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+I affirm and value morality as ought implies a moral obligation. |
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+ |
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+Everything is socially constructed through communication |
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+Carey 89 |
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+CHAPTER 1 A Cultural Approach to Communication James Carey (from Communication as Culture 1989) |
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+Under the sway of realism |
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+AND |
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+"experiment" or "test." |
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+ |
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+All frameworks must be consistent with the fundamental subjectivity and social construction of truth. |
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+Haste 98: |
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+Helen Haste, PhD, Communitarianism and the Social Construction of Morality, 1998 Helen Haste is Reader in Psychology at the University of Bath, England |
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+ |
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+The 'meaning' of something |
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+AND |
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+are not shared (Shweder et al, 1987). |
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+ |
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+But a precondition is stable norms and processes for proper deliberation and argument |
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+Hoppe 93: |
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+From the Economics of Laissez Faire to The Ethics of Libertarianism, Hans-Hermann Hoppe, in Man, Economy, and Liberty: Essays in Honor of Murray N. Rothbard, The Ludwig von Mises Institute Auburn University |
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+First, it should |
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+AND |
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+proposal at all. |
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+ |
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+Thus, the criterion is respecting discursive deliberation. |
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+ |
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+(1) Problem of disagreement – across cultures there are radically different moral and political systems, but there are some minimally thin normative truths underpin all of these systems – one of which is the value of deliberation |
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+Habermas 98: |
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+(JurgenHabermas, The Inclusion of the Other: Studies in Political Theory, 1998 MIT Press, p. 4) |
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+In the absence of |
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+AND |
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+unimpaired, intersubjective socialization. |
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+ |
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+(2) Epistemically, the criterion is the best decision-making procedure for producing truth |
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+Christiano 06: |
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+Thomas Christiano. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Jul 27, 2006. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/democracy/ |
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+ |
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+Epistemologically,democracy is thought |
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+AND |
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+who rule over |
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+ |
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+Congressional Research Service 14 defines unprotected speech |
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+Ruane, Kathleen Ann. Legislative Attorney, Congressional Research Service. CRS Report for Congress, 8 Sept 2014. |
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+This report provides |
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+AND |
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+further the articulated interest”). |
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+Continues: |
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+All other types |
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+AND |
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+the First Amendment. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+Speech restrictions is becoming precedent and it’s expanding – chills deliberation |
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+Hentoff 91:Nat Hentoff, “‘Speech Codes’ On The Campus and Problems of Free Speech.” Dissent, v. 38. P. 546-9. Fall 1991. |
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+ |
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+A precedent has |
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+AND |
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+freedom in the United States. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+(B) More speech, not less, solves bigotry. ACLU 16 |
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+American Civil Liberties Union, “Hate Speech on Campus.” Accessed 3 December 2016. https://www.aclu.org/other/hate-speech-campus |
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+ |
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+Many universities, under |
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+AND |
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+all subject matter. |
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+ |
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+Institutionalized restrictions help oppressors because they’re the ones with access to institutional power. |
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+Moynihan 17: “Who’s Really Placing Limits on Free Speech?” Donald P. Moynihan, JAN. 9, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/09/opinion/whos-really-placing-limits-on-free-speech.html |
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+ |
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+On both private |
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+AND |
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+and research spaces. |
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+ |
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+Free speech is key to learning constructive argumentation. |
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+Burleigh 16: THE BATTLE AGAINST ‘HATE SPEECH’ ON COLLEGE CAMPUSES GIVES RISE TO A GENERATION THAT HATES SPEECH BY NINA BURLEIGH ON 5/26/16 AT 6:08 AM NEWSWEEK http://www.newsweek.com/2016/06/03/college-campus-free-speech-thought-police-463536.html |
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+ |
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+Wood believes students |
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+AND |
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+learning is vital.” |
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+ |
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+Banning speech never solves the root cause |
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+ACLU 2: American Civil Liberties Union, “Hate Speech on Campus.” Accessed 3 December 2016. https://www.aclu.org/other/hate-speech-campus |
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+ |
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+Bigoted speech is |
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+AND |
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+bankruptcy of racist ideas. |
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+ |
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+9) Policy education and practices like fiat are key to social change: state institutions aren’t ignorable, and simply pointing out problems isn’t enough. Themba-Nixon 2k Themba-Nixon, Makani. Executive Director of The Praxis Project, Former California Staffer, Colorlines. Oakland: Jul 31, 2000.Vol.3, Iss. 2; pg. 12 |
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+Getting It in Writing |
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+AND |
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+committed to making it so. |