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1 -Hello, you can reach me through email at soto26938@gmail.com.
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1 -==The standard is resisting structural violence==
2 -
3 -
4 -====Structural violence is contingent on moral exclusions. Any attempt to ignore the importance of structural violence just exacerbates exclusion. ====
5 -Winter and Leighton 1999 (Deborah DuNann Winter and Dana C. Leighton. Winter: Psychologist that specializes in Social Psych, Counseling Psych, Historical and Contemporary Issues, Peace Psychology. Leighton: PhD graduate student in the Psychology Department at the University of Arkansas. Knowledgable in the fields of social psychology, peace psychology, and ustice and intergroup responses to transgressions of justice) (Peace, conflict, and violence: Peace psychology in the 21st century. Pg 4-5)
6 -
7 -Finally, to recognize the operation of structural violence forces us to ask questions
8 -AND
9 -structural violence, can also be used to empower citizens to reduce it.
10 -
11 -
12 -====Minorities especially those of colors are more resistant to police because of the illegitimacy of their authority. This feeds the cycle of violence, change is needed within the structure of society====
13 -Carbado 16 ~~DEVON W. CARBADO, "Blue-on-Black Violence: A Provisional Model of Some of the Causes" The Georgetown Law Journal http://georgetownlawjournal.org/files/2016/08/carbado-blue-on-black.pdf~~
14 -Fifth, and finally, African-Americans' ongoing experiences with the police may cause
15 -AND
16 -upon seeing or encountering the police, each of which can precipitate police violence
17 -
18 -
19 -====Shootings of unarmed black people are more than just cops making mistake, it's reflective of our system that needs serious change====
20 -Carbado 16 ~~DEVON W. CARBADO, "Blue-on-Black Violence: A Provisional Model of Some of the Causes" The Georgetown Law Journal http://georgetownlawjournal.org/files/2016/08/carbado-blue-on-black.pdf
21 -No single model can fully explain African-American vulnerability to police violence. At
22 -AND
23 -Brown onto the blue-on-black violence model this article articulates.
24 -
25 -
26 -====Laws are not colorblind, blacks do not receive the same treatments as whites====
27 -**Tibbs 12** ~~Donald F. Tibbs, 2012, The Journal of Gender, Race and Justice, "From Black Power to Hip Hop: Discussing Race, Policing, and the Fourth Amendment Through the "War on" Paradigm", http://sci-hub.cc/doi/10.0000/heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/jgrj15andid=49~~
28 -Using Hip Hop, KRS-One narrates how policing Black people is actually the
29 -AND
30 -to their jobs, with the added insult of back pay.' 3
31 -
32 -
33 -==Plan Text: Remove Clearly established label established Farlow vs Fitzgerald==
34 -We are removing back the reasonable standard set in Farlow Fitzgerald which establish that courts would use summary judgments and use an objective standard and reject subjective case by case standards. T
35 -In 1982 the Supreme Court significantly expanded the scope of qualified immunity of executive officials from constitutional tort claims. Harlow v. Fitzgerald removed the requirement that an official act in subjective good faith in order to claim the immunity, in favor of an objective test. After Harlow, officials are shielded from damages unless they violate a citizen's clearly-settled constitutional rights.
36 -**Shapiro 89** ~~Stephen J. Shapiro, PUBLIC OFFICIALS' QUALIFIED IMMUNITY IN SECTION 1983 ACTIONS UNDER HARLOW v. FITZGERALD AND ITS PROGENY: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS, Journal of Law Reform http://sci-hub.cc/doi/10.0000/heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/umijlr22andid=259~~
37 -Although this standard serves the Court's purposes of avoiding trial and discovery AND
38 -a plaintiff whose constitutional rights have been violated in bad faith
39 -
40 -
41 -====The Clearly established label prevents any change in the current qualified immunity doctrine as the courts rely on summary judgements that don't make any change====
42 -**Shapiro 89** ~~Stephen J. Shapiro, PUBLIC OFFICIALS' QUALIFIED IMMUNITY IN SECTION 1983 ACTIONS UNDER HARLOW v. FITZGERALD AND ITS PROGENY: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS, Journal of Law Reform http://sci-hub.cc/doi/10.0000/heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/umijlr22andid=259
43 -Application of the Harlow standard, especially as refined in Anderson v. Creighton,
44 -AND
45 -a summary judgment motion on the immunity issue without reaching the constitutional issue.
46 -
47 -
48 -====Qualified Immunity prevents future changes to the current rules ====
49 -**Shapiro 89** ~~Stephen J. Shapiro, PUBLIC OFFICIALS' QUALIFIED IMMUNITY IN SECTION 1983 ACTIONS UNDER HARLOW v. FITZGERALD AND ITS PROGENY: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS, Journal of Law Reform http://sci-hub.cc/doi/10.0000/heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/umijlr22andid=259~~
50 -Assume, for example, that ~~if~~ a plaintiff's complaint alleged the violation
51 -AND
52 -existence of the constitutional right. Under Anderson, this could no longer happen
53 -
54 -
55 -====Harlow Ruling is not good at weeding out frivolous lawsuit ====
56 -**Shapiro 89** ~~Stephen J. Shapiro, PUBLIC OFFICIALS' QUALIFIED IMMUNITY IN SECTION 1983 ACTIONS UNDER HARLOW v. FITZGERALD AND ITS PROGENY: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS, Journal of Law Reform http://sci-hub.cc/doi/10.0000/heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/umijlr22andid=259~~
57 -If these claims are viewed not as frivolous, but as claims where a constitutional
58 -AND
59 -result without depriving plaintiffs of a remedy against those who acted with malice.
