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... ... @@ -1,73 +1,100 @@ 1 -==Framework== 2 -====I affirm Resolved: Public colleges and universities in the United States ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech.==== 3 -====The value is morality because ought means a moral obligation.==== 4 -====The resolution is a question of academic freedom. The present convolution around liberty has always been ambiguous and constantly challenged. In order to solve the moral problems in universities, we need to maximize academic freedom, thus the criterion is maximizing academic freedom.==== 5 -**Demaske 2k16** ~~~~~~Demaske, Chris (2016). "Not Just A Nice Job Perk": Academic Freedom As A First Amendment Right, Democratic Communiqué, vol. 27. 2015/2016 pp. 31–53.~~~~~~ 6 -Much as journalists frequently assert that they have a "right to know," scholars 1 +=1AC= 2 + 3 + 4 +===Framing=== 5 + 6 + 7 +====The alt-right is back and stronger than ever—students are already engaging in hate speech and harmful dialogue and are being recruited now on college campuses for white nationalist movements. ==== 8 +**Harkinson 16**, Josh. "The Push to Enlist "Alt-Right" Recruits on College Campuses." Mother Jones. N.p., 6 Dec. 2016. Web. 06 Jan. 2017. http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2016/12/richard-spencer-alt-right-college-activism. SM 9 +How much support is there for the loose-knit coalition of white nationalists and 7 7 AND 8 -to argue for a more complex and constitutionally grounded conception of academic freedom. 9 -====Free speech is a pre-requisite to any morality- without it self-realization is impossible. ==== 10 -**Eberle 94** Eberle, Law @ Roger Williams, 94 (Wake Forest LR, Winter) 11 -The Court's decision in R.A.V. reaffirms the preeminence of free 11 +value of this university, no matter how odious the views may be." 12 + 13 + 14 +====Education on resisting oppression is key to raising a class of radical students willing to alter the material conditions of oppression through democratic policy actions ==== 15 +**Giroux 15** (Henry, American scholar and cultural critic. One of the founding theorists of critical pedagogy in the United States, he is best known for his pioneering work in public pedagogy, "Higher Education and the Promise of Insurgent Public Memory," March 3, 2015, http://truth-out.org/news/item/29396-higher-education-and-the-promise-of-insurgent-public-memory) 16 +The current call to cleanse history in the name of a false patriotism that celebrates 12 12 AND 13 -Accordingly, any suspicion or evidence of governmental censorship must be vigilantly investigated. 14 -==Observation 1== 15 -====Hate speech is not constitutionally protected: there are exceptions to the first amendment for harmful types of speech, I don't defend the non-restriction or protection of harmful speech==== 16 -**Usccourts.gov** ~~~~~~United States Courts, xx-xx-xxxx, "What Does Free Speech Mean?," http://www.uscourts.gov/about-federal-courts/educational-resources/about-educational-outreach/activity-resources/what-does~~~~~~ 17 -Freedom of speech does not include the right: To incite actions that would harm 18 +as a university president at Harvard or any other institution of higher learning. 19 + 20 + 21 +====Only through a racial realism approach and policy action can real world change that has the end result of empowering the oppressed occur ==== 22 +Bell 92 (Derrick Bell, 1992, Conneticut Law Review, http://liberalarts.iupui.edu/mpsg/Essays/Bell20-20Racial20Realism.pdf,) AP 23 + 24 + 25 +====While implementing Racial Realism we must simultaneously ac- knowledge that our actions are not likely to lead to transcendent change and, despite our best efforts, may be of more help to the system we despise than to the victims of that system we are trying to help. Nevertheless, our realization, and the dedication based on that realiza- tion, can lead to policy positions and campaigns that are less likely to worsen conditions for those we are trying to help, and will be more likely to remind those in power that there are imaginative, unabashed risk-takers who refuse to be trammeled upon. Yet confrontation with our oppressors is not our sole reason for engaging in Racial Realism. Continued struggle can bring about unexpected benefits and gains that in themselves justify continued endeavor. The fight in itself has mean- ing and should give us hope for the future. I am convinced that there is something real out there in America for black people. It is not, however, the romantic love of integration. It is surely not the long-sought goal of equality under law, though we must maintain the struggle against racism else the erosion of black rights will become even worse than it is now. The Racial Realism that we must seek is simply a hard-eyed view of racism as it is and our subordinate role in it. We must realize, as our slave forebears, that the struggle for freedom is, at bottom, a manifestation of our humanity that survives and