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... ... @@ -1,31 +1,0 @@ 1 -Only internal motivations have the conceptual capacity to motivate action, which is a prerequisite for moral considerations. 2 -Katsafanas, Paul. “Deriving ethics from action: a nietzschean version of constitutivism.” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 83:3, pp. 620-660, November 2011. 3 -While externalism captures…decidedly odd property. 4 - 5 -Thus, morality is a system of reasons we can all accept—mutual justifiability is the only way to solve the subjectivity of abstract moral theories. 6 -Scanlon, Thomas. What We Owe to Each Other. Cambridge, MA: Belknap of Harvard UP, 2000. Print. 7 -Contractualism can also … in certain contexts. 8 -Moral principles are adopted only if they can be justified on the basis of agent specific reasonable rejection. 9 -Nagel, Thomas. "One-to-One’." London Review of Books 4 (1999). 10 -The nerve of Scanlon’s … of any individual. 11 -Contractualism forms the basis for a moral community. If the purpose of moral norms is to facilitate life and communal interactions in a society, then a contractualist account of reasons comes first. 12 -Scanlon, Thomas. What We Owe to Each Other. Cambridge, MA: Belknap of Harvard UP, 2000. Print. 13 -According to contractualism, … these principles require. 14 - 15 -Contractual obligations are agent relative—reasonable rejection of principles can only come between two rational agents. This means we evaluate every moral consideration on a 1-1 ratio, not whether the aggregate of everyone following the principle would have a positive net effect. James: 16 -James, Aaron. "Contractualism's (not so) slippery slope." Legal Theory 18.03 (2012): 263-292. 17 -According to contractualism, …reasonably object to the imposition. 18 - 19 -Thus the standard is consistency with the agent relative principle of reasonable rejection. 20 - 21 -Students cannot accept restrictions relative to the college because the basis of public universities and colleges is the constitution, which the protection of speech. Buchter: 22 -Buchter, Jonathan. “Contract law and the student-university relationship.” Indiana Law Journal, vol. 48, issue. 2, article 5, Winter 1973. 23 -This theoretical mixture …these constitutional rights. 24 - 25 -Metaethical actualism means no fiat for counteradvocacies. Jackson and Pargetter: 26 -Frank Jackson and Robert Pargetter, “Oughts, Options, and Actualism”, Philosophical Review, 1986 27 -There are four considerations … referred to at the beginning.” 28 - 29 -And, contracts will always be made based on subjective emotions because that contributes to agent relative rejection. 30 -Spranca, Mark, Elisa Minsk, and Jonathan Baron. "Omission and commission in judgment and choice." Journal of experimental social psychology 27.1 (1991): 76-105. 31 -Subjects read scenarios …ignorant of the effects of not acting. - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,26 +1,0 @@ 1 -Equality is necessary to include all voices in moral deliberation and avoid unjustly imposing values on others. This is the central message of egalitarian social movements. Anderson: 2 - “There must be… their claim heard” 3 -Anderson, Elizabeth Distinguished University Professor of Philosophy, University of Michigan. “What is the Point of Equality?” Ethics 109.2 (1999). 4 - 5 -The standard is consistency with basic capability equality. Only this provides the true value of equality – not concerned with goods or happiness, but what people can do. Sen: 6 -“It is arguable… basic capability equality” 7 - Sen, Amartya Professor of Economics and Philosophy, Harvard University. “Equality of What?” Tanner Lectures on Human Values (1979). 8 - 9 -A focus on capabilities allows the maintenance of intuitions about fundamental human rights without requiring people to fulfill them. It creates consensus among conceptions of the good. Nussbaum: 10 -Nussbaum, Martha Professor of Law and Philosophy, University of Chicago. “Capabilities as Fundamental Entitlements: Sen and Social Justice.” Feminist Economics 9 (2003): 33-59. 