach Gardens (FL)
Palo Alto Independent (CA)
Palos Verdes Peninsula (CA)
Park Crossing (AL)
Peak to Peak (CO)
Pembroke Pines (FL)
Pennsbury (PA)
Phillips Academy Andover (MA)
Phoenix Country Day (AZ)
Pine Crest (FL)
Pingry (NJ)
Pittsburgh Central Catholic (PA)
Plano East (TX)
Polytechnic (CA)
Presentation (CA)
Princeton (NJ)
Prosper (TX)
Quarry Lane (CA)
Raisbeck-Aviation (WA)
Rancho Bernardo (CA)
Randolph (NJ)
Reagan (TX)
Richardson (TX)
Ridge (NJ)
Ridge Point (TX)
Riverside (SC)
Robert Vela (TX)
Rosemount (MN)
Roseville (MN)
Round Rock (TX)
Rowland Hall (UT)
Royse City (TX)
Ruston (LA)
Sacred Heart (MA)
Sacred Heart (MS)
Sage Hill (CA)
Sage Ridge (NV)
Salado (TX)
Salpointe Catholic (AZ)
Sammamish (WA)
San Dieguito (CA)
San Marino (CA)
SandHoke (NC)
Santa Monica (CA)
Sarasota (FL)
Saratoga (CA)
Scarsdale (NY)
Servite (CA)
Seven Lakes (TX)
Shawnee Mission East (KS)
Shawnee Mission Northwest (KS)
Shawnee Mission South (KS)
Shawnee Mission West (KS)
Sky View (UT)
Skyline (UT)
Smithson Valley (TX)
Southlake Carroll (TX)
Sprague (OR)
St Agnes (TX)
St Andrews (MS)
St Francis (CA)
St James (AL)
St Johns (TX)
St Louis Park (MN)
St Margarets (CA)
St Marys Hall (TX)
St Thomas (MN)
St Thomas (TX)
Stephen F Austin (TX)
Stoneman Douglas (FL)
Stony Point (TX)
Strake Jesuit (TX)
Stratford (TX)
Stratford Independent (CA)
Stuyvesant (NY)
Success Academy (NY)
Sunnyslope (AZ)
Sunset (OR)
Syosset (NY)
Tahoma (WA)
Talley (AZ)
Texas Academy of Math and Science (TX)
Thomas Jefferson (VA)
Thompkins (TX)
Timber Creek (FL)
Timothy Christian (NJ)
Tom C Clark (TX)
Tompkins (TX)
Torrey Pines (CA)
Travis (TX)
Trinity (KY)
Trinity Prep (FL)
Trinity Valley (TX)
Truman (PA)
Turlock (CA)
Union (OK)
Unionville (PA)
University High (CA)
University School (OH)
University (FL)
Upper Arlington (OH)
Upper Dublin (PA)
Valley (IA)
Valor Christian (CO)
Vashon (WA)
Ventura (CA)
Veritas Prep (AZ)
Vestavia Hills (AL)
Vincentian (PA)
Walla Walla (WA)
Walt Whitman (MD)
Warren (TX)
Wenatchee (WA)
West (UT)
West Ranch (CA)
Westford (MA)
Westlake (TX)
Westview (OR)
Westwood (TX)
Whitefish Bay (WI)
Whitney (CA)
Wilson (DC)
Winston Churchill (TX)
Winter Springs (FL)
Woodlands (TX)
Woodlands College Park (TX)
Wren (SC)
Yucca Valley (CA)