60 -
61 -
62 -==Contention 1: Qualified Immunity perpetuates police brutality ==
63 -
64 -
65 -===A: QI Doctrine===
66 -
67 -
68 -**====Individuals who have had their rights violated can't recover damages because of qualified immunity====**
69 -**Bagenstos 16** ~~Samuel R. Bagenstos, Michigan Law Review Volume 114 ~| Issue 6, "Who Is Responsible for the Stealth Assault on Civil Rights?" University of Michigan Law School~~
70 -The consequences of the doctrinal developments I have discussed in this Part are extremely significant
71 -AND
72 -does not get the headlines, but it has headline-generating consequences.
73 -
74 -
75 -===B: Cycle of Violence===
76 -
77 -
78 -====Qualified Immunity incentives a culture of unchecked police violence ====
79 -**Worthy 16** ~~Sabrina S. Worthy, "Failure to Prosecute Police Misconduct Breeds a Systematic Tolerance of Police" Law School Student Scholarship Seton Hall Law 2016 http://scholarship.shu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1847andcontext=student_scholarship~~ – H.G.
80 -There is disconnect between what the Supreme Court has affirmatively held and the objectively reasonableness
81 -AND
82 -with it. No one questions the officer's conduct which reinforces the misconduct.
83 -
84 -
85 -====Police Officers increasingly violent in the US====
86 -Andrew Emett Record Number of Cops Charged with Killing People in 2015 — Not a ..." 2016. 10 Jul. 2016 http://thefreethoughtproject.com/record-number-cops-charged-murder-manslaughter-2015-single-officer-convicted/
87 -Although the number of cops charged with murder or manslaughter sharply spiked last year,
88 -AND
89 -to death following a police pursuit after Rooker had already crashed his vehicle.
90 -
91 -
92 -
93 -====Stereotypes are reinforced through police violence====
94 -Carbado 16 ~~DEVON W. CARBADO, "Blue-on-Black Violence: A Provisional Model of Some of the Causes" The Georgetown Law Journal http://georgetownlawjournal.org/files/2016/08/carbado-blue-on-black.pdf~~
95 -The problem of race, stereotyping, and police violence is potentially even worse.
96 -AND
97 -helps to produce the stereotype of African-Americans as violent and dangerous).
98 -
99 -
100 -====Racially segregated communities are over policed which creates more crime and perpetuates a cycle of police violence====
101 -Carbado 16 ~~DEVON W. CARBADO, "Blue-on-Black Violence: A Provisional Model of Some of the Causes" The Georgetown Law Journal http://georgetownlawjournal.org/files/2016/08/carbado-blue-on-black.pdf~~
102 -There are two sets of reasons why racial segregation renders African Americans vulnerable to repeated
103 -AND
104 -enforcement contact and thus the possibility of excessive force by the police.55
105 -
106 -
107 -====Minorities, especially those of colors are disproportionally in frequent contact with police which causes a perpetual cycle of violence. Qualified Immunity perpetuates the cycle of violence by condoning it. ====
108 -Carbado 16 ~~DEVON W. CARBADO, "Blue-on-Black Violence: A Provisional Model of Some of the Causes" The Georgetown Law Journal http://georgetownlawjournal.org/files/2016/08/carbado-blue-on-black.pdf~~
109 -This Article offers a theoretical model that explains the persistence of what I will call
110 -AND
111 -of particular officers engaging in particular acts of violence against particular African Americans.
112 -
113 -
114 -====Structural racism causes mass oppression and violence===
115 -**Feagin 6 **(Joe ~~President of American Sociology Association~~ "Systemic Racism: A theory of oppression" Routledge, 2006)
116 -"No person is an island; all residents of the United States are part
117 -AND
118 -depends upon the speedy elimination of racial oppression and other major social oppressions."
119 -
120 -
121 -==Contention 2: Limiting Qualified Immunity Solves==
122 -
123 -
124 -====Oversight for qualified Immunity solves====
125 -**Worthy 16** ~~Sabrina S. Worthy, "Failure to Prosecute Police Misconduct Breeds a Systematic Tolerance of Police" Law School Student Scholarship Seton Hall Law 2016 http://scholarship.shu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1847andcontext=student_scholarship~~ – H.G.
126 -One of the purposes of the justice system and creation of laws is to establish
127 -AND
128 -it would create a system of accountability. And hopefully deter police misconduct.
129 -
130 -
131 -====Limiting Qualified Immunity is uniquely key to solving for police brutality ====
132 -**Wright 15** ~~SAM WRIGHT, "Want to Fight Police Misconduct? Reform Qualified Immunity", Nov 3, 2015, Above the Law, Sam Wright is a public interest lawyer who has spent his career exclusively in nonprofits and government~~
133 -In order to truly hold police accountable for bad acts, civilians must be able
134 -AND
135 -want to see justice done, we should push to make it happen.
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1 -A: Interpretation - Debaters must, on the page with their name and the school they attend, disclose all taglines, full citations, and at least the first and last three words of the pieces of evidence read in their cases (including ACs, NCs, DAs, CPs and Ks)on the NDCA LD 2016-2017 wiki at least 30 minutes before the round if they have read that case before.
