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+The role of the ballot is to evaluate the simulated policy of the aff world; the neg must defend a post-fiat policy option. |
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+ |
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+1. Particularity is the best standard |
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+Price 98 (RICHARD PRICE is a former prof in the Department of Anthropology at Yale University. Later, he moved to Johns Hopkins University to found the Department of Anthropology, where he served three terms as chair. A decade of freelance teaching (University of Minnesota, Stanford University, Princeton University, University of Florida, Universidade Federal da Bahia), ensued. This article is co-authored with CHRISTIAN REUS-SMIT – Monash University – European Journal of International Relations Copyright © 1998 via SAGE Publications – http://www.arts.ualberta.ca/~courses/PoliticalScience/661B1/documents/PriceReusSmithCriticalInternatlTheoryConstructivism.pdf) |
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+One of the central departures of critical international theory from positivism is the view that |
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+AND |
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+violates the interpretive ethos of critical international theory than does critical theory itself. |
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+ |
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+2. Using the policy to fight oppression is not saying the state is good, but rather is a heuristic to understanding the problem. |
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+Zanotti 14 Dr. Laura Zanotti is an Associate Professor of Political Science at Virginia Tech. Her research and teaching include critical political theory as well as international organizations, UN peacekeeping, democratization and the role of NGOs in post-conflict governance.“Governmentality, Ontology, Methodology: Re-thinking Political Agency in the Global World” – Alternatives: Global, Local, Political – vol 38(4):p. 288-304,. A little unclear if this is late 2013 or early 2014 – The Stated “Version of Record” is Feb 20, 2014, but was originally published online on December 30th, 2013. Obtained via Sage Database. |
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+By questioning substantialist representations of power and subjects, inquiries on the possibilities of political |
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+AND |
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+position leads not to apathy but to hyper- and pessimistic activism.’’84 |
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+ |
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+The standard is minimizing structural violence. |
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+ |
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+1. Structural violence causes oppression against particular groups to be invisible. Revealing it forces us to reevaluate our perceptions. This means minimizing structural violence precludes all ethical evaluation. |
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+Winter and Leighton ‘07 (Deborah Du Nann Winter and Dana C. Leighton, professors of psychology, STRUCTURAL VIOLENCE, Peace, Conflict, and Violence: Peace Psychology for the 21st Century, Ohio State University, 2007 (http://academic.marion.ohio-state.edu/dchristie/Peace20Psychology20Book_files/Section20II20-20Structural20Violence20(Winter202620Leighton).pdf) |
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+Direct violence is horrific, but its brutality usually gets our attention: we notice |
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+AND |
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+thinking can be fostered by relationships, communication, and appreciation of diversity. |
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+ |
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+2. Debate should deal with real-world consequences—ideal theories ignore the concrete nature of the world and legitimize oppression |
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+Curry ’14, (Dr. Tommy J. Curry, “The Cost of a Thing: A Kingian Reformulation of a Living Wage Argument in the 21st Century”, Victory Briefs, 2014,) |
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+Despite the pronouncement of debate as an activity and intellectual exercise pointing to the real |
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+AND |
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+used to currently justify the living wages in under our contemporary moral parameters. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+Mass incarceration and overcriminalization is a failed experiment and the move to deinstitutionalize people with mental illnesses only moved them from institutions to the prison industrial complex. |
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+Vallas 16, Rebecca. “Disabled Behind Bars: The Mass Incarceration of People with Disabilities in America’s Jails and Prisons” Center for American Progress. July 2016 https://cdn.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/18000151/2CriminalJusticeDisability-report.pdf SHSAM |
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+America’s four-decade-long experiment with mass incarceration and overcriminalization is widely recognized |
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+AND |
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+reports that fully 1 in 5 prison inmates have a serious mental illness. |
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+ |
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+Mass incarceration of people with disabilities creates structural barriers to accessing medical treatment and employment and lack of training for police officers means higher rates of police related killings. |
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+Vallas 16, Rebecca. “Disabled Behind Bars: The Mass Incarceration of People with Disabilities in America’s Jails and Prisons” Center for American Progress. July 2016 https://cdn.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/18000151/2CriminalJusticeDisability-report.pdf SHSAM |
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+Mass incarceration of people with disabilities is unjust, unethical, and cruel. But |
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+AND |
