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1		-2016-10-29 17:55:19.593
	1	+2016-10-29 17:55:19.0

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Cites

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	1	+First, the judge as an adult ensures decisions made do not negatively impact abused children. Oppression faced by all beings is bad, including animals. Prefer a) Children do not have rights, which causes the abused children to be helpless in the eyes of societal law. b) Adults have obligations to prevent and mitigate the ongoing child abuse, Muhr 14:
	2	+https://www.adn.com/author/adam-muhr
	3	+Adam Muhr serves as manager of Alaska CARES, an outpatient clinic of Providence Alaska Medical Center that provides sexual and physical abuse evaluations for children. Our job as adults and health care professionals is to protect children and to maintain standards that keep children safe within our community and hospital. Sadly, even when hiring processes and background checks are correctly performed and policies for reporting abuse are properly followed, abuse may still occur. When we hear that a child has been harmed by sexual abuse we feel anger at the perpetrator. Our anger increases when we learn, as in many cases, the abuse happened more than once. According to the resource book "Children Can't Protect Themselves: It's Your Job," sexual abuse affects at least 20 percent of children in the United States. This is an alarmingly high number. As adults, we can all help reduce the prevalence of childhood sexual abuse. Children are vulnerable. It's our responsibility as adults to keep them safe. To clarify, my argument isn’t that child abuse is the worst form of oppression, but rather in decision making processes an adult has an obligation to ensure the decision made best benefits the abused child whom society voids basic rights. If we focus on other forms of oppression the abused child will never be helped, O’Neill 88 2
	4	+(O'Neill. O., 1988, ‘Children's Rights and Children's Lives’, Ethics, 98: 445–463.) She is an Emeritus Professor of Philosophy at the University of Cambridge, a former President of the British Academy 1988–1989 and chaired the Nuffield Foundation 1998–2010.1 In 2003, she was the founding President of the British Philosophical Association (BPA) No doubt oppression takes its toll, and those who have been treated as dependent all their adult lives often lack confidence and are more subservient and less autonomous that they may become: but the potential for empowerment is there, and activity and agitation to claim rights that denied may itself builds confidence and autonomy. But the dependence of children is very different from the dependence of oppressed social groups on those who exercise power over them. Younger children are completely and unavoidably dependent on those who have power over their lives. Theirs is not a dependence which has been artificially produced (although it can be artificially prolonged); nor can it be ended merely by social or political changes, nor are others reciprocally dependent on children.
	5	+ The dependence of oppressed social groups, on the other hand, is often limited, artificially produced, reducible and frequently matched by the reciprocal dependence of the privileged on the oppressed, who provide servants, workers, and soldiers. It is not uprising that oppressors often try to suggest that they standing a parental relation to those whom they oppress: in that way they suggest that the latter’s dependence is natural and irremediable and their own exercise of power a burden which they bear with benevolent fortitude. The vocabulary and trappings of paternalism are often misused to mask the unacceptable faces of power. It is not mere metaphor, but highly political rhetoric, when oppressors describe what they do as paternalistic. The crucial difference between childhood dependence and the dependence of oppressed social groups is that childhood is a stage of life, from which children normally emerge and are helped and urged to merge by those who most power over them. Those with power over children’s lives usually have some interest in ending childish dependence. Oppressors usually have an interest in maintain the oppression of social group. Children have both less need and less capacity to exert “pressure from below,” and less potential for using the rhetoric of rights as a political instrument. Thus, the role of the ballot and judge is to vote for the better policy that protects the abused youth. More warrants:
	6	+1. Children are particularly excluded and not considered relevant by academics, allowing willful ignorance of violence that costs them their lives. Only a focus on children as an important group can stop systemic structural violence – otherwise all oppression towards them is rendered unseen. GIROUX 2K:
	7	+Public Pedagogy and the Responsibility of Intellectuals: Youth, Littleton, and the Loss of Innocence Henry A. Giroux. jac 20.1 (2000)
	8	+Unfortunately, as the post-Littleton debate has clearly shown, educators in a variety of fields, including rhetoric and composition studies, have had little to say about how young people increasingly have become the victims of adult mistreatment, greed, neglect, and domination. The question of how young people experience, resist, challenge, and mediate the complex cultural politics and social spaces that mark their everyday lives does not seem to warrant the attention such issues deserve, especially in light of the ongoing assaults on minority youth of color and class that have taken place since the 1980s. Figures of youth and age circulate almost unnoticed. While educators in rhetoric and composition have learned to consider gender, race, class, and sexuality as part of a politics of education, they have not begun to think of youth as a critical category for social analysis or of the politics of youth and its implications for a radical democracy. The category of youth