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+Part 1: Status Quo |
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+The Department of Energy website and its brochures state that “no one in the United States has died or been injured as a result of operations at a commercial nuclear power plant.” (RICHARDS 13) |
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+The Native American lives lost to nuclear power have never been acknowledged, let alone grieved. |
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+ |
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+RICHARDS 2 Linda Richards, “On Poisoned Ground.” The Chemical Heritage Foundation, Spring 2013. https://www.chemheritage.org/distillations/magazine/on-poisoned-ground Richards was the Chemical Heritage Foundation’s 2010–2011 Doan Fellow. She is researching nuclear and environmental justice history for a PhD at Oregon State University. |
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+Nuclear-industry spokespersons, U.S. government agencies, and nuclear scientists often state that no one has ever been killed or harmed by the operations of a civilian nuclear-power plant in the United States. For example, the Department of Energy website and its brochures state that the U.S. utilities has ve operated commercial nuclear-power plants since 1957 and “during this time, no one in the United States has died or been injured as a result of operations at a commercial nuclear power plant.” Yet by the time uranium mining finally petered out in the early 1980s, hundreds of Indian miners had died from lung diseases and cancers that physicians and secret U.S. Public Health studies linked to the miners’ uranium exposure. The Navajo Nation was littered with abandoned, open, and radon-emitting former mine sites—at least 1,032 of them. The United Nuclear Corporation mill and adjacent mine had become Superfund sites, and the cancer rate had doubled on Navajo lands. In addition, until 1980 untreated water was discharged from the mining and milling companies into the Rio Puerco at a rate of 2.8 billion gallons per year. Mine waste was dumped in piles where children played until the 1990s. |
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+The Navajo Nation has been the target of environmental racism for decades. This is |
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+AND |
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+communities, many of which suffer astronomical rates of cancer and birth defects. |
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+ |
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+This was not an isolated incident. Radioactive waste, power plants, and uranium mines are dangerous – that’s why they’re put on Native American lands. |
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+CHATTERJEE 97 Pratap Chatterjee. “Indigenous Groups Try to Ward Off Nuclear Waste.” Inter-Press Service News Agency. May 20 1997. http://www.ipsnews.net/1997/05/us-environment-indigenous-groups-try-to-ward-off-nuclear-waste/ |
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+California governor Pete Wilson, deciding that the federal government was not serious about plans |
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+AND |
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+,” says Darelynn Lehto, the vice president of the Prairie Island Mdewankanton. |
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+ |
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+Exploitation by the nuclear industry occurs around the world. |
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+RŸSER ET AL. 16 Rudolph C. Rÿser, Yvonne Sherwood and Janna Lafferty, Intercontinental Cry (IC) Magazine via Truth Out. “The Indigenous World Under a Nuclear Cloud.” 27 March 2016. http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/35381-the-indigenous-world-under-a-nuclear-cloud |
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+Millions of indigenous peoples living in Fourth World territories around the world have been and |
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+AND |
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+to Fourth World indigenous peoples rarely noticed by the public eye. |
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+ |
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+Australia has largest uranium reserves. Legislation protecting the original populations has been altered in favor of the mining industry. |
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+Green 14 |
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+Jim Green, August 8, 2014. “THE NUCLEAR WAR AGAINST AUSTRALIA'S ABORIGINAL PEOPLE.” Intercontinental Cry (IC) Magazine – A Publication of the Center for World Indigenous Studies. https://intercontinentalcry.org/nuclear-war-australias-aboriginal-people-25148/ |
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+Muckaty Traditional Owners have won a significant battle for country and culture, but the |
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+AND |
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+with the Aboriginal-led Australian Nuclear Free Alliance playing a leading role. |
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+ |
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+Part 2: Framing |
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+ |
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+My advocacy is grief for the indigenous lives lost and harmed by nuclear power production. Affirm to grieve those killed and harmed by the production of nuclear power. Grief for these people brings them into our frame of reference and creates an ethical reorientation. |
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+Lloyd 08 Moya (pf Loughborough Univ, feminist author) “Towards a cultural politics of |
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+vulnerability Precarious lives and ungrievable deaths” Judith Butler’s Precarious Politics. 2008 |
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+Mourning and politics Precarious Life, published in 2004, contains a series of essays |
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+AND |
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+to the idea of ek-stasis that she deploys throughout her work. |
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+ |
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+The role of the ballot is to vote for the debater that challenges educational spaces through exposure to previously un-grievable bodies. I’ll clarify predictable terms of art, weighing, and links to avoid ambiguity and spec debates that crowd out focus on the 1AC, but neg has no stable strategy for aff prep, so it’s unreciprocal for me to meet an exhaustive burden. Lastly, CX checks all neg theory violations. I will make concessions given the stipulations above. To clarify: |