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1 -=Neoliberalism AFF=
2 -
3 -
4 -==Part One is Framing ==
5 -
6 -==Role of Ballot is to reject Neoliberalism ==
7 -
8 -====Neoliberalism is on the rise, critical thinking is key====
9 -**Henry Giroux and Susan Giroux 06** ~~Henry A. Giroux, Susan Searls Giroux, "Challenging Neoliberalism's New World Order: The Promise of Critical Pedagogy McMaster University", 2006, https://docs.ufpr.br/~~clarissa/pdfs/CPChallengeNeoLiber_Giroux.pdf~~
10 -Although critical pedagogy has a long and diverse tradition in the United States, its
11 -AND
12 -as standardization, high-stakes testing, rigid accountability schemes, and privatization
13 -
14 -
15 -====Neoliberalism is bad====
16 -**Henry Giroux and Susan Giroux 06** ~~Henry A. Giroux, Susan Searls Giroux, "Challenging Neoliberalism's New World Order: The Promise of Critical Pedagogy McMaster University", 2006, https://docs.ufpr.br/~~clarissa/pdfs/CPChallengeNeoLiber_Giroux.pdf~~
17 -Neoliberalism has become one of the most pervasive and dangerous ideologies of the twenty-
18 -AND
19 -drills over critical thinking or critical content—the curricula of primary schools.
20 -
21 -
22 -====The University is key to promote social change====
23 -**Zeiner 05** ~~Carol L. Zeiner, Louisiana Law Review Volume 66 ~| Number 1 Fall 2005 "Zoned Out! Examining Campus Speech Zones", http://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6117andcontext=lalrev~~
24 -The university also plays a pivotal role in change. During periods of "revolutionary
25 -AND
26 -have had to depend for their defense on the university.122
27 -
28 -
29 -
30 -==Part Two: Offense==
31 -
32 -
33 -====The Notion of Free Speech is grounded in repression. The government has control over what type of speech is tolerated in the status squo. ====
34 -**Mitchell 03** ~~Don Mitchell, Professor of Geography at Syracuse's Maxwell School: 2003, "The Liberalization of Free Speech: Or, How Protest in Public Space is Silenced" Stanford Agora Vol. 4, http://agora.stanford.edu/agora/volume4/mitchell.shtml~~
35 -But, of course, the Supreme Court had considered New York's law before -
36 -AND
37 -than ever if any effective right to free speech is to be retained.
38 -
39 -
40 -====The Court has progressively restricted speech through continual isolations of speech====
41 -**Mitchell 03** ~~Don Mitchell, Professor of Geography at Syracuse's Maxwell School: 2003, "The Liberalization of Free Speech: Or, How Protest in Public Space is Silenced" Stanford Agora Vol. 4, http://agora.stanford.edu/agora/volume4/mitchell.shtml~~
42 -Of course, speech (and its sister right, assembly), must take place
43 -AND
44 -the Court, in the future, will have to continue to contend.
45 -
46 -
47 -====Speech is allowed insofar as it is not effective towards the interest of those in power. ====
48 -**Mitchell 03** ~~Don Mitchell, Professor of Geography at Syracuse's Maxwell School: 2003, "The Liberalization of Free Speech: Or, How Protest in Public Space is Silenced" Stanford Agora Vol. 4, http://agora.stanford.edu/agora/volume4/mitchell.shtml~~
49 -The argument, then, is that it is both reasonable and good to move
50 -AND
51 -a place that renders speech meaningless. Geography creates de facto content restrictions.
52 -
53 -
54 -====Public Spaces more and more resemble that of private spaces where the ones with ownership over the space is able to dictate what speech is allowed. ====
55 -**Mitchell 03** ~~Don Mitchell, Professor of Geography at Syracuse's Maxwell School: 2003, "The Liberalization of Free Speech: Or, How Protest in Public Space is Silenced" Stanford Agora Vol. 4, http://agora.stanford.edu/agora/volume4/mitchell.shtml~~ The third case study therefore returns to the paradigm of public forums, the streets
56 -AND
57 -, according to current policing practices at least, he was simply wrong.
58 -
59 -
60 -====Letting bigots voice their hate does not endorse or reinforce their views. Restricting Speech does not solve for that issue. ====
61 -**ACLU 16** ~~American Civil Liberties Union is a nonpartisan, non-profit organization whose stated mission is "to defend and preserve the individual rights and liberties guaranteed to every person in this country by the Constitution and laws of the United States.". ACLU is a has a 50-state network of staffed affiliate offices filing cases in both state and federal courts. We appear before the Supreme Court more than any other organization except the Department of Justice. In addition, we work to change policy as well as hearts and minds. Our Washington Legislative Office lobbies Congress to pass bills that advance or defend civil liberties and defeat those that do not, our affiliates work in state houses across the country to do the same., Nov 30, 2016, "Hate Speech on Campus," https://www.aclu.org/other/hate-speech-campus~~
62 -Bigoted speech is symptomatic of a huge problem in our country;
63 -AND
64 -the institution accomplished nothing in the way of exposing the bankruptcy of racist ideas
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1 -==Part 1: Framework ==
2 -
3 -
4 -====The Role of the Ballot is consistency with the advocacy that best performatively and methodology liberates oppressed bodies. ====
5 -**Smith 13** ~~Elijah Smith, A Conversation in Ruins: Race and Black Participation in Lincoln Douglas Debate, Vbriefly, 9/4/13 http://vbriefly.com/2013/09/06/20139a-conversation-in-ruins-race-and-black-participation-in-lincoln-douglas-debate/~~
6 -It will be uncomfortable, it will be hard, and it will require continued
7 -AND
8 -that conversation of its connection to a reality that black students cannot escape.