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+services, making them incapable of meeting the needs of participants with disabilities. |
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+ |
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+Lack of accommodations in the nation’s courts denies people with disabilities access to necessary accommodations and a fair trial which only leads to wrongful arrests and convictions. |
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+Vallas 16, Rebecca. “Disabled Behind Bars: The Mass Incarceration of People with Disabilities in America’s Jails and Prisons” Center for American Progress. July 2016 https://cdn.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/18000151/2CriminalJusticeDisability-report.pdf SHSAM |
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+The Americans with Disabilities Act prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability and mandates that |
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+AND |
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+apparently due to lack of comfort or experience representing clients with disabilities.52 |
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+ |
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+ |
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+Plan: The United States ought to limit qualified immunity by making the Americans with Disabilities Act applicable to arrest situations. |
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+Auner 16, Thomas. “For The Protection of Society’s Most Vulnerable, The ADA Should Apply To Arrests.” Los Angeles Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review. 2016. http://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/llr/vol49/iss1/10 SHSAM |
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+Excessive force claims stemming from the Fourth Amendment and section 1983 of the Civil Rights |
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+AND |
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+incentivize proper police training and provide uniform federal protections for the mentally ill. |
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+ |
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+There is discrepancy now and passing the plan is key to uniform application of the ADA. |
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+Auner 16, Thomas. “For The Protection of Society’s Most Vulnerable, The ADA Should Apply To Arrests.” Los Angeles Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review. 2016. http://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/llr/vol49/iss1/10 SHSAM |
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+The circuit courts are split as to whether the ADA applies to arrest situations. |
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+AND |
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+waiting over two hours for the situation to diffuse— ere reasonable.96 |
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+ |
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+ |
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+The aff not only means more training for officers in the context of ADA cases, it encourages the creation of new disability-rights laws that apply in all situations. |
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+Brodin 05, Rachel. “Remedying a Particularized Form of Discrimination: Why Disabled Plaintiffs Can and Should Bring Claims of Police Misconduct Under the Americans with Disabilites Act.” University of Pennsylvania Law Review. 2005. http://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1296andcontext=penn_law_ review. SHSAM |
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+Claims that police departments and local governments have failed to appropriately train officers are prime |
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+AND |
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+standards for such policies and practices in the context of Section 1983 claims. |
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+ |
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+The aff means better education for officers which means better compliance with the ADA and more safety for people with mental illnesses. |
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+Auner 16, Thomas. “For The Protection of Society’s Most Vulnerable, The ADA Should Apply To Arrests.” Los Angeles Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review. 2016. http://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/llr/vol49/iss1/10 SHSAM |
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+When courts deem the ADA applicable to specific situations, public and private entities typically |
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+AND |
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+officers receive basic training on how best to handle the mentally ill.117 |
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+ |
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+Debaters have a moral duty to shine on a light on mental health issues so as to not become complicit in their continuity. |
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+Hendrickson '13, Ed (Former Meadows debater, former Apple Valley LD coach, and LD institute instructor). "Depression and an Invisible Community", VBriefly, 9/30/13, vbriefly.com/2013/09/30/20139depression-and-an-invisible-community/ |
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+It’s common debate parlance to say that a tournament is depressing. We joke that |
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+AND |
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+needed the most. When it’s quiet is when it’s important to listen. |
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+ |
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+Ableism serves as a template for other forms of structural violence – means we must reject any instance of it. |
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+Siebers 9 Tobin Siebers (Professor of Literary and Cultural Criticism @ University of Michigan), “The Aesthetics of Human Disqualification”, 10/28/9, Lecture, http://disabilities.temple.edu/media/ds/lecture20091028siebersAesthetics_FULL.doc |
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+Oppression is the systematic victimization of one group by another. It is a form |
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+AND |
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+after the incident, does not surpass the hurdle of municipal immunity.77 |