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+ |
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+Grievability is a social status that signifies a life as having value, and is demonstrated when we grieve for those who have died or been injured. It’s impossible to specify further, since grief rituals are highly variable across time and space. Exposing us to previously un-grievable bodies in the context of nuclear power is offense under the role of the ballot—examples of args you can make include analyzing other nuclear disasters. We compare offense in terms of how well debaters contextualize the social conditions that render lives ungrievable, and explain how grief destabilizes those conditions. |
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+ |
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+This role of the ballot is a prior condition to a new politics. |
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+VLIEGHE 10 |
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+Joris (laboratory for education and society, PhD education,) “Judith Butler and the Public Dimension of the Body: Education, Critique and Corporeal Vulnerability” Journal of Philosophy of Education, Vol. 44, No. 1, 2010 |
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+This point of view is today no longer tenable. As Adorno, one of |
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+AND |
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+a different conception of politics’ (Butler, 2004b, p. 21). |
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+ |
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+Undergoing the radical exposure that triggers grief awakens accountability for the other, forming communities for resistance |
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+Vlieghe 10 Joris (laboratory for education and society, PhD education,) “Judith Butler and the Public Dimension of the Body: Education, Critique and Corporeal Vulnerability” Journal of Philosophy of Education, Vol. 44, No. 1, 2010 |
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+We just have to undergo these expropriating events. In this experience of self- |
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+AND |
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+which as a result causes no actual change whatever in the existing regime. |
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+ |
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+Traditional education mandates one “truth” as the only “truth.” Debate provides a unique tool to question authority and the very nature of our existence. |
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+Warner and Bruschke 3 (Ede, University of Loiusville, John, CSU Fullerton, “GONE ON DEBATING:” COMPETITIVE ACADEMIC DEBATE AS A TOOL OF EMPOWERMENT FOR URBAN AMERICA) LHS |
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+These arguments are theoretical; they cannot speak as powerfully as the voices of those |
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+AND |
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+and the National Debate Tournament (Hill, 1997; Stepp, 1997) |
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+ |
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+The grieving of the aff breaks through that regulatory exclusion of radical proceduralism by acknowledging the cultural context and making mourning accessible to the public, reworked and revised for each community. |
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+McIvor 12, David W. (PhD from Duke University, research associate @ The Kettering Foundation) “Bringing Ourselves to Grief: Judith Butler and the Politics of Mourning” Political Theory. 2 May 2012. http://ptx.sagepub.com/content/40/4/409 |
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+Here the theorist of the mourning subject has to engage in a conversation with a |
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+AND |
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+politics of mourning to its location within the precarious life of the polity. |
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+ |
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+And Role-Playing reduces debaters to spectators, eviscerating their agency as the competitive nature of debate creates a sense of detachment. The debate public takes on characteristics of a lab, barred from the external world. |
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+Mitchell 98 (Gordon R., Associate Professor of Communication and Director of the William Pitt Debating Union at the University of Pittsburgh. “Pedagogical possibilities for argumentative agency in academic debate”. Argumentation and Advocacy, Volume 35, Issue 2. Fall 1998. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb6699/is_2_35/ai_n28720712/) LHS\ |
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+As two prominent teachers of argumentation point out, "Many scholars and educators term |
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+AND |
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+in the drama of political life" (1991, p. 8) |
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+ |
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+Grief is a key first step to solve – in spaces of failure and violence, grief does justice to the ungrieved and contains the potential for resistant political strategies in the real world. |
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+Allred 2006 Kevin Allred, Resisting Legibility on the Borders: Opposition to the Violent Intersections of Race, Nationality, and Sexuality, from Human Architecture: Journal of the sociology of Self Knowledge, Volume 4, Issue 3, a special issues on Anzaldua pages 205-215 AMB |
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+It should be noted that it is imperative we resist speaking for Barajas and I |
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+AND |
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+that contains the implication of holding on to rather than of letting go. |
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+ |
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+And debate rules posit an ‘ideal speech’ which necessarily excludes other forms of discourse—I can leverage the 1AC against arguments that exclude it. |