have has not yet been factored into a broader discourse on politics, power, and social change. In what follows, I attempt to address this lacunae in rhetoric and composition studies in particular and in educational theory in general by analyzing the current assault on youth, and I suggest that educators rethink the interrelated dynamics of politics, culture, and power as they increasingly erode those social spaces necessary for providing young people with the intellectual and material resources they need to participate in and shape the diverse economic, political, and social conditions influencing their lives. I also attempt to develop a critical language that both engages youth as a critical category and offers suggestions for the political and pedagogical roles that educators might play in addressing the crisis of youth, which is itself part of the broader crisis ofpubliclife, and I maintain that understanding the crisis of youth must be central to any notion of literacy, pedagogy, and cultural politics. Central to the view developed here is the assumption that any viable notion of cultural politics must make the pedagogical more political because it is through the pedagogical force of culture that identities are constructed, citizenship rights are enacted, and possibilities are developed for translating acts of interpretation into forms of intervention. Pedagogy, in my view, is about putting subject positions in place and linking the construction of agency to issues of ethics, politics, and power. Recognizing the educational force of the cultural sphere also suggests making the political more pedagogical by addressing how agency unfolds within power-infused relations-that is, how the very processes of learning constitute the political mechanisms through which identities are produced, desires mobilized, and experiences take on specific forms and meanings. This broad definition of pedagogy is not limited to what occurs in institutionalized forms of schooling; it encompasses every relationship that young people imagine to be theirs in the world, where social agency is both enabled and constrained across multiple sites and where meanings enter the realm of power and function as public discourses. Cultural politics, in this instance, must include the issue of youth culture and can not longer be abstracted from considerations of what happens to the bodies and minds of young people at a time in history when the state is being hollowed out and policies of surveillance, regulation, and disciplinary control increasingly replace a welfare state that once provided minimal social services (food stamp programs, child nutrition programs, child health programs, funds for family planning) designed to prevent widespread poverty, suffering, and deprivations among large numbers of youth. Children have been made our lowest national priority, a fact that is most evident as social policy in this country has shifted from social investment to a politics of containment.2 The crisis of youth does not simply reflect the loss of social vision, the ongoing corporatization of public space, and the erosion of democratic life; it also suggests the degree to which youth have been "othered" across a wide range of ideological positions, rendered unworthy of serious analysis as an oppressed group, or deemed to be no longer at risk but rather to be a risk to democratic public life (see Stephens 13). Indifference coupled with demonization make an unholy alliance that fails to foreground the importance of children's agency and the role that young people can play in shaping a future that will not simply repeat the present, a present in which children are increasingly regarded as a detriment to adult society rather than as a valuable resource.
	9	+2. Debate is a unique forum for high-schooler’s to advocate for children – children are denied participation due to the current structure of society. GODWIN 11: Children's Oppression, Rights and Liberation by Samantha Godwin 2011 While childhood similarly marks a stage of life that each of us will pass through, it is unlike old age, excluded from the consideration in the majoritarian process. While all adult voters were once children, they will not become children again at some point in the future so they need not worry about the legal disadvantages of children being applied to them, whereas adults anticipate becoming elderly and therefore have a self-preservation motive to prevent discrimination against the elderly. Another obvious difference is simply that the elderly, unlike children, can vote, and in practice they vote disproportionately. Children are also de facto denied the right to assemble: their ability to travel to demonstrations or to political meetings can be restricted by their parents and truancy laws, with the state ready to use its police power to enforce parental authority if necessary. Access to the media is further curtailed not only because children lack the financial means to popularize their views but because they lack the legal rights to have the opportunity to acquire those means.
	10	+Part 1: Counter Plan U.S. Department of Health and Human Service 13 Counter Plan Text: Limit qualified immunity in all instances except police investigation of child abuse in which, absolute immunity available under the state’s child abuse and neglect reporting act extends not only to making of initial report of child abuse, but also to the conduct giving rise to an obligation to report, such as collection of data, or observation, examination, or treatment of suspected victim performed in a professional capacity, and to subsequent communications between reporter and public authorities responsible for investigating or prosecuting child abuse. REPORT TO CONGRESS ON IMMUNITY FROM PROSECUTION FOR PROFESSIONAL CONSULTATION IN SUSPECTED AND KNOWN INSTANCES OF CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT June 2013 U.S. the solvency advocate, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Service 2, clarifies the need for this policy:
