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1 -NLM 1AC
2 -
3 -I affirm Resolved: The United States ought to limit qualified immunity for police officers
4 -
5 -Resolutional Framing
6 -
7 -The value is justice because ought is “used to express justice.” That’s Random House 2k16.
8 -"ought". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 22 Jul. 2016. Dictionary.comhttp://www.dictionary.com/browse/ought.
9 -
10 -The criterion is minimizing human suffering and subsequently death through youngs politics of differnce
11 -
12 -Every person and institution has an obligation to minimize suffering. Util fails as it has no priorities rather we should have a universal effort to minimize suffering with an emphasis on structural impacts; power relations form many harms thus we should minimize those that are endemic to society first.
13 -Young 2010 Iris Marion. Professor of Political Science at the University ofx Chicago, affiliated with the Center for Gender Studies and the Human Rights program @ UChicago. Responsibility for Justice, published by Oxford University Press in 2010. pp.137-9
14 -Some philosophers reject the claim that the scope of obligations of justice extends only to
15 -AND
16 -can maximize their ability to act jointly and minimize violent conflict among them.
17 -
18 -The resolution is a question of limiting qualified immunity’s justice, so you vote aff as long as limiting qualified immunity is net just regardless of whether there are other more just options.
19 -
20 -Part 1 is Police Brutality
21 -
22 -Qualified Immunity, aka QI, is what fuels and allows for police brutality. We check our police with suits, and QI doesn’t even allow for that. It allows officers to feel safe acting in deadly ways by not allowing prosecution without a court precedent. This means victims of police brutality can rarely bring justice to their attackers. Then since officers are never held accountable, they can hurt as they please often with biases which reinforces social issues like racism. Thus, since limiting QI holds officers accountable, it reduces police brutality by destroying what it roots from- a lack of accountability.
23 -Wright 15 Sam Wright, 11-25-2015, "Want to Fight Police Misconduct? Reform Qualified Immunity," Above the Law, http://abovethelaw.com/2015/11/want-to-fight-police-misconduct-reform-qualified-immunity/?rf=1 Sam Wright is a dyed-in-the-wool, bleeding-heart public interest lawyer who has spent his career exclusively in nonprofits and government.
24 -Recently, police have been killing and otherwise abusing people of color with what seems
25 -AND
26 -show that that conduct’s illegality has already been clearly established in the courts?
27 -
28 -QI’s loophole that allows for police brutality, hurts Natives the most and although anti-Black violence is decreasing, Natives haven’t seen such a decrease- Native fatalities by police are expected to double this year
29 -Indian Country Today 16 Indian Country Today Media Network, 8-4-2016, "Number of Native Americans Killed By Police Could Double By End of 2016," http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2016/08/04/native-americans-killed-police-could-double-end-2016-165372 Read more at http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2016/08/04/native-americans-killed-police-could-double-end-2016-165372
30 -The number of Native Americans killed by police is on track to double this year
31 -AND
32 -that it will investigate on grounds of racial bias, The Guardian reported.
33 -
34 -This is what the world hides: Part 2 is Settlerism
35 -
36 -The power that maintains the disappearance of indigenous peoples. Settlers don't just erase indigenous people—but the settler as well—they forget the violent erasure of native people that founds and sustains us—Settlerism forgets the US’ ongoing role as a colonizer and allows it to completely erase its sins and Natives themselves.
37 -Henderson 15 Phil. Department of Political Philosophy at the University of Victoria. “Imagoed communities: the psychosocial space of settler colonialism,” published in SETTLER COLONIAL STUDIES. Pg 2-3. Accessible here at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/2201473X.2015.1092194, Reichle
38 -While colonialism is present as an historic fact within public consciousness, settler colonialism remains
39 -AND
40 -‘everywhere that there are settler collectives, and it occurs constantly’. 13
41 -
42 -The discussion of the resolution and police accountability CANNOT continue to ignore Native Americans. The problem for Native Americans is indeed one of accountability- the very thing that qualified immunity prevents. QI helps erase the indigenous by allowing officers to kill them with no repurcusions even being rewarded with the esteemed Medal of Honor. This is a continuation of a centuries old genocide.
43 -Moya-Smith 14 Simon Moya-Smith, 12-24-2014, "Who's most likely to be killed by police?," CNN, http://www.cnn.com/2014/12/24/opinion/moya-smith-native-americans/
44 -As the country continues to debate police accountability and the all-too-routine
45 -AND
46 -only a little. We will still have a long way to go.
47 -
48 -Addressing actual violence comes before abstract revolution since survival is a prerequisite to change. Stopping state violence at its root is just as critical as more abstract radical solutions to fixing settlerism.
49 -Jace WEAVER Director of the Inst. of Native American Studies Franklin Professor of Native American Studies and Religion @ Georgia ‘7 “More Light Than Heat The Current State of Native American Studies” American Indian Quarterly 31 (2) p.248-251
50 -***NAS = Native American Studies
51 -In our histories, we know numerous warriors
52 -AND
53 -then will we stand a chance of consistently generating more light than heat.
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1 -2016-12-07 06:18:01.0
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1 -NovDec Medal of Honor AC
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1 -Anti-Ethics 1AC
2 -
3 -I affirm Resolved: Public colleges and universities in the United States ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech.
4 -
5 -First is Resolution Framing
6 -
7 -The standard is minimizing racism because challenging institutional racism is the prior ethical question— racism violates all conceptions of morality, justice, and what it means to be human.
8 -Albert Memmi 2k, Professor Emeritus of Sociology @ U of Paris, Naiteire, Racism, Translated by Steve Martinot, p. 163-165
9 -The struggle against racism will be long, difficult, without intermission, without remission
10 -AND
11 -. True, it is a wager, but the stakes are irresistible.
12 -
13 -analytic
14 -
15 -Links
16 -
17 -1. Restrictions on speech are inherently oppressive. The status quo’s movement towards silencing protest with things like free speech zones has proven to reaffirm whiteness. Any restriction can be bent to silence dissent.
18 -Elmer and Opel 8 (Greg Elmer, associate professor of communication and culture at Ryerson University, PhD in communication from the University of Massachusetts at Amherst, director of the Infoscape Research Lab at Ryerson University, Andy Opel, associate professor of communication at Florida State University, PhD in mass communication from the University of North Carolina, member of the International Communication Association, November 2008, “Preempting Dissent: The Politics of an Inevitable Future,” pages 29-41, GENDER MODIFIED)
19 -SHORTLY AFTER THE LARGE-SCALE PROTESTS against the World Trade Organization in Seattle in
20 -AND
21 -political compliance as it is a technique for reducing actual risks and dangers.
22 -
23 -2. Restrictions’ politics of safety kills radical demands-they are manipulated to uphold the safety of people in power and causes an identification with victimization that papers over power struggles-this form of anti-risk politics inevitably results in reformism as the safest political strategy-safety is constructed against the endemic violence of white civil society.
24 -Wang 2012 Jackie. JackieWang is a Ph.D student in African and African American Studies at Harvard University, a writer, poet, musician, and academic whose writing has been published by Lies Journal, Semiotext(e), and numerous zines. “Against Innocence: Race, Gender, and the Politics of Safety.” Lies: A Journal of Materialist Feminism. Volume 1. 2012. Pg. 145-173.
25 -The discursive strategy of appealing to safety and innocence is also enacted on a micro
26 -AND
27 -, and — above all — are constituted by this repetition of violence.
28 -
29 -3. Reformism reaffirms racism: Restrictions on speech represent a false hope for reform in civil society, Optimism regarding society reifies the rationale of institutions which can never be ethically redeemable for blackness- -time does not progress but accumulates and repeats -from the slave system to the prison system-black death and enslavement are endemic features of civil society which are covered up and only mutated by reforms -means it’s try or die for pessimism- Black agency is found within a refusal of civil society
30 -Dillon 2013 Stephen. Stephen Dillon, assistant professor of Queer Studies at Hampshire College, holds a B.A. from the University of Iowa and a Ph.D. in American Studies with a minor in Critical Feminist and Sexuality Studies from the University of Minnesota. “Fugitive Life: Race, Gender, and the Rise of the Neoliberal-Carceral State.” Ph.D Dissertation. https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/153053/Dillon_umn_0130E_13833.pdf?sequence=1. SH
31 -In one of the first lines of the film, a state newscaster covering the
32 -AND
33 -what the future will be. The future will be what was before.
34 -
35 -4. Abstract Ethics Fail. Saying “we ought to engage in something” implies a moral obligation that the black thinker does not have access to because the world is framed by white supremacy.
36 -Curry 13 Curry, Tommy J. doctor in Associate Professor of Philosophy, Affiliated Professor of Africana Studies, Texas A and M University In the Fiat of Dreams: The Delusional Allure of Hope, the Reality of Anti-Black Violence and the Demands of the Anti-Ethical. 2013.
37 -Ought implies a projected (futural) act. The word commands a deliberate action
38 -AND
39 -what possibility the world allows Blacks to contemplate under the idea of ethics.