grows stronger through resistance to oppression, even if that oppression is never overcome. I am convinced that there is something real out there in America for black people. It is not, however, the romantic love of integration. It is surely not the long-sought goal of equality under law, though we must maintain the struggle against racism else the erosion of black rights will become even worse than it is now. The Racial Realism that we must seek is simply a hard-eyed view of racism as it is and our subordinate role in it. We must realize, as our slave forebears, that the struggle for freedom is, at bottom, a manifestation of our humanity that survives and grows stronger through resistance to oppression, even if that oppression is never overcome. ==== 26 + 27 + 28 +====Thus the role of the ballot is to vote for the debater who best upholds a racial realistic perspective and engages in policy action==== 29 + 30 + 31 +====Instead of abstracting and ignoring oppression through ideal theory we should focus on concrete solutions to fight it==== 32 +**Curry 14** (Dr. Tommy J. Curry, "The Cost of a Thing: A Kingian Reformulation of a Living Wage Argument in the 21st Century", Victory Briefs, 2014) 33 +Despite the pronouncement of debate as an activity and intellectual exercise pointing to the real 18 18 AND 19 -Morse v. Frederick, __ U.S. __ (2007) 20 -====Thus if the negative says restrictions of hate speech are good, that doesn't mean anything since it is not protected speech and thus out of the purview of speech that the resolution makes me defend. They have to win that restrictions on constitutionally protected speech are good to win.==== 21 -==Contention 1 is Academic Freedom== 22 -====Universities can crack down even on students and professors with no explanation – this destroys critical thought and expression.==== 23 -Fiorillo 15 (CCP Adjunct Professor, Black Lives Matter Activist Suspended After Speaking at Rally Divya Nair to face a disciplinary hearing this week. A Change.org petition to reinstate her has over 270 signatures. BY VICTOR FIORILLO , OCTOBER 14, 2015, http://www.phillymag.com/news/2015/10/14/professor-suspended-black-lives-matter-divya-nair/) 24 -Last Thursday, at a rally initiated by the Revolutionary Student Coordinating Committee, PHL 35 +used to currently justify the living wages in under our contemporary moral parameters. 36 + 37 + 38 +===Harms=== 39 + 40 + 41 +====Free speech is as tight as a pin on college campuses—this limits productive dialogue that can foster new ideas and goes against the true purpose of higher level education==== 42 +**Maloney 16**, Cliff, Jr (He is a graduate of the University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown, Class of 2014, with a B.A. in Education and a B.S. in Theatre Arts.) . "Colleges Have No Right to Limit Students' Free Speech." Time. Time, Oct.-Nov. 2016. Web. 04 Jan. 2017. http://time.com/4530197/college-free-speech-zone/. 43 +In grade school, I learned that debate is defined as "a discussion between 25 25 AND 26 -adjunct faculty member, and they think they can get rid of her." 27 -====Public colleges and universities almost always win their cases and thus can get whoever they want punished. Even though by definition of the first amendment, scholars are protected, the court always interprets cases to favor institutions.==== 28 -**UIUC Journal of Law 2k16** ~~~~~~University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. "First Amendment offers scant protection for professors." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 9 May 2016. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/05/160509191016.htm~~~~~~ 29 -A new study by a University of Illinois employment law expert determined that the First 45 +remain protected—not just on college campuses, but everywhere in America. 46 + 47 + 48 +====Speech codes increase racial tensions, cause backlash, and drive racist thought underground to where we can't fight it==== 49 +**Herron 93**, Vince. "Increasing the Speech: Diversity, Campus Speech Codes, and the Pursuit of Truth." S. Cal. L. Rev. 67 (1993): 407. SM 50 +Some will argue that speech codes were never intended to solve the underlying problems of 30 30 AND 31 -than what it is — a laboratory of thought, experimentation and speech.". 32 -====Speech restrictions are an oppressive means to control thought production, and although they start with justified limits, admins can bend the rules to use those limits to silence any speech. Allowing for any restrictions leaves this opportunity open and we already know that the admins always win. This destroys student's potential to truly learn or create change. America has no future when colleges suppress thought.==== 33 -**Wogulis 9 **~~~~~~Daniel Wogulis December 15, 2009, 12-15-2009, "On the Consequences of Oppressing Free Speech," FIRE, https://www.thefire.org/on-the-consequences-of-oppressing-free-speech/~~~~~~ 34 -Since its inception, the United States of America has been the site of vicious 52 +originally led to these injuries and hinders the continued fight against those ideologies. 