Changes for page Tahoma Guzman Soto Neg
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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,64 @@ 1 +=Kant NC= 2 + 3 + 4 +==The criterion is treating agents as ends in themselves== 5 + 6 + 7 +====Kant explains on the ethical justifications of categorical imperatives:==== 8 +Kant 81 Immanuel Kant. "Critique of Pure Reason." 1781. http://www.gutenberg.org/files/4280/4280-h/4280-h.htm 9 + "People generally presume that moral principles must apply to all rational beings at 10 +AND 11 +, whereas moral principles must have absolute validity, independent of all circumstances." 12 + 13 + 14 +====Perfect duties are the basis for a priori moral obligations==== 15 +Kagan 02 Shelly Kagan. "Rethinking the Western Tradition". On "Groundwork for the metaphysics of morals". Yale University. 2002. http://www.inp.uw.edu.pl/mdsie/Political_Thought/Kant2020groundwork20for20the20metaphysics20of20morals20with20essays.pdf 16 +Let me quickly mention another argument that is sometimes used to defend the claim that 17 +AND 18 +when this requires telling lies, harming the innocent, and so on. 19 + 20 + 21 +====Humans can only be valued in and of themselves==== 22 +Hill 95 Thomas E. Hill. "Autonomy and Self-Respect". Cambridge University Press. University of North Carolina. 1995. https://books.google.com/books?id=740hpxIWaBACandpg=PA102andlpg=PA102anddq 23 +Most valuable things have value only because they are valued by agents human 24 +AND 25 +human beings, as valuers, must be valued for their own sakes. 26 + 27 + 28 +====Human Dignity is deeply tied to individuals as ends in themselves==== 29 +Grisez 94 Grisez, professor of Christian ethics @ Mount Saint Mary's College and Shaw, Director of public information at Knights of Columbus, 94 **(Germain Gabriel and Russell, Beyond the New Morality: The Responsibilities of Freedom p 28 30 +One arrives at a different judgment of how one ought to proceed in such circumstances 31 +AND 32 +intrinsic to persons has a kind of sacredness and may not be violated. 33 + 34 + 35 +===Contention One: Limiting QI treats agents as a means to an ends === 36 + 37 + 38 +====Agents are not culpable for breaking laws in United States==== 39 +Murphy 12 Jeffrie Murphy. "Marxism and Retribution". Princeton University Press. University of Princeton. August 31, 2012. http://www.class.uh.edu/faculty/tsommers/retribution20and20punishment/marxism20and20retribution.pdf – L.G. 40 +On Justice, Benefits, and Community. The retributive theory claims to be grounded 41 +AND 42 +ruling class, the social sentiments of the oppressed become weak towards them." 43 + 44 + 45 +====Police Departments are struggling to fill vacancies Worldwide for multiple different reasons ==== 46 +Libaw 16 Oliver Yates Libaw, "Police Face Severe Shortage of Recruits", July 10 2016, ABC News, http://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=96570andpage=1~~ 47 +Bracketed for Clarity 48 +From the nation wide largest police force in New York City to 49 +AND 50 +departments in recent years has also taken a toll, many recruiters say. 51 + 52 + 53 +====Many police officers are underpaid and court fees pose a serious challenge==== 54 +Seida 16 Jim Seida. "Police Pay Gap: Many of America's Finest Struggle on Poverty Wages". NBC News. Missouri Correspondent. October 26, 2014. July 12, 2016. http://www.nbcnews.com/feature/in-plain-sight/police-pay-gap-many-americas-finest-struggle-poverty-wages-n232701 – L.G. 55 +The wage gap affects not only the police officers themselves, experts say, but 56 +AND 57 +He doesn't take medication because it costs $95 for a month's supply. 58 + 59 + 60 +====Punishment justifying deterrence uses the example as a means to an end==== 61 +Christopher 02 Russel Christopher. "Deterring Retributivism: The Injustice of 'just' Punishment". 2002. TU Law Digital Commons. University of Tulsa. http://digitalcommons.law.utulsa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1099andcontext=fac_pub 62 +In contrast, under a consequentialist theory justifying punishment by deterrence, for example, 63 +AND 64 +conceptual deterrence theory seems to be a retributive theory of punishment after all. - EntryDate
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