40 -
41 -The impact
42 -
43 -is white supremacy, a global modality of genocidal violence – Slavery may have ended in name, but its operational logic continues to fester. Reformist measures simply provide fuel for Whiteness eradicating everything else
44 -Rodriguez ’11 (Dylan, PhD in Ethnic Studies Program of the University of California Berkeley and Associate Professor of Ethnic Studies at University of California Riverside, “The Black Presidential Non-Slave: Genocide and the Present Tense of Racial Slavery”, Political Power and Social Theory Vol. 22, pp. 38-43)
45 -To crystallize what I hope to be the potentially useful implications of this provocation toward
46 -AND
47 -while well over a million Black people are incarcerated with the overwhelming consent of
48 -
49 -Thus the advocacy
50 -
51 -I affirm that public colleges and universities in the United States ought not restrict constitutionally protected speech as a general principle, I reserve the right to clarify in CX
52 -
53 -The demand for ethical action in our debates plays within anti-black structures and can never overcome its unethical violence-a truly liberatory movement requires an anti-ethics which recognizes the impossibility of redeeming whiteness through ethical action.
54 -Curry 2 Curry, Tommy J. doctor in Associate Professor of Philosophy, Affiliated Professor of Africana Studies, Texas A and M University In the Fiat of Dreams: The Delusional Allure of Hope, the Reality of Anti-Black Violence and the Demands of the Anti-Ethical. 2013.
55 -Anti-ethics; the call to demystify the present concept of man as illusion
56 -AND
57 -, the debasement of melaninated bodies and nigger-souls, is totalizing.
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1 -2017-01-15 20:15:53.0
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1 -Eli Smith
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1 -Chaminade
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1 -JanFeb Anti-Ethics AC
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1 -Harvard Westlake
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1 -I affirm Resolved: Public colleges and universities in the United States ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech.
2 -
3 -The value is morality because ought means a moral obligation.
4 -
5 -The resolution is a question of academic freedom. The present convolution around liberty has always been ambiguous and constantly challenged. In order to solve the moral problems in universities, we need to maximize academic freedom, thus the criterion is maximizing academic freedom.
6 -Demaske 2k16 Demaske, Chris (2016). “Not Just A Nice Job Perk”: Academic Freedom As A First Amendment Right, Democratic Communiqué, vol. 27. 2015/2016 pp. 31–53.
7 -Much as journalists frequently assert that they have a “right to know,” scholars
8 -AND
9 -to argue for a more complex and constitutionally grounded conception of academic freedom.
10 -
11 -Free speech is a pre-requisite to any morality- without it self-realization is impossible.
12 -Eberle 94 Eberle, Law @ Roger Williams, 94 (Wake Forest LR, Winter)
13 -The Court's decision in R.A.V. reaffirms the preeminence of free
14 -AND
15 -Accordingly, any suspicion or evidence of governmental censorship must be vigilantly investigated.
16 -
17 -Observation 1
18 -
19 -Hate speech is not constitutionally protected: there are exceptions to the first amendment for harmful types of speech, I don’t defend the non-restriction or protection of harmful speech
20 -Usccourts.gov United States Courts, xx-xx-xxxx, "What Does Free Speech Mean?," http://www.uscourts.gov/about-federal-courts/educational-resources/about-educational-outreach/activity-resources/what-does
21 -Freedom of speech does not include the right: To incite actions that would harm
22 -AND
23 -Morse v. Frederick, __ U.S. __ (2007)
24 -
25 -Thus if the negative says restrictions of hate speech are good, that doesn’t mean anything since it is not protected speech and thus out of the purview of speech that the resolution makes me defend. They have to win that restrictions on constitutionally protected speech are good to win.
26 -
27 -Contention 1 is Academic Freedom
28 -
29 -Universities can crack down even on students and professors with no explanation – this destroys critical thought and expression.
30 -Fiorillo 15 (CCP Adjunct Professor, Black Lives Matter Activist Suspended After Speaking at Rally Divya Nair to face a disciplinary hearing this week. A Change.org petition to reinstate her has over 270 signatures. BY VICTOR FIORILLO , OCTOBER 14, 2015, http://www.phillymag.com/news/2015/10/14/professor-suspended-black-lives-matter-divya-nair/)
31 -Last Thursday, at a rally initiated by the Revolutionary Student Coordinating Committee, PHL
32 -AND
33 -adjunct faculty member, and they think they can get rid of her.”
34 -
35 -Public colleges and universities almost always win their cases and thus can get whoever they want punished. Even though by definition of the first amendment, scholars are protected, the court always interprets cases to favor institutions.
36 -UIUC Journal of Law 2k16 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. "First Amendment offers scant protection for professors." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 9 May 2016. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/05/160509191016.htm
37 -A new study by a University of Illinois employment law expert determined that the First
38 -AND
39 -than what it is ~-~- a laboratory of thought, experimentation and speech.".
40 -
41 -Speech restrictions are an oppressive means to control thought production, and although they start with justified limits, admins can bend the rules to use those limits to silence any speech. Allowing for any restrictions leaves this opportunity open and we already know that the admins always win. This destroys student’s potential to truly learn or create change. America has no future when colleges suppress thought.
42 -Wogulis 9 Daniel Wogulis December 15, 2009, 12-15-2009, "On the Consequences of Oppressing Free Speech," FIRE, https://www.thefire.org/on-the-consequences-of-oppressing-free-speech/
43 -Since its inception, the United States of America has been the site of vicious
44 -AND
45 -to freely express themselves-in all places, and at all times.
46 -
47 -The solution is non-restriction and thus preservation of academic freedom, this is the gateway to philosophical thought and moral education itself. Only a blanket protection solves, individual instances don’t get rid of the overarching idea that admins can do what they want.
48 -Demaske 2 Demaske, Chris (2016). “Not Just A Nice Job Perk”: Academic Freedom As A First Amendment Right, Democratic Communiqué, vol. 27. 2015/2016 pp. 31–53.
49 -Given the financial pressures on higher education, and the most recent U.S
50 -AND
51 -new category of speech should receive the utmost protection under the First Amendment.
52 -
53 -Contention 2 is Moral Necessity
54 -
55 -Free speech facilitates the development of moral reasoning- restrictions should be rejected on face
56 -Dwyer 01 (Susan, Phil@Maryland, Nordic Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 2, No. 2 ® Philosophia Press 2001)
57 -Direct Nonconsequentialism Let us return to the central topic: free speech. From the
58 -AND
59 -free speech in one place, we strengthen (protect) it everywhere.
60 -
61 -Even consequentially, Free speech is a gateway to every other impact.
62 -D’Souza 96 (Frances, Prof. Anthropology Oxford, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/hearings/19960425/droi/freedom_en.htm?textMode=on)
63 -In the absence of freedom of expression which includes a free and independent media,
64 -AND
65 -is needed to re-inforce government policies and intentions at every turn.
66 -
67 -Contention 3 is Failure of Restriction
68 -
69 -Restrictions of hate speech are part of a demand for progress that does nothing productive and only anger the masses. Universities become echo chambers where only some voices are sheltered. This creates no change and only hides the reality of America while simultaneously only creating backlash from other voices. Trump’s election and its aftermath prove how we use restrictions to hide ourselves from the reality of other viewpoints.
70 -Kristof 16 Nicholas Kristof, 12-10-2016, "The Dangers of Echo Chambers on Campus," New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/10/opinion/sunday/the-dangers-of-echo-chambers-on-campus.html?_r=0
71 -After Donald Trump’s election, some universities echoed with primal howls. Faculty members canceled
72 -AND
73 -correcting that is for us liberals to embrace the diversity we supposedly champion.
74 -
75 -Allowing for freedom of discussion solves better for issues of hate speech.
76 -ACLU 16 American Civil Liberties Union, Hate Speech On Campus, https://www.aclu.org/other/hate-speech-campus
77 -Where racist, sexist and homophobic speech is concerned, the ACLU believes that more
78 -AND
79 -, possibly change them, and forge solidarity against the forces of intolerance.
80 -
81 -Hate speech does not correlate to violence and hate speech restrictions actually increase hate. Telling racists to stop talking only pushes the problem out of our sight while making racists more angry.
82 -Heinze 14 Eric Heinze, Nineteen arguments for hate speech bans – and against them, Free Speech Debate, 3/31/14, http://freespeechdebate.com/en/discuss/nineteen-arguments-for-hate-speech-bans-and-against-them
83 -Here too, within the LSPD model, no statistically reliable causation from patterns of
84 -AND
85 -as hate groups routinely tailor their responses to the existing bans and penalties.
86 -
87 -Even if they win that restrictions are good, again that’s not a reason to negate. Hate speech is not constitutionally protected since it threatens freedom and safety. Furthermore, the state shouldn’t restrict speech, but rather fight back with arguments. This can actually create change whereas restricting free speech can undercut freedom itself and lead to backlash.
88 -West 2k13 Robin, 4-8-2013, "Coercion and Persuasion and Speech: A Comment on Corey Brettschneider’s book, When the State Speaks, What Should it Say?," https://concurringopinions.com/archives/2013/04/coercion-and-persuasion-and-speech-a-comment-on-corey-brettschneidere28099s-book-when-the-state-speaks-what-should-it-say.html#more-73298 prof. Georgetown Law
89 -The state should in effect counter hateful speech with argument – argument that those beliefs
90 -AND
91 -just a few questions regarding the overall project which might suggest friendly amendments.