53 + 54 + 55 +====Speech restrictions are white paternalism under the guise of protecting vulnerable minorities—they discount the effectiveness of marginalized groups historically successful use of free speech==== 56 +**O'Neill 15**, Brendan. "Freedom of Speech Is the Best Friend Marginalised Groups Could Ever Have." Freedom of Speech Is the Best Friend Marginalised... N.p., 20 Mar. 2015. Web. 08 Jan. 2017. http://brendanoneill.co.uk/post/114125942824/freedom-of-speech-is-the-best-friend-marginalised. SM 57 +There are many grating things about the army of students who have taken it upon 35 35 AND 36 -to freely express themselves-in all places, and at all times. 37 -====The solution is non-restriction and thus preservation of academic freedom, this is the gateway to philosophical thought and moral education itself. Only a blanket protection solves, individual instances don't get rid of the overarching idea that admins can do what they want.==== 38 -**Demaske 2** ~~~~~~Demaske, Chris (2016). "Not Just A Nice Job Perk": Academic Freedom As A First Amendment Right, Democratic Communiqué, vol. 27. 2015/2016 pp. 31–53.~~~~~~ 39 -Given the financial pressures on higher education, and the most recent U.S 59 +student bureaucracy tremble before your free, unfettered, off-message speech. 60 + 61 + 62 +====This has given rise to the alt-right movements it hopes to contain and prevents agonistic deliberation of ideas==== 63 +**Carle 16**, Robert. "How The American Academy Helped Create The Alt-Right." The Federalist. N.p., 22 Dec. 2016. Web. 06 Jan. 2017. http://thefederalist.com/2016/12/22/american-academy-helped-create-alt-right/. SM 64 +American academics are rightly alarmed by the ascendance of the alt-right and its 40 40 AND 41 -new category of speech should receive the utmost protection under the First Amendment. 42 -==Contention 2 is Moral Necessity== 43 -====Free speech facilitates the development of moral reasoning- restrictions should be rejected on face==== 44 -**Dwyer 01** (Susan, Phil@Maryland, Nordic Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 2, No. 2 ® Philosophia Press 2001) 45 -Direct Nonconsequentialism Let us return to the central topic: free speech. From the 66 +and universities in the United States ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech. 67 + 68 + 69 +===Solvency=== 70 + 71 + 72 +====The aff is uniquely key to raising the next generation of critical intellectuals—non uniques the K==== 73 +**Napolitano 16**, Janet (an American politician, lawyer, and university administrator who served as the 21st Governor of Arizona from 2003 to 2009 and United States Secretary of Homeland Security from 2009 to 2013, under President Barack Obama. She has been president of the University of California system since September 2013, shortly after she resigned as Secretary of Homeland Security.) . "It's Time to Free Speech on Campus Again." BostonGlobe.com. N.p., 02 Oct. 2016. Web. 04 Jan. 2017. https://www.bostonglobe.com/opinion/2016/10/01/time-free-speech-campus-again/v5jDCzjuv710Mc92AhaAqL/story.html. SM 74 +The more difficult issues arise when students seek to shout down speakers or attempt to 46 46 AND 47 -free speech in one place, we strengthen (protect) it everywhere. 48 -====Even consequentially, Free speech is a gateway to every other impact. ==== 49 -**D'Souza 96** (Frances, Prof. Anthropology Oxford, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/hearings/19960425/droi/freedom_en.htm?textMode=on) 50 -In the absence of freedom of expression which includes a free and independent media, 76 +brought before me. Consider this my own trigger warning. Just sayin'. 77 + 78 + 79 +====Racists exposing themselves spurs counterspeech which creates activism on campus that constructs solutions and exposes the moral bankruptcy of their views ==== 80 +**Calleros 95**, Charles R. "Paternalism, Counterspeech, and Campus Hate-Speech Codes: A Reply to Delgado and Yun." Ariz. St. LJ 27 (1995): 1249. SM 81 +Delgado and Yun characterize these arguments as "paternalistic" and "seriously flawed. 51 51 AND 52 -is needed to re-inforce government policies and intentions at every turn. 53 -==Contention 3 is Failure of Restriction== 54 -====Restrictions of hate speech are part of a demand for progress that does nothing productive and only anger the masses. Universities become echo chambers where only some voices are sheltered. This creates no change and only hides the reality of America while simultaneously only creating backlash from other voices. Trump's election and its aftermath prove how we use restrictions to hide ourselves from the reality of other viewpoints.==== 55 -**Kristof 16** ~~~~~~Nicholas Kristof, 12-10-2016, "The Dangers of Echo Chambers on Campus," New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/10/opinion/sunday/the-dangers-of-echo-chambers-on-campus.html?