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+A. Counterplan Text: The US will modify Monell Claims to operate according to a ‘conscious disregard’ standard instead of the current ‘deliberate indifference’ standard. |
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+Amit Singh 15 (J.D. Candidate, University of the Pacific, McGeorge School of Law). "Accountability Matters: An Examination of Municipal Liability in Sec. 1983 Actions." The U. of Pac. L. Rev. 47 (2015): 105. |
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+The Court should revisit the standard for municipal liability in § 1983 actions and provide |
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+AND |
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+policymaker, or those persons acting on behalf of a municipal policymaker. 8 |
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+The CP makes Monell claims easier to make. |
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+Amit Singh 2 (J.D. Candidate, University of the Pacific, McGeorge School of Law). "Accountability Matters: An Examination of Municipal Liability in Sec. 1983 Actions." The U. of Pac. L. Rev. 47 (2015): 105. |
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+Unlike the deliberate indifference standard, the conscious disregard standard provides an effective remedy for |
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+AND |
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+engaging in patterns or practices that violate the constitutional rights of citizens.'9 |
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+Monell claims force policy reform—individual suits only target the individual officers. |
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+Myriam Gilles 2000 (Assistant Professor, Cardozo Law School) "In defense of making Government pay: the deterrent effect of constitutional tort remedies." Ga. L. Rev. 35 (2000): 845. |
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+In addition to serving an informational function, municipal liability claims serve a "fault |
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+AND |
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+that the municipality will take steps to remedy the broader problems. |
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+Monnell claims generate mass publicity, heavily inducing political actors to take reformative measures. |
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+Myriam Gilles 2 (Assistant Professor, Cardozo Law School) "In defense of making Government pay: the deterrent effect of constitutional tort remedies." Ga. L. Rev. 35 (2000): 845. |
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+I contend that the imposition of constitutional tort remedies at the municipal level serves important |
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+AND |
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+in dollars, clearly translate into the political currency that moves political actors. |
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+Empirically proven to create effect change—it would lead to relief in the Tamir Rice case. |
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+Amit Singh 3 (J.D. Candidate, University of the Pacific, McGeorge School of Law). "Accountability Matters: An Examination of Municipal Liability in Sec. 1983 Actions." The U. of Pac. L. Rev. 47 (2015): 105. |
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+The first and third prongs of the conscious disregard standard require a municipal policymaker to |
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+AND |
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+disregard standard would also afford relief to the family of 21 Tamir Rice. |
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+The CP is mutually exclusive—doing both makes Monell claims impossible. |
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+Myriam Gilles 3 (Assistant Professor, Cardozo Law School) "In defense of making Government pay: the deterrent effect of constitutional tort remedies." Ga. L. Rev. 35 (2000): 845. |
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+Second, the common practice of bifurcation serves to limits the efficacy |
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+AND |
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+the informational and fault-fixing functions of municipal liability lie inert. 10 |