	11	+(U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth and Families Children’s Bureau) The reauthorization required the Secretary of Health and Human Services (HHS) to consult with experts in healthcare, law enforcement, education, and local child welfare administration, and examine how immunity from prosecution under state and local laws and regulations facilitate or inhibit individuals cooperating, consulting, or assisting in making good faith reports of suspected child abuse or neglect. The Secretary of HHS must submit a report to the Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions of the Senate and the Committee on Education and the Workforce of the House of Representatives with information about the study conducted and any recommendations for When Placing a Child in Emergency Protective Custody, Officers who become involved in a child abuse case through social services should consider all information that has been provided to them. Based on this information, officers should ask a basic question: “If we leave and obtain a court order to remove this child, is the child likely to be injured before we return?” If the answer is yes, then the officer should remove the child. All actions should be in accordance with State guidelines and departmental policy and procedure: Depending on the jurisdiction, the officer may be obligated to remove the child if direct disclosure of physical or sexual abuse is made, if such abuse is alleged, or if evidence of an abusive incident is present. Moreover, in most jurisdictions, State law allows an officer to decide to remove a child based on observation of the facts and judgment of the information given. In some situations an officer may remove a child because he or she feels that the child may suffer further physical or emotional harm or trauma or be hidden or abducted before a court order can be obtained. In some jurisdictions law enforcement may be called upon by child protective services to investigate allegations of child abuse, to officially place a child in emergency protective custody, or to assist with such placement. Officers in such situations need to know the laws in their State. they furtherFailure to understand their legally mandated roles and responsibilities could result in: A child being left in a dangerous situation. A child being removed illegally. The officer and the department being placed in a situation of civil liability. However, if a mistake is to be made, it is better to err in the attempt to safeguard the physical well-being of the child. In jurisdictions where law enforcement has sole responsibility for deciding to remove a child from the home, the child is usually placed in the custody of the department of social services until a final determination regarding custody of the child can be made by the courts. Social services is responsible for placing the child in a licensed foster care facility. Officers 14 need to be aware of the legalities regarding parental rights and their responsibilities for providing written notification of the child’s removal. In most States it is not acceptable for law enforcement to take a child from one parent and place him or her in the custody of another parent or of a relative without a court order or verification of legal authority. Also, in most States the placement of a child in the custody of another individual is the sole responsibility of the department of social services and not law enforcement. However, if social services chooses to place the child in the custody of a parent or someone other than a licensed foster care facility, law enforcement should be aware of the jurisdiction’s policies and practices before participating in or agreeing to this placement.
	12	+When it appears that a child is in danger of being harmed, or has already been seriously abused or neglected, a police officer can place the child in protective custody. Custody of the child is then transferred to CPS which places the child with a relative or in foster care. By law, a child can be kept in protective custody for no more than 72 hours, excluding weekends and legal holidays. If the child is not returned to the parents or some other voluntary arrangement made within 72 hours, the matter must be reviewed by a court. Four implications: a) The neg challenges class based oppression by supplying the ability for care to every child. b) Shows the plan shifts the current values of the state toward that of commitment to best aiding abused children. c) It is more beneficial for the child if the police are able to err on the side caution d) The negs implementation is that of a moral necessity in order to ensure abused youth best receive aid Part 2: Harms First roughly 20 of the population experiences childhood abuse: NCA (National Children’s Alliance) 13: 2013 National Abuse Statistics
	13	+An estimated 679,000 children were victims of abuse and neglect (unique instances). 47 states reported approximately 3.1 million children received preventative services from Child Protective Services agencies in the United States. Children in the first year of their life had the highest rate of victimization of 23.1 per 1,000 children in the national population of the same age. Of the children who experienced maltreatment or abuse, nearly 80 suffered neglect; 18 suffered physical abuse; and 9 suffered sexual abuse. Just under 80 of reported child fatalities as a result of abuse and neglect were caused by one or more of the child victim’s parents.
	14	+Second, victims of child abuse face increasing danger later in life: Child Welfare . Gov 13