11 - 12 -Only it allows dialogue between the oppressed, philosophers, and policymakers on equal comprehensible terms. Glass 13 -“Can liberalism provide... proper discussion possible” 14 -Glass, Arthur Professor of Law, University of New South Wales. “A Review of Postcolonial Liberalism by Duncan Iverson.” Australian Humanities Review 30 (2003). 15 - 16 -The capabilities approach best captures the value of rights – rights are not valuable as abstract rules, but are only fulfilled when people have the ability to exercise them. For example, someone who cannot walk lacks the full value of the freedom of movement without extra resources. Nussbaum 2 17 -“Regarding fundamental rights... right to someone.” 18 -Nussbaum, Martha Professor of Law and Philosophy, University of Chicago. “Capabilities as Fundamental Entitlements: Sen and Social Justice.” Feminist Economics 9 (2003): 33-59. Bracketed for Grammar 19 - 20 -Capabilities can be interpreted in different ways in different societies – that is the point of pluralism. Nussbaum 3 21 -“I also insist… the two nations.” 22 -Nussbaum, Martha Professor of Law and Philosophy, University of Chicago. “Capabilities as Fundamental Entitlements: Sen and Social Justice.” Feminist Economics 9 (2003): 33-59. Bracketed for Grammar 23 - 24 -No agent has greater epistemic access to moral truths because morals aren’t verifiable with empirical fact. Markovitz 25 -“Relatedly, internalism about… some of us are” 26 - Markovits, Julia. Moral reason. Oxford University Press, 2014. - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,37 +1,0 @@ 1 -Moral obligations arise from individuals’ internal consideration of right conduct. Bedke: 2 -“If John Doe… motivation to X” 3 -Bedke, M.S. Dept of Philosophy, University of Arizona “Moral judgment purposivism: saving internalism from amoralism.” Philosophical Studies, 144: 189-209, 2009. 4 - 5 -Judgments based on external considerations are not moral judgments because they arise from considerations other than right and wrong. Bedke 2: 6 -“Consider a distant… judgments in Amoralsville” 7 -Bedke, M.S. Dept of Philosophy, University of Arizona “Moral judgment purposivism: saving internalism from amoralism.” Philosophical Studies, 144: 189-209, 2009. 8 - 9 -Further, the very idea of externalist moral considerations assumes a background understanding that morality is internal. Bedke 3: 10 -“My own judgment… is not out” 11 -Bedke, M.S. Dept of Philosophy, University of Arizona “Moral judgment purposivism: saving internalism from amoralism.” Philosophical Studies, 144: 189-209, 2009. 12 - 13 -Also, externalist moral conceptions collapse into desire rather than moral consideration. Roojen: 14 -“Second, whether the..;. what is right” 15 -Van Roojen, Mark. “Humean and anti-Humean internalism about moral judgements.” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, vol. 65, no. 1, July 2002, pp. 26-49. 16 - 17 -Further, internal moral reasoning is idiosyncratic to individuals. This is true because moral reasoning cannot produce objectively verifiable outcomes for all moral reasoners. Coburn: 18 -“If criteria encapsulate… such a process” 19 -Coburn, Robert C. Quals “A defense of ethical noncognitivism.” Philosophical Studies, vol. 62, no. 1, April 1991, pp. 67-80. 20 - 21 -And, objective or universalist conceptions of morality devolve to totalitarianism. Rawls: 22 -“A continuing adherence… to remain so” 23 -Rawls, John. Justice as Fairness: A Restatement. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003. 24 - 25 -Thus, the criterion is consistency with internal moral standards. 26 - 27 -Externalist thought is embedded within the nature of restrictions in relation to speech acts. 28 -Harnish: 29 -“Summarizing, internalists hold… offered mixed analyses.” 30 -Harnish, Robert. "Internalism and externalism in speech act theory." Lodz Papers in Pragmatics 5.1 (2009): 9-31. 