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-To question the binding nature of moral obligations implicitly concedes the significance of inclusion in normative conclusions because all objections would be made in the context of shared rules. Apel: |
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-“It is mistaken… a communication community.” |
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-Apel, Karl-Otto. Reprinted in Justification and Application: Remarks on Discourse Ethics by Jürgen |
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-Inclusion of all agents in the construction of truth is an ontological prerequisite to morality. Haste: |
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-“Communitarian thinkers start… and historical context” |
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-Haste, Helen. "Communitarianism and the social construction of morality." Journal of Moral Education 25.1 (1996): 47-55. |
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-No agent has greater epistemic access to moral truths because morals aren’t verifiable with empirical fact. Markovitz: |
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-“Relatedly, internalism about… of us are).” |
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-Markovits, Julia. Moral reason. Oxford University Press, 2014. |
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-Additionally, only the analysis of intent of an action includes all perceptions into the construction of truths. Tannenbaum: |
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-“When it comes… had occurred unintentionally.” |
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-Tannenbaum, Melanie. ""But I Didn't Mean It!" Why It's so Hard to Prioritize Impacts over Intents." Scientific American Global RSS. N.p., 14 Oct. 2013. Web. 08 Sept. 2015. |
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-Speech codes entrench a massive divide within society and push society to manifest into one in which nobody is included in the manifestation of truth— historically proven. Haiman: |
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-“Placing limitations on… increased its circulation.” |
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-Haiman, Franklyn. “The Remedy is More Speech.” The American Prospect. Summer 1991. |
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-And, even when speech codes do target those with oppressive ideology, they are coopted and used as a tool of exclusion. Cammaerts |
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-“However, in a… causes of it.” |
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-Bart Cammaerts ‘9, London School of Economics and Political Science, England, 11-2009, "Radical pluralism and free speech in online public spaces," International Journal of Cultural Studies |
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-Further, the neg embraces an overall maxim in which individuals are excluded from moral projects- means only the affirmative has a risk of epistemic validity. Greenawalt: |
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-“Mill says that… to be tolerated.” |
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-Greenawalt, Kent. "Free speech justifications." Columbia Law Review 89.1 (1989): 119-155. |
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-"Hate Speech On Campus". American Civil Liberties Union. N. p., 2016. Web. 4 Dec. 2016. |
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-Restrictions establish conditions of which speech is acceptable which is exclusionary by virtue as it requires a declaration by one agent of which speech applies. ACLU: |
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-“Because the ultimate… we'll be next” |
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-"Hate Speech On Campus". American Civil Liberties Union. N. p., 2016. Web. 4 Dec. 2016. |