9 -
10 -
11 -====Are biases causes us to exclude others, Moral Exclusion creates structural violence thus combatting Structural Violence is a pre-requisite to all other frameworks ====
12 -Winter and Leighton 99 ~~Deborah DuNann Winter and Dana C. Leighton. Winter: Psychologist that specializes in Social Psych, Counseling Psych, Historical and Contemporary Issues, Peace Psychology. Leighton: PhD graduate student in the Psychology Department at the University of Arkansas. Knowledgeable in the fields of social psychology, peace psychology, and Justice and intergroup responses to transgressions of justice) (Peace, conflict, and violence: Peace psychology in the 21st century. Pg. 4-5~~
13 -
14 -Finally, to recognize the operation of structural violence forces us to ask questions
15 -AND
16 -structural violence, can also be used to empower citizens to reduce it.
17 -
18 -
19 -==Part Two is the Status Squo==
20 -
21 -
22 -====The University is key to promote revolutionary social change====
23 -**Zeiner 05** ~~Carol L. Zeiner, Louisiana Law Review Volume 66 ~| Number 1 Fall 2005 "Zoned Out! Examining Campus Speech Zones", http://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6117andcontext=lalrev~~ – H.G.S
24 -The university also plays a pivotal role in change. During periods of "revolutionary
25 -AND
26 -the past, those now living, and those yet to be born.
27 -
28 -
29 -====The anti-black implementation of speech codes manifests itself in several ways. Evidence shows that minorities get persecuted, not white people–Great Britain' censorship and the Michigan speech codes prove====
30 -**Strossen 90** ~~Nadine, June 1990, president of the American Civil Liberties Union from February 1991 to October 2008, John Marshall Harlan II Professor of Law at New York Law School., "Regulating Racist Speech on Campus: A Modest Proposal?", Duke Law Journal, Vol. 1990, No. 3, Frontiers of Legal Thought II. The New First Amendment (Jun., 1990), pp. 484-573, Duke University School of Law, http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3116andcontext=dlj~~
31 -First, there is no persuasive psychological evidence that punishment for name-calling changes
32 -AND
33 -far more problems of equality and enforceability than it would solve.3 87
34 -
35 -
36 -====Universities are inherently anti-black, anti-minority, policies will always represent the interest of those in power. The status squo is full of contradictory policies intended to appease those in charge. ====
37 -**Sarabyn 10** ~~KELLY SARABYN has a JD from Yale Law School and BA in political science, Philosophy from University of Virginia, she's a freelance writer with a focus on protecting individual rights, "Free Speech at Private Universities", Journal of Law and Education Vol. 39, No. 2, April 2010, pg 149-150, https://www.thefire.org/pdfs/710f0f022e1745ed1e1924fb278aa379.pdf~~ – H.G.S.
38 -Although free speech at American universities has been protected over the years, it has
39 -AND
40 -historically-disadvantaged groups, such as African-Americans or women. 35
41 -
42 -
43 -====Michigan speech code that protects against hate speech has become universally condemned because of its impossible enforcements creates inefficiencies and confusion.====
44 -**Grey 92** ~~Thomas C. Grey, "Civil Rights vs. Civil Liberties: The Case of Discriminatory Verbal Harassment", The Journal of Higher Education, Vol. 63, No. 5, Racial Harassment on Campus (Sep. - Oct., 1992), pp. 485-516 Published by: Ohio State University, http://www.jstor.org/stable/1982091~~ – H.G.S.
45 -An analysis like this can easily lead to a prohibition defined purely in terms of
46 -AND
47 -homophobic insults routinely prohibited under anti-harassment codes in the employment area.
48 -
49 -
50 -==Part Three is the Advocacy ==
51 -
52 -
53 -====I affirm the Resolution: Public colleges and universities in the United States ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech. ====
54 -
55 -
56 -===
57 -Advantage 1 – Movements===
58 -
59 -
60 -====Historically free speech has been far more important for racial equality movements than hate speech regulation–that's what we must focus on protecting====
61 -**Strossen 90** ~~Nadine, June 1990, president of the American Civil Liberties Union from February 1991 to October 2008, John Marshall Harlan II Professor of Law at New York Law School., "Regulating Racist Speech on Campus: A Modest Proposal?", Duke Law Journal, Vol. 1990, No. 3, Frontiers of Legal Thought II. The New First Amendment (Jun., 1990), pp. 484-573, Duke University School of Law, http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3116andcontext=dlj~~
62 -
63 -It is particularly important to devise anti-racism strategies consistent with the first
64 -AND
65 -more than rhetorical significance in egalitarian causes such as the women's movement.435
66 -
67 -
68 -====Black Lives Matter movements can employ free speech on college campuses to oust oppressive forms of speech. ====
69 -**William 16** ~~Bryant. "The Counterrevolutionary Campus: Herbert Marcuse And The Suppression Of Student Protest Movements: N." Routledge Taylor And Francis. September 14, 2016. Web. December 08, 2016. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07393148.2016.1228580?needAccess=tru e~~
70 -Most recently, we have seen the demand for greater tolerance applied to students protesting
71 -AND
72 -we describe the connection between repressive tolerance and counterrevolution that Marcuse initially theorized.