31 - 32 -Restrictions establish conditions of which speech is acceptable which is externalist by virtue as it requires an externalist declaration of which speech applies. ACLU: 33 -“Because the ultimate… we'll be next” 34 -"Hate Speech On Campus". American Civil Liberties Union. N. p., 2016. Web. 4 Dec. 2016. 35 - 36 -presume aff because there is an 11 side bias towards the neg 37 -Henson, Clifford and Paul Dorasil. “Judging bias in competitive academic debate: the effects of region, side, and sex.” Contemporary Economic Policy, July 4, 2013 - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,34 +1,0 @@ 1 -To question the binding nature of moral obligations implicitly concedes the significance of inclusion in normative conclusions because all objections would be made in the context of shared rules. Apel: 2 -“It is mistaken… a communication community.” 3 -Apel, Karl-Otto. Reprinted in Justification and Application: Remarks on Discourse Ethics by Jürgen 4 - 5 -Inclusion of all agents in the construction of truth is an ontological prerequisite to morality. Haste: 6 -“Communitarian thinkers start… and historical context” 7 -Haste, Helen. "Communitarianism and the social construction of morality." Journal of Moral Education 25.1 (1996): 47-55. 8 - 9 -No agent has greater epistemic access to moral truths because morals aren’t verifiable with empirical fact. Markovitz: 10 -“Relatedly, internalism about… of us are).” 11 -Markovits, Julia. Moral reason. Oxford University Press, 2014. 12 - 13 -Thus the standard is consistency with the maxim of including individuals in the construction of moral truths. 14 - 15 -Additionally, only the analysis of intent of an action includes all perceptions into the construction of truths. Tannenbaum: 16 -“When it comes… had occurred unintentionally.” 17 -Tannenbaum, Melanie. ""But I Didn't Mean It!" Why It's so Hard to Prioritize Impacts over Intents." Scientific American Global RSS. N.p., 14 Oct. 2013. Web. 08 Sept. 2015. 18 - 19 -Speech codes entrench a massive divide within society and push society to manifest into one in which nobody is included in the manifestation of truth— historically proven. Haiman: 20 -“Placing limitations on… increased its circulation.” 21 -Haiman, Franklyn. “The Remedy is More Speech.” The American Prospect. Summer 1991. 22 - 23 -And, even when speech codes do target those with oppressive ideology, they are coopted and used as a tool of exclusion. Cammaerts 24 -“However, in a… causes of it.” 25 -Bart Cammaerts ‘9, London School of Economics and Political Science, England, 11-2009, "Radical pluralism and free speech in online public spaces," International Journal of Cultural Studies 26 - 27 -Further, the neg embraces an overall maxim in which individuals are excluded from moral projects- means only the affirmative has a risk of epistemic validity. Greenawalt: 28 -“Mill says that… to be tolerated.” 29 -Greenawalt, Kent. "Free speech justifications." Columbia Law Review 89.1 (1989): 119-155. 30 -"Hate Speech On Campus". American Civil Liberties Union. N. p., 2016. Web. 4 Dec. 2016. 31 - 32 -Restrictions establish conditions of which speech is acceptable which is exclusionary by virtue as it requires a declaration by one agent of which speech applies. ACLU: 33 -“Because the ultimate… we'll be next” 34 -"Hate Speech On Campus". American Civil Liberties Union. N. p., 2016. Web. 4 Dec. 2016. - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,46 +1,0 @@ 1 -Moral obligations arise from individuals’ internal consideration of right conduct. Bedke: 2 -“If John Doe… motivation to X” 3 -Bedke, M.S. Dept of Philosophy, University of Arizona “Moral judgment purposivism: saving internalism from amoralism.” Philosophical Studies, 144: 189-209, 2009. 4 - 5 -Judgments based on external considerations are not moral judgments because they arise from considerations other than right and wrong. Bedke 2: 6 -“Consider a distant… judgments in Amoralsville” 7 -Bedke, M.S. Dept of Philosophy, University of Arizona “Moral judgment purposivism: saving internalism from amoralism.” Philosophical Studies, 144: 189-209, 2009. 