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Summary

Details

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2 +
3 +
4 +==Part 1: History ==
5 +We start our journey on March 28th 1979 Dauphin County, Pennsylvania : A reactor partially melts down and releases radioactive material into the surrounding areas in what is now known as the Three Mile Island Accident. 30 years after the atrocity, it is still called the worst meltdown in U.S history with effects felt to date. Cancer, violence, death. BUT no one knows that – the incident has gone down in infamy as one of the biggest streams of government lies to hide the horrid effects of a government sponsored initiative – nuclear power
6 +Wasserman, No Date (Harvey Wasserman has been writing about atomic energy and the green alternatives since 1973. His 1982 assertion to Bryant Gumbel on NBC's TODAY Show that people were killed at TMI sparked a national mailing from the reactor industry demanding a retraction. NBC was later bought by General Electric, still a major force pushing atomic power. , "People Died at Three Mile Island," No Publication, http://www.nukefree.org/news/peoplediedatthreemileisland No date) AP
7 +As news of the accident poured into the global media, the public was assured there were no radiation releases.That quickly proved to be false.The public was then told the releases were controlled and done purposely to alleviate pressure on the core. Both those assertions were false. The public was told the releases were "insignificant."But stack monitors were saturated and unusable, and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission later told Congress it did not know—-and STILL does not know—-how much radiation was released at Three Mile Island, or where it went. Using unsubstantiated estimates of how much radiation was released, the government issued average doses allegedly received by people in the region, which it assured the public were safe. But the estimates were utterly meaningless, among other things ignoring the likelihood that high doses of concentrated fallout could come down heavily on specific areas. Official estimates said a uniform dose to all persons in the region was equivalent to a single chest x-ray. But pregnant women are no longer x-rayed because it has long been known a single dose can do catastrophic damage to an embryo or fetus in utero. The public was told there was no melting of fuel inside the core.But robotic cameras later showed a very substantial portion of the fuel did melt.The public was told there was no danger of an explosion. But there was, as there had been at Michigan's Fermi reactor in 1966. In 1986, Chernobyl Unit Four did explode.The public was told there was no need to evacuate anyone from the area. But Pennsylvania Governor Richard Thornburgh then evacuated pregnant women and small children. Unfortunately, many were sent to nearby Hershey, which was showered with fallout.In fact, the entire region should have been immediately evacuated. It is standard wisdom in the health physics community that—-due in part to the extreme vulnerability of human embryos, fetuses and small children, as well as the weaknesses of old age—-there is no safe dose of radiation, and none will ever be found. The public was assured the government would follow up with meticulous studies of the health impacts of the accident.In fact, the state of Pennsylvania hid the health impacts, including deletion of cancers from the public record, abolition of the state's tumor registry, misrepresentation of the impacts it could not hide (including an apparent tripling of the infant death rate in nearby Harrisburg) and much more.The federal government did nothing to track the health histories of the region's residents.
8 +Three mile resulted in an increase of infant mortality, cancer rates, psychological and physical effects that lasted long after the initial explosion.
9 +Epstein 11 , Eric Epstei, Mr. Epstein is the Chairman of Three Mile Island Alert,, "Health Studies," Three Mile Island Alert, http://www.tmia.com/taxonomy/term/12, 10-27-2011)AP
10 +Penn State Professor Winston Richards reported, "Infant mortality for Dauphin County, while average in 1978, becomes significantly above average in 1980." 8. 1984: The first Voluntary Community Health Study was undertaken by a group of local residents trained by Marjorie Aamodt. That study found a 600 percent cancer death rate increase for three locations on the west shore of TMI directly in the plumes' pathway. The data were independently verified by experts from the TMI Public Health Fund. 1985: Jane Lee surveyed 409 families living in a housing development five miles from TMI. Lee documented 23 cancer deaths, 45 cancer incidences, 53 benign tumors, 31 miscarriages, stillbirths and deformities, and 204 cases of respiratory problems.By 1985, TMI's owners and builders had paid more than $14 million for out-of-court settlements of personal injury lawsuits including $12.250 million paid to 280 plaintiffs and Orphans Court Cases. August, 1985: Marc Sheaffer, a psychologist at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences in Bethesda, released a study linking TMI-related stress with immunity impairments. August, 1987: Prof. James Rooney and Prof. Sandy Prince of Embury of Penn State University-Harrisburg reported that "chronically elevated levels of psychological stress" have existed among Middletown residents since the Accident.April, 1988: Andrew Baum, professor of medical psychology at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences in Bethesda discussed the results of his research on TMI residents in Psychology Today. "When we compared groups of people living near Three Mile Island with a similar group elsewhere, we found that the Three Mile Island group reported more physical complaints, such as headaches and back pain, as well as more anxiety and depression. We also uncovered long- term changes in levels of hormones...These hormones affect various bodily functions, including muscle tension, cardiovascular activity, overall metabolic and immune-system function..."
11 +James Fenwick, a researcher at Millersville University, found statistically significant increases of kidney, renal, pelvis and ovarian cancer in women. (April, 1998) June, 1991: Columbia University's Health Study (Susser-Hatch) published results of their findings in the American Journal of Public Health. The study actually shows a more than doubling of all observed cancers after the accident at TMI-2, including: lymphoma, leukemia, colon and the hormonal category of breast, endometrium, ovary, prostate and testis. For leukemia and lung cancers in the six to 12 km distance, the number observed was almost four times greater. In the 0-six km range, colon cancer was four times greater. The study found "a statistically significant relationship between incidence rates after the accident and residential proximity to the plant."