73 -
74 -
75 -====Racial Justice coincides with free speech, free speech is about making thos in power uncomfortable. ====
76 -**Parker 16** ~~Dennis. "Racial Justice And Free Speech Are Not Mutually Exclusive." ACLU. November 13, 2015. Web. December 05, 2016. https://www.aclu.org/blog/speakfreely/racial-justice-and-free-speech-are-not-mutually-exclusive~~
77 -Ironically, the phrase "political correctness," ostensibly invoked to promote free expression,
78 -AND
79 -those who have been the historic beneficiaries of educational opportunities historically denied others.
80 -
81 -
82 -===Advantage 2- Paternalism ===
83 -
84 -
85 -
86 -
87 -====Speech limitations represent a paternalistic inability to trust minorities to protect themselves. ====
88 -**Majeed 9 ~~**Azhar Majeed. ~~One of FIRE's inaugural Robert H. Jackson Legal Fellows and was also a FIRE legal intern in 2005~~ "Defying the Constitution: The Rise, Persistence and Prevalence of Campus Speech Codes". Georgetown Journal of Law and Public Policy, 7 Geo. J.L. and Pub. Pol'y 481 (2009). https://www.thefire.org/defying-the-constitution-the-rise-persistence-and-prevalence-of-campus-speech-codes/~~#_ftn259~~
89 -In stark contrast to counterspeech, broad censorship paternalistically suggests that minority student groups are
90 -AND
91 -be justified by the rationale of protecting minority student groups from injurious speech.
92 -
93 -
94 -====This paternalist mindset justifies slavery. ====
95 -**Durant 99** ~~Durant, Thomas J., and J. David. Knottnerus. Plantation Society and Race Relations: The Origins of Inequality. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1999. Print.~~
96 -Paternalism, as a form of interracial dependence, was used by whites to morally
97 -AND
98 -and in this way helped shape race relations in the slave plantation system.
99 -
100 -
101 -====Hate speech restrictions created by those in positions of power are more likely to hurt than help the oppressed. ====
102 -**Glasser 16** ~~Ira Glasser (Former executive director of the American Civil Liberties Union, now president of the board of directors of the Drug Policy Alliance), quoted in "HATE SPEECH IS FREE SPEECH" by Jonothan Haidt, Spiked, 6/12/16, http://www.spiked-online.com/newsite/article/hate-speech-is-free-speech/18444~~#.WE5XNM6gTds //LADI~~
103 -How is 'hate speech' defined, and who decides which speech comes within the
104 -AND
105 -sight — but the wind shifts, and blows it back on us.
106 -
107 -
108 -===3 – Discourse===
109 -
110 -
111 -====Policing hate speech doesn't scrub out racism at its roots–rather it exacerbates racial tensions, create backlash, and make racism harder to grapple with by driving it under ground—we should let the true racists speak so that we know who they are====
112 -Herron 94. Vince Herron, ~~JD, University of Southern California~~, "Increasing the Speech: Diversity, Campus Speech Codes, and the Pursuit of Truth," Southern California Law Review, 1993-1994.
113 -Speech-regulating rules may force campus members to act in a more proper and
114 -AND
115 -originally led to these injuries and hinders the continued fight against those ideologies.
116 -
117 -
118 -====Speech codes glorify white supremacists by handing them a cross to hang themselves on by pitting them against government censorship====
119 -**Strossen 90** ~~Nadine, June 1990, president of the American Civil Liberties Union from February 1991 to October 2008, John Marshall Harlan II Professor of Law at New York Law School., "Regulating Racist Speech on Campus: A Modest Proposal?", Duke Law Journal, Vol. 1990, No. 3, Frontiers of Legal Thought II. The New First Amendment (Jun., 1990), pp. 484-573, Duke University School of Law, http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3116andcontext=dlj~~
120 -
121 -A second reason why censorship of racist speech actually may subvert, rather than
122 -AND
123 -underlying attitudes it expresses. 392 The British experience confirms this prediction.393
124 -
125 -
126 -====Letting bigots voice their hate does not endorse or reinforce their views. Restricting Speech does not solve for that issue. ====
127 -**ACLU 16** ~~American Civil Liberties Union is a nonpartisan, non-profit organization whose stated mission is "to defend and preserve the individual rights and liberties guaranteed to every person in this country by the Constitution and laws of the United States.". ACLU is a has a 50-state network of staffed affiliate offices filing cases in both state and federal courts. We appear before the Supreme Court more than any other organization except the Department of Justice. In addition, we work to change policy as well as hearts and minds. Our Washington Legislative Office lobbies Congress to pass bills that advance or defend civil liberties and defeat those that do not, our affiliates work in state houses across the country to do the same., Nov 30, 2016, "Hate Speech on Campus," https://www.aclu.org/other/hate-speech-campus~~
128 -Bigoted speech is symptomatic of a huge problem in our country; ~~but~~
129 -AND
130 -institution accomplished nothing in the way of exposing the bankruptcy of racist ideas.