8 - 9 -Further, the very idea of externalist moral considerations assumes a background understanding that morality is internal. Bedke 3: 10 -“My own judgment… is not out” 11 -Bedke, M.S. Dept of Philosophy, University of Arizona “Moral judgment purposivism: saving internalism from amoralism.” Philosophical Studies, 144: 189-209, 2009. 12 - 13 -Also, externalist moral conceptions collapse into desire rather than moral consideration. Roojen: 14 -“Second, whether the..;. what is right” 15 -Van Roojen, Mark. “Humean and anti-Humean internalism about moral judgements.” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, vol. 65, no. 1, July 2002, pp. 26-49. 16 - 17 -Further, internal moral reasoning is idiosyncratic to individuals. This is true because moral reasoning cannot produce objectively verifiable outcomes for all moral reasoners. Coburn: 18 -“If criteria encapsulate… such a process” 19 -Coburn, Robert C. Quals “A defense of ethical noncognitivism.” Philosophical Studies, vol. 62, no. 1, April 1991, pp. 67-80. 20 - 21 -And, objective or universalist conceptions of morality devolve to totalitarianism. Rawls: 22 -“A continuing adherence… to remain so” 23 -Rawls, John. Justice as Fairness: A Restatement. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003. 24 - 25 -Thus, the criterion is consistency with internal moral standards. 26 - 27 -Externalist thought is embedded within the nature of restrictions in relation to speech acts. 28 -Harnish: 29 -“Summarizing, internalists hold… offered mixed analyses.” 30 -Harnish, Robert. "Internalism and externalism in speech act theory." Lodz Papers in Pragmatics 5.1 (2009): 9-31. 31 - 32 -And, the affirmatives method of engagement with speech uniquely weeds out oppressive ideologies from prevalent ideas— prevents active imposition of moral values. Moosa: 33 -“Thus, if we… entity once existed.” 34 - 35 -Moosa, T. (2012). John Stuart Mill And The Dangers Of Silencing. Big Think. Retrieved 19 February 2017, from http://bigthink.com/against-the-new-taboo/john-stuart-mill-and-the-dangers-of-silencing 36 - 37 -The neg actively excludes voices from moral projects- means only the affirmative has a risk of epistemic validity. Greenawalt: 38 -“Mill says that… to be tolerated.” 39 -Greenawalt, Kent. "Free speech justifications." Columbia Law Review 89.1 (1989): 119-155. 40 - 41 -Restrictions establish conditions of which speech is acceptable which is externalist by virtue as it requires an externalist declaration of which speech applies. ACLU: 42 -“Because the ultimate… we'll be next” 43 -"Hate Speech On Campus". American Civil Liberties Union. N. p., 2016. Web. 4 Dec. 2016. 44 - 45 -Presume aff because there is an 11 side bias towards the neg 46 -Henson, Clifford and Paul Dorasil. “Judging bias in competitive academic debate: the effects of region, side, and sex.” Contemporary Economic Policy, July 4, 2013. - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,27 @@ 1 +Only through the state can truth and thus, agency be actualized 2 +(Angelica Nuzzo, Graduate Center and Brooklyn College, CUNY, anuzzo@gc.cuny.edu) 2013. “The Social Dimension of Dialectical Truth: Hegel’s Idea of Objective Spirit.” Social Epistemology Review and Reply Collective 2 (8): 10-25. NP 4/2/16. 3 +"In a recent ... 2012 chapters 2-3" 4 + 5 +Mutual recognition of the spirit of others within a social order is necessary to reconcile conflicting conceptions of the self to form an identity. 6 +Allen W. Hegel’s Ethical Thought. Cambridge University Press. 1990. NP 3/31/16. 7 +"Hegel holds that ... realm of nature" 8 + 9 +If I were to close a door, I would not know if it had made a noise unless others reacted as well. 10 +Frederick Neuhouser: Introduction to Foundations of Natural Right by Johann Fichte. Cambridge University Press, 2000. 11 +"The character of ... from his essay" 12 + 13 +Actualization of individuals can only occur by placing them within society – the person alone is an incomplete picture of the subject 14 +Allen W. Hegel’s Ethical Thought. Cambridge University Press. 