12 +
13 +
14 +====The effects lasted long into the public memory with the government learned from the Three Mile Incident, not building new reactors since the 80's until they could find the place that would have the least amount effects on its "citizens." – They learned WHERE to place these horrible reactors and who to exploit for their own gain====
15 +Cousins et. Al no date (Elicia Cousins, Claire Karban, Fay Li, and Marianna Zapanta Carleton College, Environmental Studies Comprehensive Project Northfield, MN, USA, "Nuclear Power and Environmental Justice: A Mixed-Methods Study of Risk, Vulnerability, and the Victim Experience, No date, "https://apps.carleton.edu/curricular/ents/assets/Cousins_Karban_Li_Zapanta.pdf, Carleton Environmental Studies,)AP
16 +We begin with an analysis of the spatial distribution of nuclear power plants in the
17 +AND
18 +for this particular facility to examine the surrounding population using the same methodology.
19 +
20 +
21 +==Part 2: Wasteland==
22 +Our journey takes us to September 2016
23 + Burke County, Georgia – site of the Vogtle nuclear plant
24 +
25 +
26 +====Black bodies live in a world of nuclear waste, constantly tormenting their every day lives – lives full of cancer, death, pitiful living conditions – nothing has changed – nothing positive was learned from the 3-mile incident- black bodies are still represented as fungible- their demands for change- unheard- their lives invisible to the eyes of the government ====
27 + Dixon 12 Environmental racism: Is nuclear plant causing cancer for poor black residents of Shell Bluff, Ga.?http://thegrio.com/2012/01/25/nuclear-plants-and-cancer-epidemics-in-a-poor-black-georgia-town-environmental-racism-in-the-21st-ce/
28 +Environmental racism occurs when hazardous industries and facilities are placed in and near poor,
29 +AND
30 +air or water or anything else for the radiation we know is there.
31 +
32 +
33 +====Due to fungibility the voices of the black body are never heard – this space is key ====
34 +Dixon 12 Environmental racism: Is nuclear plant causing cancer for poor black residents of Shell Bluff, Ga.?http://thegrio.com/2012/01/25/nuclear-plants-and-cancer-epidemics-in-a-poor-black-georgia-town-environmental-racism-in-the-21st-ce/
35 +"We've had meetings and protests and lots of promises and more meetings," Stephens
36 +AND
37 +not benefit Georgia residents, because it will be sold to Florida.'
38 +
39 +
40 +====The impact to that fungibility is irreversible. Nuclear plants are responsible for devastating effects of displacement, contamination and distraction. Nuclear spaces become war zones in and of themselves, enacting violence through illness, war, poverty, death, and more, creating and unpredictable risk.====
41 +**Taylor 2010** (Bryan Taylor, "Radioactive History Rhetoric, Memory, and Place in the Post–Cold War nuclear Museum" in Places of Public Memory)
42 +To understand the rhetorical nature of these spaces, we must remember that nuclear weapons
43 +AND
44 +inhabitants and visitors, the latter also creates unpredictable risk for their bodies.
45 +
46 +
47 +==Part 3: Memory Space ==
48 +
49 +
50 +====Three Mile and Burke County Georgia reflect the long and contested history of nuclear power production in this country. We must use these sites as memory places in order to understand the effects on populations of environmental degradation, and to challenge the militarized power that displaces and subjects black and brown communities to health crises. The nuclear power plant is symbolic of militarized control over certain bodies and embracing these sites as a memory space unmasks and unmakes those system of power.====
51 +Blair, Dickson, and Ott 2010 (Introduction Rhetoric/Memory/Place; Places of Public Memory)
52 +Finally, memory places themselves have histories. That is, they do not just
53 +AND
54 +play whenever one visits a historic site—the visitor's own era."129
55 +
56 +
57 +====Thus I advocate the turn of Three Mile and Burke County Georgia into "Memory Spaces" as a means for countries to prohibit the production of nuclear power.====
58 +
59 +
60 +====
61 +The memory place does not just represent the pasts, it accretes it and draws connections from past to present. It shapes our way of being, unmasking and unmaking systems of power that subjects particular citizens to environmental degradation, and health crises.====
62 +Blair, Dickson, and Ott 2010 (Introduction Rhetoric/Memory/Place; Places of Public Memory)
63 +Places also mobilize power because they are implacably material. They act directly on the
64 +AND
65 +, it has its own power dimension that becomes part of the experience.
66 +
67 +
68 +====The debate space is uniquely key –our rhetoric impacts those in the room with us and create a memory space for this specific round-IN a world where there is never a memory of the harms against the black body- Memory Spaces are uniquely key to contesting nuclear power AND REFRAME ALL STATE POLICIES ARE VIEWED. THUS THE ROLE OF THE BALLOT IS TO VOTE FOR THE DEBATER THAT BEST CREATES A MEMORY SPACE that resists a power structures====
69 +
70 +
71 +====Museums and public memory force an immediate confrontation with the visitor to where they must deal with not just the past but the present effects of nuclear power. The phenomena of the nuclear place restores a sense of connection between audiences both socially and internationally. ====
72 +**Taylor 2010** (Bryan Taylor, "Radioactive History Rhetoric, Memory, and Place in the Post–Cold War nuclear Museum" in Places of Public Memory)
73 +The marginalized interests of these groups evoke alternate rhetorical frames that reorient museum visitors to
74 +AND
75 +to local and regional sites that may be uncomfortably familiar to those audiences.
EntryDate
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1 +2016-09-17 19:43:10.353
Judge
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1 +Jared Woods
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1 +Harrison RP
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1 +3
Round
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1 +1
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1 +Southlake Carroll Patel Aff
Title
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1 +SEPOCT-1AC Memory Space
Tournament
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1 +Greenhill

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