_r=0~~~~~~ 56 -After Donald Trump's election, some universities echoed with primal howls. Faculty members canceled 83 +would feel 78 pressures to maintain its status as a minimally integrated institution. 84 + 85 + 86 +===K Underview 1:30=== 87 + 88 + 89 +**====Critique is useless without a concrete alternative to solve it====** 90 +**Bryant '12** (Levi Bryant is currently a Professor of Philosophy at Collin College. In addition to working as a professor, Bryant has also served as a Lacanian psychoanalyst. He received his Ph.D. from Loyola University in Chicago, Illinois, where he originally studied 'disclosedness' with the Heidegger scholar Thomas Sheehan. Bryant later changed his dissertation topic to the transcendental empiricism of Gilles Deleuze, "Critique of the Academic Left", http://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/11/11/underpants-gnomes-a-critique-of-the-academic-left/) SM 91 +Unfortunately, the academic left falls prey to its own form of abstraction. It's 57 57 AND 58 -correcting that is for us liberals to embrace the diversity we supposedly champion. 59 -====Allowing for freedom of discussion solves better for issues of hate speech. ==== 60 -ACLU 16 ~~~~~~American Civil Liberties Union, Hate Speech On Campus, https://www.aclu.org/other/hate-speech-campus~~~~~~ 61 -Where racist, sexist and homophobic speech is concerned, the ACLU believes that more 93 +. Instead we prefer to shout and denounce. Good luck with that. 94 + 95 + 96 +====We're state as a heuristic not state good-that distinction matters and allows us to work within the state while learning how to critique it. The latter approach teaches approaches that fail and prop up liberalism ==== 97 +Zanotti '14 Dr. Laura Zanotti is an Associate Professor of Political Science at Virginia Tech. Her research and teaching include critical political theory as well as international organizations, UN peacekeeping, democratization and the role of NGOs in post-conflict governance."Governmentality, Ontology, Methodology: Re-thinking Political Agency in the Global World" – Alternatives: Global, Local, Political – vol 38(4):p. 288-304,. A little unclear if this is late 2013 or early 2014 – The Stated "Version of Record" is Feb 20, 2014, but was originally published online on December 30th, 2013. Obtained via Sage Database. SM 98 +While there are important variations in the way international relations scholars use governmentality theory, 62 62 AND 63 -, possibly change them, and forge solidarity against the forces of intolerance. 64 -====Hate speech does not correlate to violence and hate speech restrictions actually increase hate. Telling racists to stop talking only pushes the problem out of our sight while making racists more angry.==== 65 -**Heinze 14 **Eric Heinze, Nineteen arguments for hate speech bans – and against them, Free Speech Debate, 3/31/14, http://freespeechdebate.com/en/discuss/nineteen-arguments-for-hate-speech-bans-and-against-them 66 -Here too, within the LSPD model, no statistically reliable causation from patterns of 67 -AND 68 -as hate groups routinely tailor their responses to the existing bans and penalties. 69 -====Even if they win that restrictions are good, again that's not a reason to negate. Hate speech is not constitutionally protected since it threatens freedom and safety. Furthermore, the state shouldn't restrict speech, but rather fight back with arguments. This can actually create change whereas restricting free speech can undercut freedom itself and lead to backlash. ==== 70 -**West 2k13** ~~~~~~Robin, 4-8-2013, "Coercion and Persuasion and Speech: A Comment on Corey Brettschneider's book, When the State Speaks, What Should it Say?," https://concurringopinions.com/archives/2013/04/coercion-and-persuasion-and-speech-a-comment-on-corey-brettschneidere28099s-book-when-the-state-speaks-what-should-it-say.html~~~~~~#more-73298~~~~~~ prof. Georgetown Law 71 -The state should in effect counter hateful speech with argument – argument that those beliefs 72 -AND 73 -just a few questions regarding the overall project which might suggest friendly amendments. 100 +where they are made rather than based upon their universal normative aspirations.13 - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,103 @@ 1 +=1AC-Alt Right v2= 2 + 3 + 4 +===Framing=== 5 + 6 + 7 +====The alt-right is back and stronger than ever—students are already engaging in hate speech and harmful dialogue and are being recruited now on college campuses for white nationalist movements. ==== 8 +**Harkinson 16**, Josh. "The Push to Enlist "Alt-Right" Recruits on College Campuses." Mother Jones. N.p., 6 Dec. 2016. Web. 06 Jan. 2017. http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2016/12/richard-spencer-alt-right-college-activism. SM 9 +How much support is there for the loose-knit coalition of white nationalists and 10 +AND 11 +value of this university, no matter how odious the views may be." 12 + 13 + 14 + 15 + 16 + 17 +====Free speech is a pre-requisite to any morality- without it self-realization is impossible. ==== 18 +**Eberle 94** Eberle, Law @ Roger Williams, 94 (Wake Forest LR, Winter) 19 +The Court's decision in R.A.V. reaffirms the preeminence of free 20 +AND 21 +Accordingly, any suspicion or evidence of governmental censorship must be vigilantly investigated. 