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1 -=CRT AFF=
2 -
3 -
4 -===Framing===
5 -
6 -
7 -====The role of the ballot is to fostering new politics in academia is a priori obligation and a pre-requisite to finding ethics unbiased by established institutions. Giroux 11====
8 -Giroux 11 ~~Henry A. Occupy Colleges Now: Students as the New Public Intellectuals, Truthout. 21 November 2011. http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/5046:occupy-colleges-now—students-as-the-new-public-intellectuals~~
9 -Finding our way to a more humane future demands a new politics, a new
10 -AND
11 -a public intellectual as both a matter of social responsibility and political urgency.
12 -
13 -
14 -====We engage in a postmodernist critique of liberal institutions; the law is reified and seen as a higher entity separate from politics. ====
15 -**Harris 1**Angela P. Harris, The Jurisprudence of Reconstruction, 82 Cal. L. Rev. 741 (1994). http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1708andcontext=californialawreview
16 -Although CRT emerged in part in reaction against CLS,z3 the word "critical
17 -AND
18 -law and finds concepts of "race" and racism always already there.
19 -
20 -
21 -====Current identities are defined by the dominant system as "nondominant"; we must embrace a politics of difference by transforming power structures to begin reform toward true equality. ====
22 -**Harris 2 **Angela P. Harris, The Jurisprudence of Reconstruction, 82 Cal. L. Rev. 741 (1994). http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1708andcontext=californialawreview
23 -Unlike crits, whose primary intellectual-political commitment is to criticism itself, race
24 -AND
25 -a commitment to political modernism and a deep skepticism of it. . .
26 -
27 -
28 -====Thus, the standard is to engage in jurisprudential reconstruction: the reworking of institutions in order to transform our views on the racialized subject. ====
29 -**Harris 3 **Angela P. Harris, The Jurisprudence of Reconstruction, 82 Cal. L. Rev. 741 (1994). http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1708andcontext=californialawreview
30 -Within legal studies, the attempt to use the dissonance between modernism and postmodernism creatively
31 -AND
32 -, and finally suggest ways in which CRT might further this project.
33 -
34 -
35 -===Inherency===
36 -
37 -
38 -====Generative independence is denied to the black community under the illusion of white protection. Recognition of this paternalism is key to fostering political resistance and reforming our egalitarian conception of rights. ====
39 -**Williams 1** Patricia J. Williams, ALCHEMICAL NOTES: RECONSTRUCTING IDEALS FROM DECONSTRUCTED RIGHTS 22 Harv. C.R.-C.L. L. Rev. 401 (1987). http://gendersexualityfeminist.duke.edu/uploads/media_items/williams-reading.original.pdf
40 -One lesson I never learned in law school, the one lesson I had to
41 -AND
42 -precisely what is given to each of us as something exclusively his?" 95
43 -
44 -
45 -**====Rights are key to empowerment. Thus, we must critique its commodification by the white ideological hegemony that gives the illusion of freedom. Takes out pessimism====**
46 -**Williams 2** Patricia J. Williams, ALCHEMICAL NOTES: RECONSTRUCTING IDEALS FROM DECONSTRUCTED RIGHTS 22 Harv. C.R.-C.L. L. Rev. 401 (1987). http://gendersexualityfeminist.duke.edu/uploads/media_items/williams-reading.original.pdf
47 -To say that blacks never fully believed in rights is true; yet it is
48 -AND
49 -that bring one closer to health, to life, or to sociality.
50 -
51 -
52 -===Advantage 1 is disenchantment from the law===
53 -
54 -
55 -====Current limitations reflect an unbalanced power dynamic in which whites have control over what speech is allowed; the minority is denied the ability to resist. ====
56 -**Delgado and Yun '94**: (Richard Delgado and David H. Yun, Pressure Valves and Bloodied Chickens: An Analysis of Paternalistic Objections to Hate Speech Regulation, 82 Cal. L. Rev. 871 (1994)FT) Regulation, 82 Cal. L. Rev. 871 (1994) D. "More Speech"
57 -Defenders of the First Amendment sometimes argue that minorities should talk back to the aggressor
58 -AND
59 -most sincerely deplore it and would themselves never utter a racist slur.9
60 -
61 -
62 -====The AC is a stance against this power dimension; we affirm whole res.====
63 -
64 -
65 -====The university is a uniquely key environment that allows for a reconceptualization of the "right to free speech." ====
66 -**Harris and Spivak** Angela P. Harris, The Jurisprudence of Reconstruction, 82 Cal. L. Rev. 741 (1994). http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1708andcontext=californialawreview
67 -"I thought the desire to explain might be a symptom of the desire to
68 -AND
69 -" or "practice"; its work instead is to refuse that dichotomy.
70 -
71 -
72 -====Rights discourse fails not because of j but because of exploitative restrictions. Affirming reconfigures rights discourse to contest the constructed reality. ====
73 -**Williams 3**Patricia J. Williams, ALCHEMICAL NOTES: RECONSTRUCTING IDEALS FROM DECONSTRUCTED RIGHTS 22 Harv. C.R.-C.L. L. Rev. 401 (1987). http://gendersexualityfeminist.duke.edu/uploads/media_items/williams-reading.original.pdf
74 -But this failure of rights discourse, much noted in CLS scholarship, does not
75 -AND
76 -give "utility" to maintaining the earth in an unexploited form.88
77 -
78 -
79 -**====Removing restrictions on free speech is KEY to recognizing the independence of minorities; discourse allows them to reshape their relation to the world and thus empowers them in the liberation struggle. ====**
80 -**Lawrence** Charles R. Lawrence III, The Word and the River: Pedagogy as Scholarship as Struggle. 65 S. Cal. L. Rev. 2231 1991-1992.