1990. NP 3/29/16. 15 +"Hegel holds that ... realm of nature" 16 + 17 +I contend that unrestricted public expression of unfiltered opinion is prereq to the establishment of an ethical community. 18 +(Daniel Griffin, PhD in Philosophy at University of Guelph MA in Philosophy from Georgia State University, no date, “Can Hegel aid our understanding of freedom of expression”, academia.edu) http://www.academia.edu/24661342/Can_Hegel_aid_our_understanding_of_freedom_of_expression 19 +"Discussions of human ... declaration human rights" 20 + 21 +Aff solves best. 22 +(Adam Lamparello, B.A from University of Southern California. J.D. in law from Ohio State University College of Law. Master of Laws, Concentration in Criminal and Constitutional Law from NYU of Law. Currently assistant professor of Law at Loyola University, 09-02-16, “Promoting Inclusion Through Exclusion: Higher Education’s Assault on the First Amendment” University of Pennsylvania Law) http://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1017andcontext=jcl_online 23 +"Free speech and ... pursuit of knowledge" 24 + 25 +Destroying identity construction in the community. 26 +(Rodney G.S. Carter, the Archivist of the St. Joseph Region of the Religious Hospitallers of St. Joseph, based in Kingston, Ontario. He received an Honours B.A. in Art History from Queen’s University in 2002 and a Masters of Information Studies, Archival Stream, from the University of Toronto in 2005. His Masters thesis was entitled “Other Archives: The Archival Value of Photographs of Anonymous People.” He was a member of the ACA Membership Committee’s sub-committee on the formation of student chapters in 2002–2003 and has been recently named the Chair of the ACA Religious Archives Special Interest Section., 2006, “Of Things Said and Unsaid: Power, Archival Silences, and Power in Silence” Archivia) http://archivaria.ca/index.php/archivaria/article/viewFile/12541/13687 27 +"Resume ce texte ... their own silence" - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,35 @@ 1 +The language in Tinker v. Des Moines clarifies that “protected speech” loses its protection when circumstances arise that subject it to restriction. 2 +Kemerer, Frank. “Free speech and privacy dimensions of student misuse of their own electronic communication devices in elementary and secondary schools.” School of Law and School of Leadership and Education Sciences, University of San Diego, March 2012. 3 +"This study was ... and school personnel" 4 + 5 +Actions are either steps toward an end or random motions. 6 +Millgram, Elijah, "Practical Reason and the Structure of Actions", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2012 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2012/entries/practical-reason-action/. 7 +"A wave of ... modes of argument" 8 + 9 +The ends of particular action classes are determined by the practices within which those practices take place. 10 +Schapiro, Tamar (Professor of Philosophy at Stanford University). “Three Conceptions of Action in Moral Theory.” Nous 35.1 (2001): 93-117. 11 +"Philosophers have long ... I call action" 12 + 13 +A state is a creature of its constitution, and it is literally impossible for a state to act outside the constraints of its constituting documents because when state agents do so they are not, by law, acting as the state. 14 +Clark, David and Tugrul Ansay. Introduction to the Law of the United States. Kluwer Law International, 2002. 15 +"The United States ... U.N. Charter art." 16 + 17 +The U.S. Constitution is nearly unique in the degree and duration of universal acceptance among those under its jurisdiction. 18 +Rosenn, Keith. “The success of constitutionalism in the United States and its failure in Latin America: an explanation.” University of Miami Inter-American Law Review, Fall 1990. 19 +"Constitutionalism is the ... authoritarianism is resolved" 20 + 21 +Since ethical obligation is a judgment of choice, adjudicating as unethical the failure to make a choice one is incapable of making renders ethical judgment meaningless. 