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1 -2017-01-18 18:40:45.0
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1 -Tagalog
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1 -Framework
2 -
3 -Answering the question of how political institutions or policies should be formed is fundamentally a question of justification – government must be responsive to the interests of citizens and must be justifiable to them.
4 -MARTIN RHONHEIMER Prof Of Philosophy at The Pontifical University of the Holy Cross in Rome. “THE POLITICAL ETHOS OF CONSTITUTIONAL DEMOCRACY AND THE PLACE OF NATURAL LAW IN PUBLIC REASON: RAWLS’S “POLITICAL LIBERALISM” REVISITED” The American Journal of Jurisprudence vol. 50 (2005), pp.1-70
5 -It is a fundamental feature of political philosophy to be part of practical philosophy.
6 -AND
7 -ruled, but who potentially at the same time are also the rulers.
8 -
9 -Equality is an axiom of political theory. Any political arrangement that makes some worse-off would not be acceptable to them, and would be rejected. In order to justify a political arrangement, it is necessary to combat hegemonic power relations because they make any political order unacceptable to those the power relation harms. This creates a dilemma since people have different views, meaning that the government cannot rely on moral truths to rule.
10 -Rawls 97 Emeritus Professor of Philosophy, Harvard University “The Idea of Public Reason Revisited” The University of Chicago Law Review, Vol. 64, No. 3 (Summer, 1997), pp. 765-807.
11 -The idea of public reason, as I understand it,' belongs to a
12 -AND
13 -a suitable idea of public reason is a concern that faces them all.
14 -
15 -However, agonistic democracy can form the basis of a mutually acceptable political arrangement. Allowing equal, vibrant participation in democracy makes exclusions visible and contestable – even if exclusions are inevitable, this model is the best way to make them as just as possible
16 -Wingenbach 11 – Ed, Notre Dame Government and international studies, PhD (“Institutionalizing Agonistic Democracy,” pg 190-198)
17 -Third, because Knops ignores the situated source of antagonism and the persistence of hegemony
18 -AND
19 -opened up to greater contestation, generosity, and active re-constitution.
20 -
21 -The standard is preserving avenues for agonistic democratic participation.
22 -
23 -1. Democratic participation is instrumentally necessary to ensure citizens’ interests are met – the forum itself is the source of public value because the public ought to decide what counts as valuable
24 -Festenstein 05 , Matthew. “Dewey’s Political Philosophy.” The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Feb 9, 2005.
25 -At the minimum, for Dewey, democracy involves the expression of interests on the
26 -AND
27 -, much democratic politics will not take the form of such questioning.
28 -
29 -2. Democratic participation is key to create policies that benefit people – it’s key to achieve any other social good
30 -Anderson 06 Anderson, Elizabeth. “The Epistemology of Democracy” Episteme: A Journal of Social Epistemology, Volume 3, Issue 1-2, 2006, pp. 8-22 (Article) Published by Edinburgh University Press.
31 -Dewey’s experimentalist model enables a fairly fine-grained assessment of the epistemic powers of
32 -AND
33 -independent associations of citizens by forbidding independent political parties and assemblies of citizens.
34 -
35 -Contention
36 -
37 -Contention 1 is Civic Engagement
38 -
39 -A lack of democratic participation has resulted in elite governments disconnected from their constituents’ experiences - an ethos of democratic participation is key to fair representation and social justice and is best inculcated by colleges and universities
40 -Thomas and Benenson 16 “The Evolving Role of Higher Education in U.S. Democracy” Opening Essay: Volume 5, Issue 2, eJournal of Public Affairs aT
41 -The higher education community has long accepted that colleges and universities serve two distinct but
42 -AND
43 -to the solution of social problems and to the administration of public affairs.”
44 -
45 -Political participation is key to deliberation to reformulate government policy and social movements against injustice – protections must be content-neutral
46 -Tsesis 14 Alexander, Professor of Law, Loyola University Chicago School of Law “Free Speech Constitutionalism” 2014 is last date cited AT
47 -Oral and written deliberations facilitate the relationship between individual constituents and the polity. Speech
48 -AND
49 -through creative endeavors, associations, and day-to-day conversations.
50 -
51 -Contention 2 is solvency
52 -
53 -Campuses are the cornerstone of open dialogue – ending speech restrictions is key to retain their role in protecting American civic life
54 -Maloney 16 (Cliff Maloney, Jr., ) Colleges Have No Right to Limit Students' Free Speech, TIME Oct. 13, 2016 AT
55 -In grade school, I learned that debate is defined as “a discussion between
56 -AND
57 -of ideas. Restrictive campus speech codes are, in fact, regressive.
58 -
59 -The status quo is locked into expert-led forms of dialogue that privilege elite viewpoints – the aff’s deliberationist model is key to revitalize dialogue and combat apathy – colleges are a key site
60 -Carcasson 13 Martín Carcasson, Ph.D. Colorado State University, Rethinking Civic Engagement on Campus: The Overarching Potential of Deliberative Practice Prepared for the Kettering Foundation Project #35.13.00 July 1, 2013 AT
61 -Advocacy is not inherently problematic, and high-quality advocacy is certainly possible.
62 -AND
63 -be introduced, but its place on campus is more difficult to place.
64 -
65 -Colleges are the key site of First Amendment activity – it’s key to academic inquiry which supports students’ abilities to filter through bad arguments
66 -Hall 2 (Kermit L., CONTRIBUTING WRITER, ) Free Speech On Public College Campuses Overview, The First Amendment Center 9-13-2002 AT
67 -Free speech at public universities and colleges is at once the most obvious and the
68 -AND
69 -for their academic freedom and the goal of unfettered inquiry that animates it.
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1 -2017-02-12 03:56:13.0
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1 -Stanford
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1 -All debaters with awareness and access to the NDCA 16-17 LD Wiki, located at “hsld.debatecoaches.org”, must disclose all positions on said wiki 12 hours after breaking it. All disclosure must occur on one’s own wiki page including the tags citation, and first and last three words of each card.
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1 -2017-02-18 20:16:51.0
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1 -the Role of the Ballot is to endorse the best methodology for decolonization. Settler colonialism is a global phenomenon that provides the impetus and structure that produces indigenous, racial violence, and neoliberalism. Anti-Settlerism requires a politics that is incommensurate with the modern world structure, any alternative that does not foreground anti-settlerism represents a compromise that only re-entrenches settlerism at home and abroad.
2 -Tuck and Yang 12
3 -(Decolonization is Not a Metaphor, Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education and Society Vol. 1, No. 1, 2012, Eve Tuck State University of New York at New Paltz K. Wayne Yang University of California, San Diego)
4 -Incommensurability is an acknowledgement that decolonization will require a change in the order of the
5 -AND
6 -. Today, 85 of people incarcerated at Angola, die there.
7 -
8 -The K
9 -
10 -Indigenous scholarship is labeled as offensive and anti-semetic due to its criticism of Israel’s settlerist assaults on Palestine. This demonstrates how schools create legal ambiguity to silence whatever speech represents their individual desires. Restrictions show the settlerist roots of the academy.
11 -Shorter 15 David Shorter, 10-23-2015, "Academic Freedom Under Attack," Truthout, http://www.truth-out.org/speakout/item/33369-academic-freedom-under-attack
12 -Higher education's contribution to society rests upon the ability of educators to wrestle with challenging
13 -AND
14 -to criticize any government, indeed to be critical of any oppression anywhere.
15 -
16 -The academy creates a single interpretation of the world and strict standards of how we speak and debate- this is the same logic the United States uses to colonize and erase indigenous knowledge in the pursuit of the “ideal pedagogy” – a forced reeducation and colonization of the mind
17 -Solyom and Brayboy 12 Jessica A. Solyom Ph.D. student in the Department of Justice and Social Inquiry at Arizona State University and Brian McKinley Jones Brayboy, enrolled member of the Lumbee tribe from North Carolina and is Associate Borderlands Professor in Culture, Society and Education in the School of Social Transformation at Arizona State University, Memento Mori: Policing the minds and bodies of indigenous Latinas/os in Arizona, California Western School of law, 42 Cal. W. Int'l L.J. 473 California Western International Law Journal Spring 2012
18 -In the hands of skilled legislators and educational leaders, House Bill 2281, with
19 -AND
20 -presents serious implications for promoting the experience of historical trauma for Indigenous peoples.
21 -
22 -The state has built colleges and universities to educate, but education for whom? Schools and Universities have historically been settler projects to eradicate Indigenous knowledge, furthering the settler colonial narrative of the “city upon a hill”—this settler colonial curriculum justifies war and genocide. We are miseducated from the start that indigenous dispossession is over, this is what roots and allows for violence. We are talking about the oldest restriction of free speech that builds the foundation of our institutions.
23 -Tuck and Gaztambide-Fernández 2013 Eve, Assistant professor of educational foundations at the State University of New York at New Paltz. Rubén A., Associate Professor at the Department of Curriculum at the University of Toronto. “Curriculum, Replacement, and Settler Futurity.” Journal of Curriculum Theorizing, Volume 29, Number 1, 2013. Pgs. 75-77. Accessed 2/18/16 here at: http://static1.squarespace.com/static/557744ffe4b013bae3b7af63/t/557f2fffe4b043c28125cd3e/1434398719056/Tuck+26+Gaztambide-FernC3A1ndez_Curriculum2C+replacement2C+and+settler+futurity.pdf
24 -The historical work of curriculum scholars like Douglas McKnight (2003), William Watkins (
25 -AND
26 -destiny it to take the place of the savage in the promised land.