81 -establishes the concept of ego in reality, in its reality.' "9
82 -AND
83 -voice, the African is absent, or defaced, from history.92
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1 +==The standard is resisting structural violence==
2 +
3 +
4 +====Structural violence is contingent on moral exclusions. Any attempt to ignore the importance of structural violence just exacerbates exclusion. ====
5 +Winter and Leighton 1999 (Deborah DuNann Winter and Dana C. Leighton. Winter: Psychologist that specializes in Social Psych, Counseling Psych, Historical and Contemporary Issues, Peace Psychology. Leighton: PhD graduate student in the Psychology Department at the University of Arkansas. Knowledgable in the fields of social psychology, peace psychology, and ustice and intergroup responses to transgressions of justice) (Peace, conflict, and violence: Peace psychology in the 21st century. Pg 4-5)
6 +
7 +Finally, to recognize the operation of structural violence forces us to ask questions
8 +AND
9 +structural violence, can also be used to empower citizens to reduce it.
10 +
11 +
12 +====Minorities especially those of colors are more resistant to police because of the illegitimacy of their authority. This feeds the cycle of violence, change is needed within the structure of society====
13 +Carbado 16 ~~DEVON W. CARBADO, "Blue-on-Black Violence: A Provisional Model of Some of the Causes" The Georgetown Law Journal http://georgetownlawjournal.org/files/2016/08/carbado-blue-on-black.pdf~~
14 +Fifth, and finally, African-Americans' ongoing experiences with the police may cause
15 +AND
16 +upon seeing or encountering the police, each of which can precipitate police violence
17 +
18 +
19 +====Shootings of unarmed black people are more than just cops making mistake, it's reflective of our system that needs serious change====
20 +Carbado 16 ~~DEVON W. CARBADO, "Blue-on-Black Violence: A Provisional Model of Some of the Causes" The Georgetown Law Journal http://georgetownlawjournal.org/files/2016/08/carbado-blue-on-black.pdf
21 +No single model can fully explain African-American vulnerability to police violence. At
22 +AND
23 +Brown onto the blue-on-black violence model this article articulates.
24 +
25 +
26 +====Laws are not colorblind, blacks do not receive the same treatments as whites====
27 +**Tibbs 12** ~~Donald F. Tibbs, 2012, The Journal of Gender, Race and Justice, "From Black Power to Hip Hop: Discussing Race, Policing, and the Fourth Amendment Through the "War on" Paradigm", http://sci-hub.cc/doi/10.0000/heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/jgrj15andid=49~~
28 +Using Hip Hop, KRS-One narrates how policing Black people is actually the
29 +AND
30 +to their jobs, with the added insult of back pay.' 3
31 +
32 +
33 +==Plan Text: Remove Clearly established label established Farlow vs Fitzgerald==
34 +We are removing back the reasonable standard set in Farlow Fitzgerald which establish that courts would use summary judgments and use an objective standard and reject subjective case by case standards. T
35 +In 1982 the Supreme Court significantly expanded the scope of qualified immunity of executive officials from constitutional tort claims. Harlow v. Fitzgerald removed the requirement that an official act in subjective good faith in order to claim the immunity, in favor of an objective test. After Harlow, officials are shielded from damages unless they violate a citizen's clearly-settled constitutional rights.
36 +**Shapiro 89** ~~Stephen J. Shapiro, PUBLIC OFFICIALS' QUALIFIED IMMUNITY IN SECTION 1983 ACTIONS UNDER HARLOW v. FITZGERALD AND ITS PROGENY: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS, Journal of Law Reform http://sci-hub.cc/doi/10.0000/heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/umijlr22andid=259~~
37 +Although this standard serves the Court's purposes of avoiding trial and discovery AND
38 +a plaintiff whose constitutional rights have been violated in bad faith
39 +
40 +
41 +====The Clearly established label prevents any change in the current qualified immunity doctrine as the courts rely on summary judgements that don't make any change====
42 +**Shapiro 89** ~~Stephen J. Shapiro, PUBLIC OFFICIALS' QUALIFIED IMMUNITY IN SECTION 1983 ACTIONS UNDER HARLOW v. FITZGERALD AND ITS PROGENY: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS, Journal of Law Reform http://sci-hub.cc/doi/10.0000/heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/umijlr22andid=259
43 +Application of the Harlow standard, especially as refined in Anderson v. Creighton,
44 +AND
45 +a summary judgment motion on the immunity issue without reaching the constitutional issue.
46 +
47 +
48 +====Qualified Immunity prevents future changes to the current rules ====
49 +**Shapiro 89** ~~Stephen J. Shapiro, PUBLIC OFFICIALS' QUALIFIED IMMUNITY IN SECTION 1983 ACTIONS UNDER HARLOW v. FITZGERALD AND ITS PROGENY: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS, Journal of Law Reform http://sci-hub.cc/doi/10.0000/heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/umijlr22andid=259~~
50 +Assume, for example, that ~~if~~ a plaintiff's complaint alleged the violation
51 +AND
52 +existence of the constitutional right. Under Anderson, this could no longer happen
53 +
54 +
55 +====Harlow Ruling is not good at weeding out frivolous lawsuit ====
56 +**Shapiro 89** ~~Stephen J. Shapiro, PUBLIC OFFICIALS' QUALIFIED IMMUNITY IN SECTION 1983 ACTIONS UNDER HARLOW v. FITZGERALD AND ITS PROGENY: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS, Journal of Law Reform http://sci-hub.cc/doi/10.0000/heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/umijlr22andid=259~~
57 +If these claims are viewed not as frivolous, but as claims where a constitutional
58 +AND
59 +result without depriving plaintiffs of a remedy against those who acted with malice.
