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	1	+2016-09-14 05:09:24.0

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	1	+==Part 1 is the Framework==
	2	+
	3	+
	4	+====The standard is util.====
	5	+
	6	+
	7	+====First, the constitutive obligation of the state is to protect citizen interest – individual obligations are not applicable in the public sphere.====
	8	+**Goodin '95: Robert E. Goodin. Philosopher of Political Theory, Public Policy, and Applied Ethics. Utilitarianism as a Public Philosophy. Cambridge University Press, 1995. p. 26-27 LINK TO THE BOOK: http://www.cambridge.org/lr/academic/subjects/philosophy/political-philosophy/utilitarianism-public-philosophy?format=PB; AB**
	9	+The great adventure of utilitarianism as a guide to public conduct is that it avoids
	10	+AND
	11	+thus understood is, I would argue, a uniquely defensible public philosophy.
	12	+
	13	+
	14	+====Second, kritiks that don't engage in concrete policy further entrench oppression.====
	15	+**Bryant '12: (Levi Bryant, professor of philosophy at Collins college, Critique of the Academic Left, http://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/11/11/underpants-gnomes-a-critique-of-the-academic-left/); AB**
	16	+The problem as I see it is that this is the worst sort of abstraction
	17	+AND
	18	+. Instead we prefer to shout and denounce. Good luck with that.
	19	+
	20	+
	21	+====Third, respect for human dignity justifies util – deont devolves to util.====
	22	+**Cummiskey '90: Cummiskey, David. Associate professor of philosophy at the University of Chicago. "Kantian Consequentiaism." Ethics 100 (April 1990), University of Chicago. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2381810**
	23	+We must not obscure the issue by characterizing this type of case as the sacrifice
	24	+AND
	25	+may never force another to bear some cost in order to benefit others.
	26	+
	27	+
	28	+====Fourth, prioritize existential risks – extinction is irreversible and destroys future value.====
	29	+**Bostrom '12: ~~Nick Bostrom. Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School University of Oxford. "Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority." Global Policy (2012)~~**
	30	+These reflections on moral uncertainty suggest an alternative, complementary way of looking at existential
	31	+AND
	32	+than the positive value of the direct benefit of such an action.10
	33	+
	34	+
	35	+====Fifth, death is ontologically the worst evil since it destroys the subject itself.====
	36	+**Paterson '3: Department of Philosophy, Providence College, Rhode Island (Craig, "A Life Not Worth Living?" Studies in Christian Ethics, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1029225)**
	37	+Contrary to those accounts, I would argue that it is death per se that
	38	+AND
	39	+the person, the very source and condition of all human possibility.82
	40	+
	41	+
	42	+==Part 2 is the Plan.==
	43	+
	44	+
	45	+====Text: Countries ought to prohibit the production of nuclear power in Space through phase-out.====
	46	+**Zhang '15: Sarah Zhang writes in "For 50 Years Now, the U.S. has had a Nuclear Reactor Orbiting in Space" for Gizmodo Journalism ~~http://gizmodo.com/for-50-years-now-the-u-s-has-had-a-nuclear-reactor-or-1695601513~~; AB**
	47	+SNAP 10-A was different. SNAP 10-A was actually a functioning
	48	+AND
	49	+reason why sending nuclear reactors into space is not such a great idea.
	50	+
	51	+
	52	+====And, plan defends whole res – banning nuclear power-plants in space equates to an infinite realm.====
	53	+**Temming '14: Maria Temming writes in "Is the Universe Infinite?" on August 7th, 2014 http://www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-resources/universe-infinite-big-universe/; AB**
	54	+We know that the universe is expanding because, with some nearby exceptions, almost
	55	+AND
	56	+large volume now, it will reach infinite volume in the infinite future.