27 -
28 -Thus I affirm the resolution: Public colleges and universities in the United States ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech.
29 -
30 -Refusal must be particular- grounding in historical analysis and attention to the present conditions is necessary to make transparent the coloniality of knowledge and its ethical limits. The act of bringing attention to the colonial roots of the academy is necessary and sufficient to disrupt the logic of the settler academy.
31 -Tuck and Yang 2014 Eve, assistant professor of educational foundations at the State University of New York at New Paltz. K. Wayne, assistant professor in Ethnic Studies at the University of California, San Diego. “R-Words: Refusing Research,” D. Paris and M. T. Winn (Eds.) Humanizing research: Decolonizing qualitative inquiry with youth and communities. Pages 243-244. Accessed 2/22/16 here at: http://static1.squarespace.com/static/557744ffe4b013bae3b7af63/t/557f2ee5e4b0220eff4ae4b5/1434398437409/Tuck+and+Yang+R+Words_Refusing+Research.pdf
32 -At this juncture, we don’t intend to offer a general framework for refusal,
33 -AND
34 -, sew into a prayer flag, or paste into your field notebooks.
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1 -FB Message or email me for disclosure
2 -I upload only cites bc I think that if someone wants to steal my cards, they should at least read the literature base first. :)
3 -hmu if you cant find an article or book or if you plan on reading disclosure theory
4 -fkaiyom@gmail.com
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1 -UK was built on stolen land. Our use of this space isn’t innocent, but we ignore that. Settlerism is more than what’s called generic exploitative colonialism. It’s an ongoing process where we don’t intend to leave. This allows violence against natives until they disappear. Genocide wasn’t history, it’s the now, but our forgetting that has been built everywhere from high school debate to public colleges and universities.
2 -Henderson 15 Phil. Department of Political Philosophy at the University of Victoria. “Imagoed communities: the psychosocial space of settler colonialism,” published in SETTLER COLONIAL STUDIES. Pg 2-3. Accessible here at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/2201473X.2015.1092194, Reichle
3 -While colonialism is present as an historic fact within public consciousness, settler colonialism remains
4 -AND
5 -‘everywhere that there are settler collectives, and it occurs constantly’. 13
6 -
7 -Thus the Role of the Ballot is to endorse the best methodology for decolonization. Settlerism is a structure that produces global violence and neoliberalism. Resistance requires a politics that is incompatible with the current system, any alternative that does not foreground refusal represents a compromise that only re-entrenches settlerism at home and abroad.
8 -Tuck and Yang 12
9 -(Decolonization is Not a Metaphor, Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education and Society Vol. 1, No. 1, 2012, Eve Tuck State University of New York at New Paltz K. Wayne Yang University of California, San Diego)
10 -Incommensurability is an acknowledgement that decolonization will require a change in the order of the
11 -AND
12 -. (a settler colonial racial science) informed Hitler’s designs on racial purity
13 -
14 -The way settlerism functions requires reproduction of excluding natives. The academy has created a single interpretation of the world and strict standards of how we speak and learn- this is the same logic the US uses to colonize and erase indigenous knowledge in the pursuit of an “ideal pedagogy” – a forced reeducation and colonization of the mind
15 -Solyom and Brayboy 12 Jessica A. Solyom Ph.D. student in the Department of Justice and Social Inquiry at Arizona State University and Brian McKinley Jones Brayboy, enrolled member of the Lumbee tribe from North Carolina and is Associate Borderlands Professor in Culture, Society and Education in the School of Social Transformation at Arizona State University, Memento Mori: Policing the minds and bodies of indigenous Latinas/os in Arizona, California Western School of law, 42 Cal. W. Int'l L.J. 473 California Western International Law Journal Spring 2012
16 -In the hands of skilled legislators and educational leaders, House Bill 2281, with
17 -AND
18 -presents serious implications for promoting the experience of historical trauma for Indigenous peoples.
19 -
20 -Schools have always been settler projects to eradicate other knowledge and further the settlerist narrative of a “city upon a hill”—this settler curriculum justifies war and genocide. We are miseducated from the start that indigenous dispossession is over and natives are doing great, which roots racial violence. It’s the oldest restriction of free speech that sustains institutions.
21 -Tuck and Gaztambide-Fernández 13 Eve, Assistant professor of educational foundations at the State University of New York at New Paltz. Rubén A., Associate Professor at the Department of Curriculum at the University of Toronto. “Curriculum, Replacement, and Settler Futurity.” Journal of Curriculum Theorizing, Volume 29, Number 1, 2013. Pgs. 75-77. Accessed 2/18/16 here at: http://static1.squarespace.com/static/557744ffe4b013bae3b7af63/t/557f2fffe4b043c28125cd3e/1434398719056/Tuck+26+Gaztambide-FernC3A1ndez_Curriculum2C+replacement2C+and+settler+futurity.pdf
22 -The historical work of curriculum scholars like Douglas McKnight (2003), William Watkins (
23 -AND
24 -destiny it to take the place of the savage in the promised land.
25 -
26 -The settler curriculum continues. Indigenous scholarship is labeled as offensive due to its criticism of Israel’s settlerist assaults on Palestine. This demonstrates how schools were built on legal ambiguity to silence whatever speech represents their individual desires. Restrictions show the settlerist roots of the academy.
27 -Shorter 15 David Shorter, 10-23-2015, "Academic Freedom Under Attack," Truthout, http://www.truth-out.org/speakout/item/33369-academic-freedom-under-attack
28 -Higher education's contribution to society rests upon the ability of educators to wrestle with challenging
29 -AND
30 -to criticize any government, indeed to be critical of any oppression anywhere.
31 -
32 -Thus I affirm that: Public colleges and universities in the United States ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech through a refusal of the ethicality of the US settler state’s historical and continuing repression of Indigeneity.
33 -
34 -Refusal is a performance of activism that sets up a space for recognition that limits settler territorialization of knowledge.
35 -Tuck and Yang 2014 Eve, assistant professor of educational foundations at the State University of New York at New Paltz. K. Wayne, assistant professor in Ethnic Studies at the University of California, San Diego. “Unbecoming Claims: Pedagogies of Refusal in Qualitative Research.” Qualitative Inquiry, Vol. 20(6) 811 –818, 2014. Accessed 2/22/16 here at: http://qix.sagepub.com/content/20/6/811
36 -The 20/20 television special “A Hidden America: Children of the Plains
37 -AND
38 -is not just a no, but is a generative, analytic practice.
39 -
40 -As an immigrant who now reaps the benefits of colonization whilst still being in the crosshairs of the settler state, I must acknowledge my position in settlerism. Part of a movement against settlerism requires understanding how different structures of oppression have shaped our places. My oppression and settlerism are intertwined and removing myself from the settler state and its repression is the first step in building solidarity specifically in academic spaces.
41 -Snelgrove et. al. 2014 Corey, Master’s Candidate in Indigenous Governance at the University of Victoria. Rita Kaur Dhamoon, Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Victoria. Jeff Corntassel, Cherokee Professor in Indigenous Governance Masters Program at the University of Victoria. “Unsettling settler colonialism: The discourse and politics of settlers, and solidarity with Indigenous nations.” Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education and Society Vol. 3, No. 2, 2014. Pgs. 19-21. Accessed 4/12/16 here at: http://www.corntassel.net/Unsettling.pdf,
42 -Jeff: And in terms of the temporal, at what point does forgetfulness become
43 -AND
44 -to be continuously waiting for instruction from Indigenous peoples on how to act.
45 -
46 -Debate creates norms that not everyone can defend. Not everyone is ok with defending the state and no one should be forced to
47 -DSRB 08. Dr. Shanara, Rhetoric PhD and Prof @ Pitt, and the most competitively successful black woman in CEDA history, THE HARSH REALITIES OF “ACTING BLACK”: HOW AFRICAN-AMERICAN POLICY DEBATERS NEGOTIATE REPRESENTATION THROUGH RACIAL PERFORMANCE AND STYLE.
48 -1. Mitchell observes that The stance of the policymaker in debate comes with a “sense
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1 +FB Message or email me for disclosure
2 +I upload only cites bc I think that if someone wants to steal my cards, they should at least read the literature base first. :)
3 +hmu if you cant find an article or book or if you plan on reading disclosure theory
4 +fkaiyom@gmail.com
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1 +2016-10-27 02:43:09.0
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1 +Rick Harrison
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1 +You Never Know WHAT Is Gonna Come Through That Door
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1 +Pawn Shop Invitational
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1 +Framework
2 +The value is justice because ought is “used to express justice.” That’s Random House 2k16.
3 +"ought". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 22 Jul. 2016. Dictionary.comhttp://www.dictionary.com/browse/ought.
4 +The criterion is minimizing human suffering and subsequently death through youngs politics of differnce
5 +Every person and institution has an obligation to minimize suffering everywhere-this is critical to promote justice. Util fails as it is too individualistic rather we should have a universal effort to minimize suffering with an emphasis on structural impacts; everyone has their own lives but our relationships form conflict and oppression thus we must all acknowledge that minimizing the suffering for everyone everywhere is our priority.