60 +
61 +
62 +==Contention 1: Qualified Immunity perpetuates police brutality ==
63 +
64 +
65 +===A: QI Doctrine===
66 +
67 +
68 +**====Individuals who have had their rights violated can't recover damages because of qualified immunity====**
69 +**Bagenstos 16** ~~Samuel R. Bagenstos, Michigan Law Review Volume 114 ~| Issue 6, "Who Is Responsible for the Stealth Assault on Civil Rights?" University of Michigan Law School~~
70 +The consequences of the doctrinal developments I have discussed in this Part are extremely significant
71 +AND
72 +does not get the headlines, but it has headline-generating consequences.
73 +
74 +
75 +===B: Cycle of Violence===
76 +
77 +
78 +====Qualified Immunity incentives a culture of unchecked police violence ====
79 +**Worthy 16** ~~Sabrina S. Worthy, "Failure to Prosecute Police Misconduct Breeds a Systematic Tolerance of Police" Law School Student Scholarship Seton Hall Law 2016 http://scholarship.shu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1847andcontext=student_scholarship~~ – H.G.
80 +There is disconnect between what the Supreme Court has affirmatively held and the objectively reasonableness
81 +AND
82 +with it. No one questions the officer's conduct which reinforces the misconduct.
83 +
84 +
85 +====Police Officers increasingly violent in the US====
86 +Andrew Emett Record Number of Cops Charged with Killing People in 2015 — Not a ..." 2016. 10 Jul. 2016 http://thefreethoughtproject.com/record-number-cops-charged-murder-manslaughter-2015-single-officer-convicted/
87 +Although the number of cops charged with murder or manslaughter sharply spiked last year,
88 +AND
89 +to death following a police pursuit after Rooker had already crashed his vehicle.
90 +
91 +
92 +
93 +====Stereotypes are reinforced through police violence====
94 +Carbado 16 ~~DEVON W. CARBADO, "Blue-on-Black Violence: A Provisional Model of Some of the Causes" The Georgetown Law Journal http://georgetownlawjournal.org/files/2016/08/carbado-blue-on-black.pdf~~
95 +The problem of race, stereotyping, and police violence is potentially even worse.
96 +AND
97 +helps to produce the stereotype of African-Americans as violent and dangerous).
98 +
99 +
100 +====Racially segregated communities are over policed which creates more crime and perpetuates a cycle of police violence====
101 +Carbado 16 ~~DEVON W. CARBADO, "Blue-on-Black Violence: A Provisional Model of Some of the Causes" The Georgetown Law Journal http://georgetownlawjournal.org/files/2016/08/carbado-blue-on-black.pdf~~
102 +There are two sets of reasons why racial segregation renders African Americans vulnerable to repeated
103 +AND
104 +enforcement contact and thus the possibility of excessive force by the police.55
105 +
106 +
107 +====Minorities, especially those of colors are disproportionally in frequent contact with police which causes a perpetual cycle of violence. Qualified Immunity perpetuates the cycle of violence by condoning it. ====
108 +Carbado 16 ~~DEVON W. CARBADO, "Blue-on-Black Violence: A Provisional Model of Some of the Causes" The Georgetown Law Journal http://georgetownlawjournal.org/files/2016/08/carbado-blue-on-black.pdf~~
109 +This Article offers a theoretical model that explains the persistence of what I will call
110 +AND
111 +of particular officers engaging in particular acts of violence against particular African Americans.
112 +
113 +
114 +====Structural racism causes mass oppression and violence===
115 +**Feagin 6 **(Joe ~~President of American Sociology Association~~ "Systemic Racism: A theory of oppression" Routledge, 2006)
116 +"No person is an island; all residents of the United States are part
117 +AND
118 +depends upon the speedy elimination of racial oppression and other major social oppressions."
119 +
120 +
121 +==Contention 2: Limiting Qualified Immunity Solves==
122 +
123 +
124 +====Oversight for qualified Immunity solves====
125 +**Worthy 16** ~~Sabrina S. Worthy, "Failure to Prosecute Police Misconduct Breeds a Systematic Tolerance of Police" Law School Student Scholarship Seton Hall Law 2016 http://scholarship.shu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1847andcontext=student_scholarship~~ – H.G.
126 +One of the purposes of the justice system and creation of laws is to establish
127 +AND
128 +it would create a system of accountability. And hopefully deter police misconduct.
129 +
130 +
131 +====Limiting Qualified Immunity is uniquely key to solving for police brutality ====
132 +**Wright 15** ~~SAM WRIGHT, "Want to Fight Police Misconduct? Reform Qualified Immunity", Nov 3, 2015, Above the Law, Sam Wright is a public interest lawyer who has spent his career exclusively in nonprofits and government~~
133 +In order to truly hold police accountable for bad acts, civilians must be able
134 +AND
135 +want to see justice done, we should push to make it happen.
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