	57	+
	58	+
	59	+==Part 3 is the Contentions==
	60	+
	61	+
	62	+===Contention 1 is Amplified Nuclear Accidents===
	63	+
	64	+
	65	+
	66	+**====A) Stand-alone risks:====**
	67	+
	68	+
	69	+====First, countries are increasing their use of nuclear power for space missions.====
	70	+**WNA '16: (World Nuclear Association writes in "Nuclear Reactors and Radioisotopes for Space" on February of 2016; ~~http://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/non-power-nuclear-applications/transport/nuclear-reactors-for-space.aspx~~; AB)**
	71	+After a gap of several years, there is a revival of interest in the
	72	+AND
	73	+for non-propulsive purposes," including both radioisotope systems and fission reactors.
	74	+
	75	+
	76	+====Second, the production of space-borne nuclear reactors increase nuclear debris congestion– which cause devastating accidents ====
	77	+**Viikari '8: Lotta Viikari wrote in "The Environmental Element in Space Law: Assessing the Present and Charting the Future," Title The Environmental Element in Space Law: Assessing the Present and Charting the Future Volume 3 of Studies in Space Law Volume 3 of Studies in space law, 1871-7659 Contributor Lotta Viikari Edition illustrated Publisher Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2008 ISBN 9004167447, 9789004167445 Length 396 pages Subjects Law › Environmental; AB**
	78	+A problem closely connected with that of space debris is the threat of nuclear contamination
	79	+AND
	80	+manned space flights. At worst it can even affect the terrestrial environment.
	81	+
	82	+
	83	+====Third, radiation has strong negative health effects.====
	84	+**Warry '11: Richard Warry writes in "QandA: Health effects of radiation exposure" for the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) on 21 July 2011 in the health section, http://www.bbc.com/news/health-12722435; AB**
	85	+Exposure to high levels of radiation - above one gray (the standard measure of
	86	+AND
	87	+at levels far below those that would significantly raise health risks.
	88	+
	89	+
	90	+
	91	+====AND, the natural environment risk of solar flares constantly pose a natural risk to nuclear meltdowns – space is especially vulnerable.====
	92	+**Stein '12: Matthew Stein writes in, "Four Hundred Chernobyls: Solar Flares, Electromagnetic Pulses and Nuclear Armageddon" on Saturday, 24th March 2012 for Truthout in a News Analysis, Matthew Stein is a design engineer, green builder and author of two bestselling books, "When Disaster Strikes: A Comprehensive Guide to Emergency Planning and Crisis Survival" (Chelsea Green 2011), and "When Technology Fails: A Manual for Self-Reliance, Sustainability, and Surviving the Long Emergency" (Chelsea Green 2008). Stein is a graduate of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where he majored in mechanical engineering. Stein has appeared on numerous radio and television programs and is a repeat guest on Fox News, Lionel, Coast-to-Coast AM and the Thom Hartmann Show. He is an active mountain climber, serves as a guide and instructor for blind skiers, has written several articles on the subject of sustainable living and is a guest columnist for The Huffington Post. ~~http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/7301-400-chernobyls-solar-flares-electromagnetic-pulses-and-nuclear-armageddon~~; AB **
	93	+In the past 152 years, Earth has been struck by roughly 100 solar storms
	94	+AND
	95	+planet's outer atmosphere and magnetosphere, the result is a significant geomagnetic disturbance.
	96	+
	97	+
	98	+===Contention 2 is Space Infrastructure.===
	99	+
	100	+
	101	+====First, nuclear power is running out – the AFF is a smooth transition into alternatives before it's too late.====
	102	+**Mosher '13: Dave Mosher writes in "NASA's Plutonium Problem Could End Deep-Space Exploration" on September 19th, 2013 at 6:30 AM for Wired News Outlet in the Science section. Dave Mosher is a Wired.com contributor and freelance journalist obsessed with space, physics, biology, technology and more. He lives in New York City. ~~http://www.wired.com/2013/09/plutonium-238-problem/~~; AB**
	103	+"We've got enough to last to the end of this decade. That's it
	104	+AND
	105	+, and any hiccup in a future supply chain could undermine future missions.