6 +Young 2010 Iris Marion. Professor of Political Science at the University ofx Chicago, affiliated with the Center for Gender Studies and the Human Rights program @ UChicago. Responsibility for Justice, published by Oxford University Press in 2010. pp.137-9
7 +Some philosophers reject the claim that the scope of obligations of justice extends only to members of the same political community. On a cosmopolitan-utilitarian view, nation-state membership or any other sort of particularist relationship among persons is irrelevant to assessing the nature, depth, or scope of obligations that those persons have to one another. Moral agents have identical obligations to all human beings, as well as perhaps to some nonhuman beings. There is a moral imperative to minimize suffering, wherever it occurs. Every agent is obliged to do what he or she can to minimize suffering everywhere, right up to the point where he or she begins to suffer. Membership in a common political community, on the part of either the agent or the sufferers, is relevant only instrumentally as sometimes providing efficient means of discharging obligations and distributing particular tasks. Much about global relationships, however, can override this convenience. Peter Singer and Peter Under are two prominent theorists who hold this view.22 I think both of these positions are wanting. Some critics of the cosmopolitan-utilitarian position argue that it is implausibly demanding. There are some reasons for persons to distinguish bet- ween obligations they derive from special particular relationships, and sometimes to give these priority over more general cosmopolitan obligations.23 It is certainly not sufficient to argue against a claim of moral obligation that it asks more of moral agents than they are inclined to do. Our intuitions and inclina- tions about our obligations are likely to be self-serving and underdemanding. I think that several different objections should be brought against the cosmopolitan-utilitarian position. First, to the extent that it asserts that political jurisdiction makes no difference for what obligations people have to one another, and thus what some agents in one place may have a legitimate right to do in relation to people in another jurisdiction, this position challenges too much a collective right to self-determination. Local political or nation-state borders certainly should not have absolute moral force. If, for example, members of a political community suffer severe repression or deprivation because the political regime under which they live is either too evil or too weak to protect their lives, then outsiders may have obligations to intervene. Even apart from direct intervention, as I will discuss, outsiders do have obligations to promote justice across borders. It is wrong to take political community as merely instrumental to discharging obliga- tion, however. Most people value a sense of local membership, and there are rights for those who share this sense of membership to set the terms of their relationships among themselves.24 As articulated by writers such as Singer and Unger, moreover, the cosmopolitan-utilitarian position is overly individualist and offers few guidelines to set action priorities. One gets the impres- sion that each individual is obliged to act on her own to discharge her demanding cosmopolitan responsibilities, by, for example, giving away her individually owned property. The position has too thin an account of the role of institutions and collective action. The view that says that the scope of obligations of justice is limited to members of the same political community all should is even more flawed, however. Critics of this view are right to argue that nation-state membership is somewhat arbitrary from a moral point of view; political communities have evolved in contingent ways that derive more from power struggle than from moral right. People often stand in dense relationships with others prior to, apart from, or outside of political communities. These relationships may be such that people’s actions affect one another in ways that tend to produce conflict. Or people may cooperate with numbers of others in ongoing practices and institutions across jurisdictions. In such relations, we expect fair terms of conflict-resolution and coopera- tion. In contrast with the cosmopolitan-utilitarian position, some account needs to be offered of the nature of social relationships that ground claims that people have obligations of justice to one another. It is not enough to say that the others are human. The nation-state view, however, makes prior what is posterior from a moral point of view. As I argued in chapter 2, ontologically and morally, though not necessarily temporally, social connection is prior to political institutions. This is the great insight of social contract theory. The social connections of civil society may exist without political institutions to govern them. A society consists in connected or mutually influencing institutions and practices through which people enact their projects and seek their happi- ness, and in doing so they affect the conditions under which others act, often profoundly. A social contract theory like that of John Locke argues that the need and desire for political institu- tions arises because socially connected persons with multiple and sometimes conflicting institutional commitments recognize that their relationships are liable to conflict and that inequalities of power can lead to mistrust, violence, exploitation, and domina- tion.25 It is these structural relationships and vulnerabilities that generate obligations of justice. They create the need for public regulation and strong institutions to implement such regulation, so that people can maximize their ability to act jointly and minimize violent conflict among them.
8 +Prefer the Young framework
9 +1. analytic paradise
10 +
11 +C1- Environmental Racism
12 +Commercialization of nuclear power devastates marginalized communities and exacerbates nuclear colonialism. The impact is environmental racism – it’s a toxic genocide on the periphery and indigenous lands globally
13 +Endres 9 (Danielle, Associate Professor of Communication at the University of Utah, “From wasteland to waste site: the role of discourse in nuclear power’s environmental injustices,” Local Environment Vol. 14, No. 10, November 2009, 917–937)
14 +All nuclear power production must begin with Uranium mining, which is inextricably linked with indigenous peoples globally (Yih et al. 1995). Within the USA, approximately 66 of the known Uranium deposits are on reservation lands, as much as 80 are on treaty- guaranteed land and up to 90 of Uranium mining and milling occurs on or adjacent to Native American land (Kuletz 1998). Uranium is mined for both commercial nuclear power plants and for military purposes. Makhijani and Hu (1995) argue that it is difficult to separate civilian and military nuclear production because of overlap and lack of infor- mation. However, Hoffman (2001) notes that although the earliest Uranium mining in the USA was used for nuclear weapons, the 1954 Atoms for Peace programme resulted in Uranium mining for commercial nuclear power plant development. Although Uranium mining lessened in the USA in the 1980s, renewed interest in expanding nuclear power pro- duction has resulted in industrial interest in re-opening shuttered mines or opening new mines (Gaynor 2007, Barringer 2008, Saiyid and Harrison 2008, Yurth 2009). Several Native American nations are currently resisting Uranium mining on their lands (Navajo Nation 2005, Capriccioso 2009, Lakota Country Times 2009). Even if nuclear power in the USA draws from foreign sources of Uranium, Yih et al. (1995, p. 105) report that “indigenous, colonised, and other dominated people have been disproportionately affected by Uranium mining worldwide”. Past Uranium mining and milling in the USA resulted in severe health and environ- mental legacies for affected people and their lands. From Uranium mining operations on Navajo land during the Uranium boom (1950s–1980s), there are at least 450 reported cancer deaths among Navajo mining employees (Grinde and Johansen 1995). The devastation extended beyond employees to the larger communities surrounding the mines and mills. The United Nuclear Uranium mill at Church Rock on the Navajo reservation is the site of the largest nuclear accident in the USA. On 16 July 1978, over 100 million gallons of irradiated water contaminated the Rio Puerco River, plant and animal life, and Navajos (Grinde and Johansen 1995, Yih et al. 1995).5 Even now, the legacy of over 1000 abandoned mines and Uranium tailing piles is radioactive dust that continues to circulate through the land (Grinde and Johansen 1995). Yih et al. (1995) cite a statistically significant likelihood of birth defects and other health problems for women living in the vicinity of mine dumps and tailing piles. As mentioned above, nuclear colonialism describes how the nuclear production process – including both nuclear weapons production and nuclear power – disproportionately harms indigenous people worldwide.3 The Indigenous Environmental Network (2002) wrote: The nuclear industry has waged an undeclared war against our Indigenous peoples and Pacific Islanders that has poisoned our communities worldwide. For more than 50 years, the legacy of the nuclear chain, from exploration to the dumping of radioactive waste has been proven, through documentation, to be genocide and ethnocide and a deadly enemy of Indigenous peoples. . . United States federal law and nuclear policy has not protected Indigenous peoples, and in fact has been created to allow the nuclear industry to continue operations at the expense of our land, territory, health and traditional ways of life. . . . This disproportionate toxic burden – called environmental racism – has culminated in the current attempts to dump much of the nation’s nuclear waste in the homelands of the Indigenous peoples of the Great Basin region of the United States. Examples of nuclear colonialism in the United States include Uranium mining and milling on reservation lands in the Black Hills and Four Corners regions, nuclear testing on land claimed under the 1863 Treaty of Ruby Valley by the Western Shoshone, and HLWstorage sites con- sidered on Western Shoshone, Southern Paiute, and Skull Valley Band of Goshute lands (Nelkin 1981, Grinde and Johansen 1995, Kuletz 1998, La Duke 1999, Hoffman 2001). The phenomenon of nuclear colonialism is empirically documented. The book Nuclear Wastelands, edited by Makhijani et al. (1995), reveals that indigenous people in the USA and globally are disproportionately burdened by the production of nuclear weapons. Further, Hooks and Smith (2004, p. 572) demonstrate that US military sites are dispropor- tionately located on or near Native American lands. While these studies focus primarily on military applications of nuclear technologies, there is also evidence to suggest that Uranium mining for nuclear power production and HLW storage also fall within the pattern of nuclear colonialism (Nelkin 1981, Hoffman 2001). Hoffman (2001, p. 462) details the “extraordinary unequal distribution of benefits and burdens at each stage of the nuclear fuel cycle” imposed upon Native American nations in the USA, particularly by Uranium mining and HLW disposal. Nuclear colonialism is a type of environmental injustice. In part, nuclear colonialism is environmental racism. According to Bullard (1999, p. 6), “environmental racism combines with public policies and industry practices to provide benefits for whites while shifting costs to people of color”. Yet, nuclear colonialism is also a form of colonialism. Native Americans, unlike other marginalised racial groups in the USA, are members of over 150 distinct sovereign tribal nations and each holds a unique legal relationship with the federal government. As Suagee (2002, p. 227) notes, “Although Indian people have suffered much discriminatory treatment from people who apparently define Indian identity in primar- ily racial–ethnic terms, the fact that Native American governments are sovereign govern- ments is a significant distinction between them and other kinds of minorities”. Although Native Americans in the USA are sovereign governments, they are still faced with a system of colonialism. Gedicks (1993, p. 13) argues that Native Americans are embedded within a system of resource colonialism under which “native peoples are under assault on every continent because their lands contain a wide variety of valuable resources needed for industrial development”. Nuclear colonialism is a form of resource colonialism that faces Native Americans in the USA and other indigenous peoples worldwide.4
15 +C2-Global Extremism
16 +Nuclear power is increasing and thus so is the risk for nuclear terrorism worldwide. Governments care more about power than safety so it’s really easy to blow up a nuclear power plant.
