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+====Security K==== |
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+====Discussions of representations are a prerequisite to argumentation.==== |
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+**CRAWFORD 02 ** |
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+**~~Neta, PhD MA MIT, BA Brown, Prof. of poli sci at Boston University, "Argument and Change in World Politics", p. 19-21~~** |
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+Coherent arguments are unlikely to take place unless and until actors, at least on |
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+AND |
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+entrepreneurs without serious political wrangling." Hence framing is a meta-argument. |
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+ |
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+Additionally, prefer prefiat impacts that examine the underlying representations of our advocacies because fiat is illusory. There is no magic wand that passes legislation when you sign the ballot but your ballot can have a real impact on how we think about the world. |
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+ |
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+====~~0:20~~ Portraying Iran as an irrational or violent actor pushes the securitization agenda==== |
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+**MURRAY 14** |
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+**~~Marie, "The Threat of Security:Securitization and Orientalist Discourse in United States Foreign Policy Towards Iran" Lebanese American University(2014). Web. 11.Sep. 2016 ~~** |
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+ |
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+The securitization of Iranian weapons programs also placed the US in the position of a |
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+AND |
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+attack that, if aimed at the US, would be vastly devastating. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====~~0:30~~ The apocalyptic security rhetoric associated with nuclear weapons furthers the perpetual threat of destruction and justifies unending, state-sanctioned violence.==== |
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+**COVIELLO 01** |
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+**~~Peter Coviello , Assistant Professor English – Bowdoin, 2001, (Queer Frontiers, ed. Boone, author~’s italics), Apocalypse From Now On, 2000~~** |
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+Perhaps. But to claim that American culture is at present decisively post nuclear is |
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+AND |
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+or otherwise, seems a civic initiative that can scarcely be done without. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====Security discourse creates threats that are not real or objective through false representations. That creates exclusionary violence and war that they try to prevent.==== |
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+**GRONDIN 04** |
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+**~~David, Masters in Political Science 26 Ph.D. Candidate – University of Ottawa, "(Re)Writing the ~’National Security State,~’ Center for United States Studies~~** |
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+Approaches that deconstruct theoretical practices in order to disclose what is hidden in the use |
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+AND |
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+danger through foreign policy that the state~’s very conditions of existence are generated18. |
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+ |
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+====Nuclear terrorism is premised on fear and used to justify strategic war and the national security state==== |
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+**GRONDIN 04, ** |
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+**~~David "(Re)Writing the "National Security State :How and Why Realists (Re)Built the(ir) Cold War" The Raoul Dandurand Chair of Strategic and Diplomatic Studies (2004). Web. 11. Sep. 2016.~~** |
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+Coupling fears of Soviet ambitions, of a repeat of Pearl Harbor, and of |
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+AND |
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+security state and will certainly cause increased centralization and intrusiveness of the US government |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====The alternative is to reject the aff with its security logic, allowing for real political thought. Only by accepting insecurity as inevitable can we reject the discourse and move beyond security politics.==== |
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+**NEOCLEOUS 08** |
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+**~~Mark Neocleous, 08, "Critique of Security", Brunel University in the Department of Government~~** |
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+The only way out of such a dilemma, to escape the fetish, is |
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+AND |
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+; it requires us to be brave enough to return the gift."~’ |
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+ |
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+ |
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+ |
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+2NR Cards |
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+ |
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+====Empirics do not exist independently of our understandings of reality – our theories bias even the data we collect.==== |
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+**VASQUEZ 95** |
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+**~~Professor of Political Science at Vanderbilt University (John A., 1995, "International Relations Theory Today," pg. 226)~~** |
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+The first area where some post-empiricists believe science has not been reconstructed is |
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+AND |
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+because, in international relations the most frequent finding is the null finding. |
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+ |
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+====Realism is false==== |
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+ |
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+====A. History==== |
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+**TWOMEY 03** |
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+**~~Christopher P, Professor of Political Science @ Boston College, Issues 26 Studies, 39.2 June, p. 253~~** |
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+Offensive realism argues that "the system encourages states to look for opportunities to maximize |
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+AND |
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+weigh heavily given the uncertainties that remain in the validity of the theory. |