	106	+
	107	+
	108	+====Next, satellite space tech is key to space ex.====
	109	+**NASA '14: NASA blog writes in "What is a Satellite?" on February 12th, 2014. NASA is the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA Official: Brian Dunbar, Page updated on Sept. 16, 2015 ~~http://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/5-8/features/nasa-knows/what-is-the-hubble-space-telecope-58.html~~ I DIDN'T BRACKET THE INFORMATION; THAT WAS IN THE TEXT ITSELF; AB**
	110	+The bird's-eye view that satellites have allows them to see large areas of
	111	+AND
	112	+can send ~~information~~ them back down to different locations on Earth.
	113	+
	114	+
	115	+**====But, nuclear terrorism risks are high – it's more real now than ever====**
	116	+**Cirincione '16: Joe Cirincione writes in "Nuclear terrorist threat bigger than you think" on April 1st, 2016 at 5:53 PM ET, Fri, for CNN news outlet ~~http://www.cnn.com/2016/04/01/opinions/nuclear-terrorism-threat-cirincione/~~; AB**
	117	+Nuclear policy experts can seem like Cassandra, constantly prophesizing apocalyptic futures. In case
	118	+AND
	119	+. And by reducing and better protecting nuclear reactors and spent nuclear fuel.
	120	+
	121	+
	122	+====And, high altitude nuclear plants are EMP terrorism targets – crushes the grid key to Earth life.====
	123	+**Kelly-Detwiler '14: Peter Kelly-Detwiler writes in "Failure to Protect U.S. Against Electromagnetic Pulse Threat Could Make 9/11 Look Trivial Someday" for Forbes news outlet on July 31st, 2014 @9:14 AM; ~~http://www.forbes.com/sites/peterdetwiler/2014/07/31/protecting-the-u-s-against-the-electromagnetic-pulse-threat-a-continued-failure-of-leadership-could-make-911-look-trivial-someday/~~#52c8d2d87fcd~~; AB**
	124	+The electromagnetic pulse (EMP) generated by a high altitude nuclear explosion is one
	125	+AND
	126	+the basic elements necessary to sustain life in dense urban and suburban communities.
	127	+
	128	+
	129	+====Furthermore, the harms are multi-faceted – nuclear EMPs destroy the grid and information tech.====
	130	+**EIS '9: Electric Infrastructural Society writes in "The Catastrophic Effect of an EMP Attack or Severe Solar Storm: Our alarming and needless vulnerability to subcontinent-scale disaster," ~~https://www.centerforsecuritypolicy.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Catastrophic-Effect-of-an-EMP-Attack-or-Severe-Solar-Storm-5-13.pdf~~; AB**
	131	+Since the first atmospheric nuclear tests fifty years ago, it has been known that
	132	+AND
	133	+exchange. It was never used because of the threat of massive retaliation.
	134	+
	135	+
	136	+====Thus, space-borne nuclear EMP shocks would crush space ex efforts.====
	137	+**Viikari '8: Lotta Viikari wrote in "The Environmental Element in Space Law: Assessing the Present and Charting the Future," Title The Environmental Element in Space Law: Assessing the Present and Charting the Future Volume 3 of Studies in Space Law Volume 3 of Studies in space law, 1871-7659 Contributor Lotta Viikari Edition illustrated Publisher Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2008 ISBN 9004167447, 9789004167445 Length 396 pages Subjects Law › Environmental; AB**
	138	+The threat of nuclear explosions in outer space is particularly serious because with no atmosphere
	139	+AND
	140	+large tract of land. Some of the refuse found was lethally radioactive.
	141	+
	142	+
	143	+====Space ex is key to avoid extinction.====
	144	+**Huang '5: Michael Huang writes in "Spaceflight or Extinction," cites Carl Sagan was professor of astronomy and space sciences at Cornell University, cites J. Richard Gott III who is a professor of astrophysical sciences at Princeton University, cites Martin Rees who is a professor of cosmology and astrophysics and Master of Trinity College at the University of Cambridge. BRACKETED FOR GENDERED LANGUAGE ~~http://www.spaext.com/~~; AB**
	145	+Their eventual choice, as ours, is spaceflight or extinction. Carl Sagan…
	146	+AND
	147	+that humanity is more at risk than at any earlier phase in history.