22 +Streumer, Bart (Lecturer in Philosophy at the University of Reading, UK). "Reasons and Impossibility." Philosophical Studies 136 (2007): p. 351-384 23 +"Many philosophers claim ......" 24 + 25 +Agents of the U.S. government are literally incapable of enacting enduring policies in violation of settled constitutional law because the structure of the legislative and judicial branches prevents it. 26 +Foundation for Individual Rights in Educaiton (FIRE). “Freedom of expression at public universities.” State of the Law: Speech Codes. Copyright 2016. Web. https://www.thefire.org/in-court/state-of-the-law-speech-codes/ 27 +"That the first ... ideas on campus" 28 + 29 +Constitutional jurisprudence implicitly recognizes that public college and university employees are agents of the state. 30 +Ross, Kathleen and Philip Faccenda. “Constitutional and statutory regulation of private colleges and universities.” Valparaiso University Law Review, vol. 9, number 3, 1975. 31 +"In March of ... by the authors" 32 + 33 +The Supreme Court has ruled explicitly that this is the case. 34 +Buchter, Jonathan. “Contract law and the student-university relationship.” Indiana Law Journal, vol. 48, issue. 2, article 5, Winter 1973. 35 +"The relationship between ... intended to do" - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,27 @@ 1 +Ought only implies obligation, since there are multiple sources of normativity. 2 +Dowd, Joseph (Graduate Student of Philosophy at the University of California, Irvine). "Hoc aliquid: What makes an ought a moral ought?" 06 May 2011 3 +"Therefore we try ... else being equal" 4 + 5 +The language in Tinker v. Des Moines clarifies that “protected speech” loses its protection when circumstances arise that subject it to restriction. 6 +Kemerer, Frank. “Free speech and privacy dimensions of student misuse of their own electronic communication devices in elementary and secondary schools.” School of Law and School of Leadership and Education Sciences, University of San Diego, March 2012. 7 +"This study was ... and school personnel" 8 + 9 +Only their own internal evaluation of what the cede as epistemically true can do anything. 10 +Nobis, Nathan M. "Truth in Ethics and Epistemology: A Defense of Normative Realism." University of Rochester, 2004. Web. 5 Apr. 2017. 11 +"In this work ... evaluationism of non-factualism" 12 + 13 +No impact turns 14 +"Hate Speech On Campus". American Civil Liberties Union. N. p., 2016. Web. 4 Dec. 2016. 15 +"In recent years ... and start teaching" 16 + 17 +Outweigh. 18 +Harnish, Robert. "Internalism and externalism in speech act theory." Lodz Papers in Pragmatics 5.1 (2009): 9-31. 19 +"Internalism and Externalism ... Moods and Performances" 20 + 21 +Linguistic relativity and linguistic determinism determines a key sphere of languages’ functionality. 22 +Whorf, B.L. "Linguistic Society of America." Language and Thought | Linguistic Society of America. Linguistic Society of America, 2012. Web. 01 Dec. 2016. 23 +"No one would ... Gumperz and Levinson" 24 + 25 +Further, silencing of some language excludes the capacity of some individuals to form an identity and seek truths themselves. 26 +(Rodney G.S. Carter, the Archivist of the St. Joseph Region of the Religious Hospitallers of St. Joseph, based in Kingston, Ontario. He received an Honours B.A. in Art History from Queen’s University in 2002 and a Masters of Information Studies, Archival Stream, from the University of Toronto in 2005. His Masters thesis was entitled “Other Archives: The Archival Value of Photographs of Anonymous People.” He was a member of the ACA Membership Committee’s sub-committee on the formation of student chapters in 2002–2003 and has been recently named the Chair of the ACA Religious Archives Special Interest Section., 2006, “Of Things Said and Unsaid: Power, Archival Silences, and Power in Silence” Archivia) 27 +"Resume ce texte ... their own silence" - EntryDate
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