17 +Rifkin, 2006 (Jeremy, founder and president of the Foundation of Economic Trends and the author of “The Hydrogen Economy: The Creation of the World Wide Energy Web and the Redistribution of Power on Earth”, “Nuclear Energy: Still a bad idea”, Los Angeles Time, September 29, http://www.commondreams.org/views06/0929-33.htm)
18 +On the other hand, many of the same governments are eager to spread nuclear power plants around the world, placing them in every nook and cranny of the planet. This means uranium and spent nuclear waste in transit everywhere and piling up in makeshift facilities, often close to heavily populated urban areas. Nuclear power plants are the ultimate soft target for terrorist attacks. On Nov. 8, 2005, the Australian government arrested 18 suspected Islamic terrorists who were allegedly plotting to blow up Australia's only nuclear power plant. The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission found that more than half of the nuclear power plants in this country failed to prevent a simulated attack on their facilities. We should all be very worried.
19 +Things haven’t changed. Risk’s actually higher in the status quo, it already almost happened in Belgium and extremists intend attacks worldwide. Nuclear facilities scattered worldwide are targets for terror.
20 +Rubin 2k16 Alissa J. Rubin and Milan Schreuer, 3-25-2016, "Belgium Fears Nuclear Plants Are Vulnerable," New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/26/world/europe/belgium-fears-nuclear-plants-are-vulnerable.html?_r=0
21 +As a dragnet aimed at Islamic State operatives spiraled across Brussels and into at least five European countries on Friday, the authorities were also focusing on a narrower but increasingly alarming threat: the vulnerability of Belgium’s nuclear installations. The investigation into this week’s deadly attacks in Brussels has prompted worries that the Islamic State is seeking to attack, infiltrate or sabotage nuclear installations or obtain nuclear or radioactive material. This is especially worrying in a country with a history of security lapses at its nuclear facilities, a weak intelligence apparatus and a deeply rooted terrorist network. On Friday, the authorities stripped security badges from several workers at one of two plants where all nonessential employees had been sent home hours after the attacks at the Brussels airport and one of the city’s busiest subway stations three days earlier. Video footage of a top official at another Belgian nuclear facility was discovered last year in the apartment of a suspected militant linked to the extremists who unleashed the horror in Paris in November. Asked on Thursday at a London think tank whether there was a danger of the Islamic State’s obtaining a nuclear weapon, the British defense secretary, Michael Fallon, said that “was a new and emerging threat.” While the prospect that terrorists can obtain enough highly enriched uranium and then turn it into a nuclear fission bomb seems far-fetched to many experts, they say the fabrication of some kind of dirty bomb from radioactive waste or byproducts is more conceivable. There are a variety of other risks involving Belgium’s facilities, including that terrorists somehow shut down the privately operated plants, which provide nearly half of Belgium’s power. The fears at the nuclear power plants are of “an accident in which someone explodes a bomb inside the plant,” said Sébastien Berg, the spokesman for Belgium’s federal agency for nuclear control. “The other danger is that they fly something into the plant from outside.” That could stop the cooling process of the used fuel, Mr. Berg explained, and in turn shut down the plant. The revelation of the video surveillance footage was the first evidence that the Islamic State has a focused interest in nuclear material. But Belgium’s nuclear facilities have long had a worrying track record of breaches, prompting warnings from Washington and other foreign capitals. Some of these are relatively minor: The Belgian nuclear agency’s computer system was hacked this year and shut down briefly. In 2013, two individuals managed to scale the fence at Belgium’s research reactor in the city of Mol, break into a laboratory and steal equipment. Others are far more disconcerting. In 2012, two employees at the nuclear plant in Doel quit to join jihadists in Syria, and eventually transferred their allegiances to the Islamic State. Both men fought in a brigade that included dozens of Belgians, including Abdelhamid Abaaoud, considered the on-the-ground leader of the Paris attacks. One of these men is believed to have died fighting in Syria, but the other was convicted of terror-related offenses in Belgium in 2014, and released from prison last year, according to Pieter Van Oestaeyen, a researcher who tracks Belgium’s jihadist networks. It is not known whether they communicated information about their former workplace to their Islamic State comrades. At the same plant where these jihadists once worked, an individual who has yet to be identified walked into the reactor No. 4 in 2014, turned a valve and drained 65,000 liters of oil used to lubricate the turbines. The ensuing friction nearly overheated the machinery, forcing it to be shut down. The damage was so severe that the reactor was out of commission for five months. Investigators are now looking into possible links between that case and terrorist groups, although they caution that it could also have been the work of an insider with a workplace grudge. What is clear is that the act was meant to sow dangerous havoc — and that the plant’s security systems can be breached. “This was a deliberate act to take down the nuclear reactor, and a very good way to do it,” Mr. Berg, the nuclear agency spokesman, said of the episode in a recent interview. These incidents are now all being seen in a new light, as information is mounting from investigators that the terrorist network that hit Paris and Brussels may have been in the planning stages of some kind of operation at a Belgian nuclear facility. Three men linked to the surveillance video were involved in either the Paris or the Brussels attacks. Ibrahim and Khalid el-Bakraoui, the brothers who the authorities say were suicide bombers at the Brussels airport and subway station, are believed to have driven to the surveilled scientist’s home and removed a camera that was hidden in nearby bushes. The authorities believe they then took it to a house connected to Mohammed Bakkali, who was arrested by the Belgian police after the Paris attacks and is accused of helping with logistics and planning. The police found the videocamera during a raid on the house. Belgium has both low-enriched uranium, which fuels its two power plants, and highly enriched uranium, which is used in its research reactor primarily to make medical isotopes, plus the byproducts of that process. The United States provides Belgium with highly enriched uranium — making it particularly concerned about radioactive materials landing in terrorist hands — and then buys isotopes. Experts say the most remote of the potential nuclear-related risks is that Islamic State operatives would be able to obtain highly enriched uranium. Even the danger of a dirty bomb is limited, they said, because much radioactive waste is so toxic it would likely sicken or kill the people trying to steal it. Cheryl Rofer, a retired nuclear scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory and editor of the blog Nuclear Diner, said Belgium’s Tihange nuclear plant has pressurized water reactors, inside a heavy steel vessel, reducing the danger that nuclear fuel could leak or spread. She said that the Brussels bombers’ explosive of choice, TATP, might be able to damage parts of the plant but that the damage would shut down the reactor, limiting the radiation damage. And if terrorists did manage to shut down the reactor and reach the fuel rods, they would have to remove them with a crane to get the fuel out of them, Ms. Rofer said. And then the fuel would still be “too radioactive to go near — it would kill you quickly.” While experts are doubtful that terrorists could steal the highly enriched uranium at the Mol reactor without alerting law enforcement, some nuclear scientists do believe that if they could obtain it, they could recruit people who know how to fashion a primitive nuclear device. Matthew Bunn, a specialist in nuclear security at Harvard’s John F. Kennedy School of Government, said another worry was the byproducts of the isotopes made at Mol, such as Cesium-137. “It’s like talcum powder,” he said. “If you made a dirty bomb out of it, it’s going to provoke fear, you would have to evacuate and you have to spend a lot of money cleaning it up; the economic destruction cost could be very high.” The discovery of the surveillance video in November set off alarm bells across the small nuclear-security community, with fresh worries that terror groups could kidnap, extort or otherwise coerce a nuclear scientist into helping them. The official whose family was watched works at Mol, one of five research reactors worldwide that produce 90 percent of the radio isotopes used for medical diagnosis and treatment. Professor Bunn of Harvard noted that the Islamic State “has an apocalyptic ideology and believes there is going to be a final war with the United States,” expects to win that war and “would need very powerful weapons to do so.” “And if they ever did turn to nuclear weapons,” he added, “they have more people, more money and more territory under their control and more ability to recruit experts globally than Al Qaeda at its best ever had.”