	148	+
	149	+
	150	+==Part 4 is Solvency==
	151	+
	152	+
	153	+====Without nuclear power, space missions will inevitably turn to solar power satellites– which solves nuclear harms and facilitates space ex.====
	154	+**Billings '15: Lee Billings on writes in "NASA Struggles over Deep-Space Plutonium Power" on September 10th, 2015 for Scientific American ~~http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/within-nasa-a-plutonium-power-struggle/~~; AB**
	155	+Sluggish production of nuclear fuel could make solar power the preferred choice for the agency's
	156	+AND
	157	+running out of plutonium-238. Because we've stopped making nuclear weapons.
	158	+
	159	+
	160	+====Solar Power Satellites Solves Energy and it can be transmitted anywhere on earth====
	161	+**Betancourt '10: Kiantar Betancourt, '10, August 28, 2010, Space Energy, Space Based Solar Power: Worth the effort? ~~http://www.spaceenergy.com/AnnouncementRetrieve.aspx?ID=56407~~; AB**
	162	+One solar power satellite could provide 1 gigawatt of continuous power, enough to power
	163	+AND
	164	+SBSP, but no new breakthrough discovery or invention is necessary.~~34~~
	165	+
	166	+
	167	+====Solar satellites boost international space cooperation – facilitates space ex====
	168	+**NSSO '7: ~~National Security Space Office, "Space-Based Solar Power as an Opportunity for Strategic Security; Phase 0 Architecture Feasibility Study", http://www.nss.org/settlement/ssp/library/final-sbsp-interim-assessment-release-01.pdf~~; AB**
	169	+The interim review did not uncover any hard show‐stoppers in the international legal
	170	+AND
	171	+be given to beginning work on the construction of such a framework immediately.
	172	+
	173	+
	174	+====AND solar satellites are key to space colonization – deters extinction====
	175	+**Hsu '10: Dr. Feng Hsu, 10, Sr. Vice President Systems Engineering and Risk Management Space Energy Group, Winter 2010, (Online Journal of Space Communication, Harnessing the Sun: Embarking on Humanity's Next Giant Leap, http://spacejournal.ohio.edu/issue16/hsu.html); AB**
	176	+SPS component technologies will also enable human economic expansion and settlement into space, which
	177	+AND
	178	+into a sustainable and clean world economy that is solar-electric powered.
	179	+
	180	+
	181	+==Part 5 is the Underview==
	182	+
	183	+
	184	+====AFF gets RVIs.====
	185	+AFF flex – NEG has the ability to collapse to either layer so AFF needs the same ability for the 2AR – this outweighs.
	186	+2NR collapse – time skew becomes 6-1 since I cover multiple layers,
	187	+AND
	188	+they need the RVI to compensate for NEG's unique avenue to the ballot.
	189	+
	190	+
	191	+====Space discussion is constantly excluded from policy discourse.====
	192	+**Hsu and Cox '11: Feng Hsu, Ph.D. NASA GSFC, Sr. Fellow, Aerospace Technology Working Group and Ken Cox, Ph.D. Founder and Director, Aerospace Technology Working Group, March 29, 2009 (An Aerospace Technology Working Group White Paper, Version 2.1.1, Sustainable Space Exploration and Space Development: A Unified Strategic Vision, http://www.spacerenaissance.org/papers/A-UnifiedSpaceVision-Hsu-Cox.pdf; AB **
	193	+The Need for a New Vision to Transform America into Spacefaring Nation. There have
	194	+AND
	195	+with the war in Iraq, raises questions about possible political motives involved.

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	1	+1 AC - Space Prohibition Plan

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