	15	+The impact of child abuse and neglect is often discussed in terms of physical, psychological, behavioral, and societal consequences. In reality, however, it is impossible to separate the types of impacts. Physical consequences, such as damage to a child’s growing brain, can have psychological implications, such as cognitive delays or emotional difficulties. Psychological problems often manifest as high-risk behaviors. Depression and anxiety, for example, may make a person more likely to smoke, abuse alcohol or drugs, or overeat. High-risk behaviors, in turn, can lead to long-term physical health problems, such as sexually transmitted diseases, cancer, and obesity. Not all children who have been abused or neglected will experience long term consequences, but they may have an increased susceptibility.
	16	+The immediate physical effects of abuse or neglect can be relatively minor (bruises or cuts) or severe (broken bones, hemorrhage, or even death). In some cases, the physical effects are temporary; however, the pain and suffering they cause a child should not be discounted. Child abuse and neglect can have a multitude of long-term effects on physical health. NSCAW researchers found that, at some point during the 3 years following a maltreatment investigation, 28 percent of children had a chronic health condition (Administration for Children and Families, Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation ACF/OPRE, 2007). Below are some outcomes other researchers have identified: Abusive head trauma. Abusive head trauma, an inflicted injury to the head and its contents caused by shaking and blunt impact, is the most common cause of traumatic death for infants. The injuries Long-Term Consequences of Child Abuse and Neglect https://www.childwelfare.gov 4 This material may be freely reproduced and distributed. However, when doing so, please credit Child Welfare Information Gateway. Available online at https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/factsheets/long_term_consequences.cfm may not be immediately noticeable and may include bleeding in the eye or brain and damage to the spinal cord and neck. Significant brain development takes place during infancy, and this important development is compromised in maltreated children. One in every four victims of shaken baby syndrome dies, and nearly all victims experience serious health consequences (CDC, n.d.). Impaired brain development. Child abuse and neglect have been shown to cause important regions of the brain to fail to form or grow properly, resulting in impaired development. These alterations in brain maturation have long-term consequences for cognitive, language, and academic abilities and are connected with mental health disorders (Tarullo, 2012). Disrupted neurodevelopment as a result of maltreatment can cause children to adopt a persistent fear state as well as attributes that are normally helpful during threatening moments but counterproductive in the absence of threats, such as hypervigilance, anxiety, and behavior impulsivity Poor mental and emotional health. Experiencing childhood trauma and adversity, such as physical or sexual abuse, is a risk factor for borderline personality disorder, depression, anxiety, and other psychiatric disorders. One study using ACE data found that roughly 54 percent of cases of depression and 58 percent of suicide attempts in women were connected to adverse childhood experiences (Felitti and Anda, 2009). Child maltreatment also negatively impacts the development of emotion regulation, which often persists into adolescence or adulthood (MessmanMorre, Walsh, and DiLillo, 2010). Cognitive difficulties. NSCAW researchers found that children with substantiated reports of maltreatment were at risk for severe developmental and cognitive problems, including grade repetition (ACF/OPRE, 2012b). In its final report on the second NSCAW study (NSCAW II), more than 10 percent of school-aged children and youth showed some risk of cognitive problems or low academic achievement, 43 percent had emotional or behavioral problems, and 13 percent had both (ACF/OPRE, 2011). Social difficulties. Children who experience neglect are more likely to develop antisocial traits as they grow up. Parental neglect is associated with borderline personality disorders, attachment issues or affectionate behaviors with unknown/little-known people, inappropriate modeling of adult behavior, and aggression (Perry, 2012)
	17	+Juvenile delinquency and adult criminality. Several studies have documented the correlation between child abuse and future juvenile delinquency. Children who have experienced abuse are nine times more likely to become involved Long-Term Consequences of Alcohol and other drug abuse. Research consistently reflects an increased likelihood that children who have experienced abuse or neglect will smoke cigarettes, abuse alcohol, or take illicit drugs during their lifetime. In fact, male children with an ACE Score of 6 or more (having six or more adverse childhood experiences) had an increased likelihood—of more than 4,000 percent—to use intravenous drugs later in life (Felitti and Anda, 2009). Abusive behavior. Abusive parents often have experienced abuse during their own childhoods. Data from the Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health showed that girls who experienced childhood physical abuse were 1–7 percent more likely to become perpetrators of youth violence and 8–10 percent more likely to be perpetrators of interpersonal violence (IPV). Boys who experienced childhood sexual violence were 3–12 percent more likely to commit youth violence and 1–17 percent more likely to commit IPV (Xiangming and Corso, 2007)
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	19	+Four impacts: a) Outweighs aff offense on magnitude; giving child abuse investigators ability to better aid the child avoids chronic health conditions, cognitive disabilities, suicide, rates of crime, use of drugs, self-harm, and future chances of perpetrating abuse . b) Shows the necessity of the policing body, even if it’s not perfect it’s definitely better than the harms in the neg c) Means there is an infinite net disadvantage to waiting since it forces the abused to sit by defenseless during which they are continuously abused d) neg offense outweighs potential aff K impacts because the neg has immediate solvency.