22 +ISIS growth only means more retaliation and more islamophobic reactions from radicals in the US – continuing to appease them furthers this cycle of violence
23 +Norton 16, Ben (Staff writer for the Salon) “After Brussels, far-right Islamophobes are doing exactly what ISIS wants them to do: threatening the “gray zone” The Salon http://www.salon.com/2016/03/22/after_brussels_far_right_islamophobes_are_doing_exactly_what_isis_wants_them_to_do_threatening_the_gray_zone// AM
24 +Far-right politicians peddled Islamophobic rancor and tapped into xenophobic bigotry, exploiting the tragedy as a political opportunity. Republican frontrunner Donald Trump reaffirmed his support for torture and called for closing up the U.S.’s borders. Fellow GOP presidential candidate Ted Cruz likewise maintained that police should even more aggressively “patrol and secure Muslim neighborhoods.” As has become painfully customary, the double standards in the discussion of the attacks were immediately apparent. When white right-wing extremists massacre people at a women’s health clinic, bomb a federal government building in Oklahoma City or fly a plane into an IRS building in Austin, Texas, white right-wingers are not immediately blamed. But when Islamic extremists kill people, not only are the world’s 1.7 billion Muslims collectively blamed, their 1,500-year-old religion is too. What is even more insidious — and dangerous — about this predictable anti-Muslim, racist, xenophobic response, however, is not just how hateful and destructive it is. The fact of the matter is that Islamophobes are directly playing into ISIS’ hands. ISIS They have explicitly stated that its goal is to eliminate what it calls the “gray zone,” the space within which Muslims are accepted in the West. The so-called Islamic State wants all of the world’s Muslims to accept its violent, extremist distortion of religion, and purposefully inflames anti-Muslim, racist and xenophobic sentiment in the West in hopes of pressuring them to do so.
25 +C3- Proliferation and War
26 +Proliferation is inevitable with nuclear power. Countries move around treaties and use nuclear power as an excuse to develop nuclear weapons, this massively increases the risk of full scale nuclear conflict.
27 +Digges 08 (Charles. Author at The Environmental Foundation Bellona, “Nuclear energy not an alternative for fight on Climate Change.” 10.01.2008.) http://www.bellona.org/position_papers/nonuke_bellonaposition
28 +The nuclear relationship between Russia and Iran is a prescient example of corporate or governmental greed running roughshod over nonproliferation concerns. By building a $1 billion reactor in Iran’s port of Bushehr, Russia opened a Pandora’s Box of nuclear technology for Iran, which has developed uranium enrichment to a level that puts it, by IAEA estimates, within two to 10 years of building a nuclear weapon. For its part, France is underwriting the construction of a nuclear power plant in Libya, and actively encourages nuclear development in the Middle East. The relationship between the basic infrastructure of the fuel cycle and the eventual development of nuclear weapons technology is a well-worn path. Quite simply, any nuclear fuel cycle facility such as a uranium enrichment facility or a reprocessing facility can be used, if built in sufficient sizes, to produce nuclear weapons. Were the worldwide nuclear fuel cycle to expand to the dimensions needed to even begin cutting CO2 emissions and meet energy needs, the development of nuclear weapons – the world’s single geopolitical doomsday devices - would be possible virtually everywhere. The corporate interests of spreading nuclear technology thereby put the most feared technologies in direct proximity to many nations who have established ties to terrorist organizations. Cheap energy then becomes inestimable loss of life and reconstruction costs when viewed in light of the ever more likely possibility of a nuclear terrorist attack, or even the heightened chances of a full blown nuclear war. With the global concerns about nuclear proliferation in places such as North Korea and Iran, development of nuclear power globally is untenable given the existence of perfectly acceptable, renewable and non-weapons usable energy technologies. And while certain very specific disarmament agreements – like the Cooperative Threat Reduction act between Russia and the United States have stemmed this spiral between the two Cold War foes, larger-scale treaties, like the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) are under constant challenge. Written with the aim of pressing its nuclear-armed signatories toward disarmament, while holding its non-nuclear armed nuclear energy producing nations to the agreement not to build nuclear weapons, the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty has been particularly ineffective.
29 +Nuclear proliferation and conflict would create widespread psychological problems that magnify the effect of war, cause authoritarianism, and encourage racism, war, and ethnic conflict
30 +KATZ AND OSDOBY 1982 (Arthur, nuclear war researcher, served as consultant to the Joint Congressional Committee on Defense Production, Sima, graduate student in the Department of Political Science, The Johns Hopkins University, “The Social and Economic Effects of Nuclear War,” April 21, http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa009.html)
31 +To understand the effects of a nuclear war it is important to distinguish it from common disasters, even World War II. Especially if hostilities continue or their resumption is threatened, all the elements that make a small disaster tractable will be lacking: limited damage, modest casualties, surviving leadership, a diminishing incidence of role conflict (desire to protect one's family rather than to perform emergency work) and large reservoirs of external, easily mobilized skilled workers, material resources, and organizational skills. The massive and simultaneous destruction of economic and human resources would result in an inability to provide immediate and sufficient human and material aid to damaged areas. There will be no time to adapt and to innovate as nations did in World War II (U.S.S.R. as previously cited is an example). More important, the lack of outside aid would create a sense of individual and communal isolation. Aid symbolizes a reconnection with a larger, normal world. This connection helps provide the impetus for rebuilding the damaged society, creating a sense of vitality and competence to dispel the continu- ing perception of isolation. It also has an important function for binding together society, restating a common thread of hope and shared aspirations that are the essence of national life. The post-attack situation could be like Japan near the end of World War II. There could be "a drift toward accomplishing personal and private aims rather than those which are national...farmers...growing little more than is required for their own subsistence,"17 or more likely, the complete demoralization seen in an earlier tragedy: "Survivors of the Black Death in growing helplessness fell into apathy, leaving ripe wheat uncut and livestock untended...no one had any inclination to concern themselves about the future."18 More pertinent, a panel of experts in a study of social consequence of nuclear war for the Office of Civil Defense concluded: "One month after the attack, less than half the potential labor force could be expected to work without immediately beneficial compensation, and that, of these, one in five would be able to function only at a level greatly degraded from his normal abilities."19 The experience of nuclear war is likely to have devastating psychological effects, especially for Americans, whose homes and institutions have essentially escaped the ravages of recent wars. The very short period required to carry out highly destructive nuclear attacks would intensify the emotional impact, particularly those reactions associated with denial of the true extent of the damage or fostering flight from and resistance to reentering damaged areas. Robert J. Lifton, in his study of Hiroshima survivors, described the psychological effect as "a sudden and absolute shift from normal existence to an overwhelming encounter with death."20 The reaction, as reported by a witness to the disaster, Father Siemes: "Among the passersby, there are many who are uninjured. In a purposeless, insensate manner, distraught by the magnitude of the disaster, most of them rush by and none conceives the thought of organizing help on his own initiative. They are concerned only with the welfare of their own families."21 In some cases even families were abandoned. The result of this experience was, as Fred Ikle described it 25 years ago, a deep aversion to returning to the cities to rebuild the economy. "And thus a very different situation will exist from that envisaged in most civil defense plans (in the 1950s)."22 The economic implications of this type of withdrawal would be serious. A high incidence of abnormal behavior, ranging from the nonfunctional to the antisocial, could be anticipated. Specific psychological effects would include disorientation, fear, doubt, apathy, and antipathy toward authorities. The effects on Hiroshima/Nagasaki survivors provide ample evidence to support these concerns. Families would be broken up by death, severe injury, disease, evacuation, or military and labor conscription. The young, elderly, and handicapped would suffer disproportionately since they depend most on society's material and institutional resources. For example, the young and elderly showed significant increases in accidental death attributed to neglect in Great Britain in World War II. The loss of material and institutional resources in urban-industrial attacks would make survival in the post-attack period difficult for individuals and groups alike, compounding the psychological stresses of the attack itself. Satisfying even the simplest survival requirements ~-~- food, shelter, and clothing ~-~- would become major tasks. Significant interpersonal, intergroup, and inter-regional conflicts would probably arise. Ethnic, racial, regional, and economic conflicts present in the pre-attack society, while minimized in the period immediately after an attack, would be heightened after only a limited time by the extent of the deprivation and the resulting tensions. New antagonisms would develop between hosts and evacuees or refugees over the possession and use of surviving resources. These phenomena were observed both in Britain and in Japan during World War II. The Allnutt study predicted these conflicts would be so serious that they "would necessitate the imposition of martial law or other authoritarian system in many localities, and the widespread use of troops to maintain order." r 231 Continuing hostilities or prolonged threat of renewed war would engender even more profound changes in the social fabric. Major, possibly permanent, changes in social values and institutions could be expected as society sought to adjust to a radically altered environment dominated by the question of physical survival. Economic destruction, loss of political leadership (especially at the local level), and the need to mobilize resources for relief and recovery would present extraordinary demands on weakened political institutions. In the interest of implementing survival programs, legal norms and practices would have to be suspended for prolonged periods in many areas. The character of political institutions and authority would almost certainly change, especially if hostilities or the threat of hostilities persisted. Both old and new political structures would be likely to suffer from greatly reduced credibility. Decentralization of political power and more authoritarian methods of political, social, and economic control would be probable responses to post-attack conditions.
