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+Representations must precede specific argumentation. The role of the ballot is to resist oppressive representations. |
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+Crawford 02 Neta, PhD MA MIT, BA Brown, Prof. of poli sci at Boston University, “Argument and Change in World Politics”, p. 19-21 |
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+Coherent arguments are … is a meta-argument. |
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+And, prefer prefiat impacts that examine the underlying representations of our advocacies because fiat is illusory. There is no magic wand that passes legislation when you sign the ballot but your ballot can have a real impact on how we think about the world. |
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+The a priori arguments and theory spikes in the AC pre-empt protest and open debate. By defining what is allowed to be said in opposition to the aff before the neg even speaks, the aff harms the open political discourse. |
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+By containing dissent the aff leads to a faith-based politics where ideas are accepted on authority alone since testing and arguing them is no longer permitted. |
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+Elmer and Opel 08 Greg- Director of the Infoscape research lab and Bell Globemedia Research Chair @ Ryerson University, and Andy, associate professor Dept. of Communication @ Florida State University, Preempting Dissent: The Politics of an Inevitable Future, p. 30-31 |
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+The ability to … democratic political culture. |
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+This logic of preemption spills over outside of debate by infiltrating boundaries and permeating the public sphere. The logic of preemption cannot be contained within debate because it infiltrates boundaries and permeates the public sphere. |
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+Massumi 07 Brian, a professor in the Communication Department of the Université de Montréal, “Potential Politics and the Primacy of Preemption”, Theory and Event, Vol. 10, Iss. 2, ProQuest, |
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+24. Preemption's operational parameters …of preemptive action.10 |
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+Pre-emptive discourse undermines open democracy- it creates a false politics of consensus that erodes the platform for those who disagree with injustices. |
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+Goh 06 Irving, Visiting Fellow at Harvard University, Research Fellow at the National University of Singapore. “Disagreeing Preemptive/Prophylaxis: From Philip K. Dick to Jacques Ranciere” Fast Capitalism, 2.1, http://www.uta.edu/huma/agger/fastcapitalism/2_1/goh.html |
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+There is something … all its forms. |