	20	+
	21	+Part 3: Solvency
	22	+First, the immediate removal of the alleged abused child instantly removes threats of abuse, and while the child’s safety is ensured an official thorough investigation can be conducted: Mason 9
	23	+(Mason, Yvonne. "Fourth Amendment Rights." How Child Protection Services Buys and Sells Our Children. N.p., 20 Nov. 2009. Web. 26 Oct. 2016.) Education: After a 34 year absence, returned to college in 2004. Graduated with honors in Criminal Justice with an Associate’s degree from Lanier Technical College in 2006.
	24	+Awards: Nominated for the prestigious GOAL award in 2005 which encompasses all of the technical colleges. This award is based not only on excellence in academics but also leadership, positive attitude and the willingness to excel in one’s major.
	25	+"The right of the police to enter and investigate in an emergency . . . is inherent in the very nature of their duties as peace officers, and derives from the common law."16 However, in order to qualify for the "exigent circumstances" exception to probable cause there must be a showing of true necessity that is, an imminent and substantial threat to life, health, or property. "17 To put it another way, state actors making the search must have reason to believe that life or limb is in immediate jeopardy and that the intrusion is reasonably necessary to alleviate the threat.18 When a social worker or law enforcement officer seeks to enter a home, a parent should ask to see a search warrant. If no warrant has been issued, the social worker or law enforcement officer will be forced to decide whether there is imminent danger to a child inside in order to proceed into the home. Often, the social worker or law enforcement officer will not wish to make such a conclusion if there is no evidence. The state may then either close the investigation or obtain a warrant. Courts have held that the states temporary assertion of custodial authority in the face of a reasonably perceived emergency does not violate due process.70 "When a child's safety is threatened, that is justification enough for action first and hearing afterwards."71 Thus, while the courts have acknowledged that a parent's rights to retain care and custody over their children are fundamental, they have also held that the state has a compelling interest in the health and safety of its children which may justify interference with that care and custody.72 Most states provide that a child may be taken from the home if there is a reasonable belief that a child is in imminent danger.75 States differ on who may actually take physical custody, however. Some states allow a law enforcement officer or a social worker to take a child into emergency protective custody, and others allow only a law enforcement officer to do so. When a social worker or law enforcement officer seeks to take custody, a parent should ask to see a court order. If the social worker or law enforcement officer does not possess a court order they will be forced to determine whether the child is in imminent danger in order to proceed with the removal of the child into protective custody. Often a social worker or law enforcement officer will not wish to make such a conclusion and will leave the home. The investigation may be closed if there is no evidence of imminent danger, or the investigator may obtain a court order. In either case, the parent has forced the state to accord him/her due process before the removal of the child occurs.
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	27	+Second, the sooner the cause of abuse is removed, the better chance the child has at recovery: Web Md 16
	28	+Early treatment gives an abused or neglected child the best chance for recovery. Treatment for the child The first step is to provide a safe environment to prevent further harm. The sooner this happens, the better the child's chance for physical and emotional recovery. This includes separating the child, as well as any other children in the household, from the person suspected of abuse. Any physical injuries will be treated, either in a hospital or at a doctor's office, depending on how serious they are. Counseling is always recommended for abused or neglected children. It usually focuses on: How they feel about themselves. Their past experiences. Fears and concerns they may have about the present and future. For very young children, counseling may involve play therapy. Treatment for parents or caregivers Parents or caregivers who have abused or neglected a child also need treatment. The type of treatment depends on the specific abuse that occurred. Some people need to learn more about how to raise and care for children. Others may need treatment for other serious problems, such as: Drug or alcohol abuse. Depression or other mental health problems. Low self-esteem. Violent behavior. Parents who have lost custody of their children can sometimes regain it. It depends on how bad the abuse or neglect was and how far they have come in realizing what their problems are and how to prevent them. In severe cases, the parent can see the child only when someone else is present. Sometimes a judge permanently ends the parent-child relationship.

EntryDate

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	1	+2016-10-29 17:55:21.705

Judge

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	1	+Daniel Shatzkin

Opponent

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	1	+LMHS Speech GG

ParentRound

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	1	+0

Round

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	1	+2

Team

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	1	+Strake Jesuit Thorburn Neg

Title

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	1	+FBK Round 2 NC

Tournament

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	1	+Florida Blue Key