32 +C4-Warming: Nuclear power feeds into the problem it claims to solve
33 +Building and maintaining nuclear power puts more CO2 into the atmosphere than other energy sources today
34 +Women’s International League of Peace and Freedom (WILPF), October 2007; WILPF is part of the international women’s peace organization established in 1915 to 'bring together women of different political beliefs and philosophies who are united in their determination to study, make known and help abolish the causes and the legitimization of war'. There are WILPF groups in 42 countries including the U.S.; http://www.wilpf.org.au/PDFs/Nuclear_Awareness_WILPF_2007.pdf
35 +Large amounts of electricity, petrol/diesel, and water are consumed in the mining and processing of uranium to generate nuclear fuel. Essentially a nuclear reactor is a very expensive way to boil water. The actual nuclear reactor may not produce any green house gases like carbon dioxide (CO2), but there are significant amounts of CO2 produced in the mining and transport of the ore to the reactor. Large quantities of water are also consumed in mining, and in some cases these can exceed the amounts used for coal mining, e.g. Olympic Dam (Roxby Downs) using 729,000,000 liters of water a day from the Artesian Basin. This water becomes radioactive and toxic. The problem of waste disposal from mining and processing as well as from the reactor is very large and so far unsolved. After the current expansion of BHP Billiton’s Olympic Dam (Roxby Downs), it is expected that 1 tonne of radioactive tailings will be produced every second, and 10 million tonnes of tailing are produced annually. It is stored at the mine but there are no long-term treatment and management plans for how to deal with this contaminated mining waste. There are no solutions for dealing with spent fuel rods and other high-level radioactive waste generated from the nuclear cycle.
36 +Thermal pollution from nuclear power plants fuels global warming, the law of thermodynamics is proof that nuclear energy heats up the globe amplifying the greenhouse effect. Advocates are 100 bought by companies looking for a profit and choose to not point out this massive flaw even though it only amplifies the problem it tries to solve.
37 +Skorodin 2k10 Dr. Morton S. Skorodin, 7-23-2010, "Nuclear Energy Causes Global Warming," Global Research, http://www.globalresearch.ca/nuclear-energy-causes-global-warming/20231
38 +We need energy to heat our homes and provide electricity for our appliances. Most commonly in our world, coal, oil, natural gas, and radioactive nuclear materials, especially the heavy metal, Uranium, supply our energy. Radioactive elements that produce nuclear energy do it a certain way – and the same way each time. The basics are easy to understand: These materials, such as Uranium, change into other materials during which a huge amount of energy is released. Remember Albert Einstein’s famous equation, e=mc2. Well, it is kind of like magic – that c2 is a very large number; e is the energy you get at the end; m is the very tiny amount of mass or “stuff” that changes from stuff you can see into unseen but powerful energy. But before we go on we need to make sure we know what we are talking about. What is energy? Several kinds come to mind. We have mentioned three already: nuclear, electricity and heat. There is also “mechanical motion”; think about working out at the gym. Notice another thing at the gym – one’s muscles get warm; so heat is produced as well as mechanical motion. Another thing about energy: once it is released, it never goes away. It can never be destroyed. This is a perfect rule with which everyone agrees. It is actually called a “law” – the first law of thermodynamics. What happens to the energy, after we use it, such as when I have finished moving my fingers typing this sentence? It is lost as waste heat out “there” somewhere. It is dispersed and spreads out in all directions and can not be reused. This is called entropy and is the second law of thermodynamics. Now what does that have to do with nuclear power and global warming? Once you release all that energy from Uranium, as in a nuclear reactor, it is here forever, except for some fraction that radiates out into outer space as “long-wave radiation.” The rest goes into the air, waterways, glaciers, dirt and rocks as waste heat, also called thermal heat pollution, increasing the temperature, thereby bringing about global warming. Is nuclear the only the only source of energy that releases waste heat? No. Coal, oil and natural gas hydrocarbons, so-called “fossil fuels” also release waste heat when burned. Why is this fact not included in the title of this article? Because many people already know that use of hydrocarbons causes global warming. Also, many believe that nuclear power does not cause global warming and that it may actually solve the global warming problem. Nothing could be further from the truth, because it produces heat and, therefore, thermal pollution. What about greenhouse gases that are discussed on TV and the internet, such as carbon dioxide? What about other greenhouse gases such as water vapor and methane? This is best approached by admitting that this is an area of great conflict. Well-connected scientists almost universally claim that global warming is occurring, that it is from human activity, that activity that causes the emission of “greenhouse gases” especially carbon dioxide or CO2. These are gases that make up a small part of the air we breathe, but they are able to hold in heat. Millions of people agree with this. Other millions disagree. Leaders or misleaders of both factions present plausible evidence of wrongdoing by and conflict of interest on the other side. Both are correct about this and we should not be surprised that this is the case. Though startling claims are made about the need to save the planet, it is really about money and power, meaning here a different kind of power, that of authority and control. Imagine the wealth and personal power to be derived from selling and controlling the flow of energy to billions of people. Hydrocarbons produce CO2. Businessmen and their agents who back hydrocarbons stand to lose a great deal of money and power if CO2 elimination is made a top priority. The other side has its own investors who stand to profit by promoting nuclear power in competition with coal, oil, and natural gas energy sources, and also by selling CO2 reduction technologies. There are also military and political reasons for nuclear promotion. Incidentally, this side also erroneously claims that nuclear power does not result in CO2 pollution. In fact, it appears that greenhouse gases have a small but definite effect and work together with the direct heat pollution discussed here to make the problem of global warming worse. Neither side is interested in promoting the facts as presented in this report, because they both stand to lose. They both cause thermal pollution global warming. Fortunately solar and wind power do not cause thermal pollution because they use the Sun’s heat, which we will get whether we use it for our energy needs or not. These technologies have matured and their costs have come crashing down and will continue to do so. The best solution for the long-term supply of electrical energy is to institute these renewable sources at the municipal level and as a cooperative effort. This gives everyone energy independence. Of course, municipally owned, cooperatively run energy sources will be vigorously opposed by hydrocarbon and nuclear barons and those who will want to privatize, for their own profit, renewable energy sources. They will want to centralize renewable energy, and dole it out to large areas through grids under centralized control. We, the public, must assert and struggle for what is best for us and our Planet. If we do not switch to non-heat adding solar and solar-derived energy sources, we will burn to a crisp.
39 +Warming magnifies Middle Eastern violence and instability
40 +Broder 11 (John, Writer for Green from the New York Times, “Climate Change Drives Instability, U.N. Official Warns,” 2/15/11, http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/02/15/climate-change-drives-instability-u-n-official-warns/)
41 +The United Nations’ top climate change official said on Tuesday that food shortages and rising prices caused by climate disruptions were among the chief contributors to the civil unrest coursing through North Africa and the Middle East. In a speech to Spanish lawmakers and military leaders, Christiana Figueres, executive secretary of the United Nations climate office, said that climate change-driven drought, falling crop yields and competition for water were fueling conflict throughout Africa and elsewhere in the developing world. She warned that unless nations took aggressive action to reduce emissions causing global warming such conflicts would spread, toppling governments and driving up military spending around the world. “It is alarming to admit that if the community of nations is unable to fully stabilize climate change, it will threaten where we can live, where and how we grow food and where we can find water,” said Ms. Figueres, a veteran Costa Rican diplomat and environmental advocate. “In other words, it will threaten the basic foundation – the very stability on which humanity has built its existence.” Rising food prices were a factor in the January riots that unseated Tunisia’s longtime president, Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali, although decades of repression and high unemployment also fed the revolution. The link between food and resource shortages and Egypt’s revolution is less clear. But Ms. Figueres said that long-term trends in arid regions did not look promising unless the world took decisive action on climate change. She said that a third of all Africans now lived in drought-prone regions and that by 2050 as many as 600 million Africans would face water shortages. “On a global level, increasingly unpredictable weather patterns will lead to falling agricultural production and higher food prices, leading to food insecurity,” she said in her address. “In Africa, crop yields could decline by as much as 50 percent by 2020. Recent experiences around the world clearly show how such situations can cause political instability and undermine the performance of already fragile states.” She said that rising sea levels, more frequent and severe natural disasters, pandemics, heat waves and widespread drought could lead to extensive migrations within countries and across national borders. Military leaders around the world, including those in the United States, have warned that such effects of a changing climate can serve as “threat multipliers,” adding stresses to nations and regions that already face heavy burdens of poverty and social insecurity. “All these factors taken together,” Ms. Figueres concluded, “mean that climate change, especially if left unabated, threatens to increase poverty and overwhelm the capacity of governments to meet the basic needs of their people, which could well contribute to the emergence, spread and longevity of conflict.”
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1 +2016-10-28 17:34:47.0
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1 +lol idk
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1 +11
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1 +9
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1 +Torrey Pines Kaiyom Aff
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1 +SeptOct Young AC
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1 +Voices
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1 +1
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1 +2016-09-25 22:22:33.0
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1 +Ivens-Duran, Overing, Panchal
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1 +Lynbrook NS
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1 +Doubles
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1 +settler colonialism vs t cp cp
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1 +Loyola
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1 +5
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1 +2016-10-27 02:43:06.0
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1 +Rick Harrison
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1 +You Never Know WHAT Is Gonna Come Through That Door
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1 +Should be self explanatory
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1 +Pawn Shop Invitational
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1 +2016-12-03 17:46:48.0
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1 +Alta

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