22 + 23 + 24 +====Only through a racial realism approach and policy action can real world change that has the end result of empowering the oppressed occur ==== 25 +Bell 92 (Derrick Bell, 1992, Conneticut Law Review, http://liberalarts.iupui.edu/mpsg/Essays/Bell20-20Racial20Realism.pdf,) AP 26 + 27 + 28 +====While implementing Racial Realism we must simultaneously ac- knowledge that our actions are not likely to lead to transcendent change and, despite our best efforts, may be of more help to the system we despise than to the victims of that system we are trying to help. Nevertheless, our realization, and the dedication based on that realiza- tion, can lead to policy positions and campaigns that are less likely to worsen conditions for those we are trying to help, and will be more likely to remind those in power that there are imaginative, unabashed risk-takers who refuse to be trammeled upon. Yet confrontation with our oppressors is not our sole reason for engaging in Racial Realism. Continued struggle can bring about unexpected benefits and gains that in themselves justify continued endeavor. The fight in itself has mean- ing and should give us hope for the future. I am convinced that there is something real out there in America for black people. It is not, however, the romantic love of integration. It is surely not the long-sought goal of equality under law, though we must maintain the struggle against racism else the erosion of black rights will become even worse than it is now. The Racial Realism that we must seek is simply a hard-eyed view of racism as it is and our subordinate role in it. We must realize, as our slave forebears, that the struggle for freedom is, at bottom, a manifestation of our humanity that survives and grows stronger through resistance to oppression, even if that oppression is never overcome. I am convinced that there is something real out there in America for black people. It is not, however, the romantic love of integration. It is surely not the long-sought goal of equality under law, though we must maintain the struggle against racism else the erosion of black rights will become even worse than it is now. The Racial Realism that we must seek is simply a hard-eyed view of racism as it is and our subordinate role in it. We must realize, as our slave forebears, that the struggle for freedom is, at bottom, a manifestation of our humanity that survives and grows stronger through resistance to oppression, even if that oppression is never overcome. ==== 29 + 30 + 31 +====Thus the role of the ballot is to vote for the debater who best upholds a racial realistic perspective and engages in policy action to fight oppression==== 32 + 33 + 34 +===Harms=== 35 + 36 + 37 +====Free speech is as tight as a pin on college campuses—this limits productive dialogue that can foster new ideas and goes against the true purpose of higher level education==== 38 +**Maloney 16**, Cliff, Jr (He is a graduate of the University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown, Class of 2014, with a B.A. in Education and a B.S. in Theatre Arts.) . "Colleges Have No Right to Limit Students' Free Speech." Time. Time, Oct.-Nov. 2016. Web. 04 Jan. 2017. http://time.com/4530197/college-free-speech-zone/. 39 +In grade school, I learned that debate is defined as "a discussion between 40 +AND 41 +remain protected—not just on college campuses, but everywhere in America. 42 + 43 + 44 +====Speech codes increase racial tensions, cause backlash, and drive racist thought underground to where we can't fight it==== 45 +**Herron 93**, Vince. "Increasing the Speech: Diversity, Campus Speech Codes, and the Pursuit of Truth." S. Cal. L. Rev. 67 (1993): 407. SM 46 +Some will argue that speech codes were never intended to solve the underlying problems of 47 +AND 48 +originally led to these injuries and hinders the continued fight against those ideologies. 49 + 50 + 51 +====Speech restrictions are white paternalism under the guise of protecting vulnerable minorities—they discount the effectiveness of marginalized groups historically successful use of free speech==== 52 +**O'Neill 15**, Brendan. "Freedom of Speech Is the Best Friend Marginalised Groups Could Ever Have." Freedom of Speech Is the Best Friend Marginalised... N.p., 20 Mar. 2015. Web. 08 Jan. 2017. http://brendanoneill.co.uk/post/114125942824/freedom-of-speech-is-the-best-friend-marginalised. SM 53 +There are many grating things about the army of students who have taken it upon 54 +AND 55 +student bureaucracy tremble before your free, unfettered, off-message speech. 56 + 57 + 58 +====This has given rise to the alt-right movements it hopes to contain and prevents agonistic deliberation of ideas==== 59 +**Carle 16**, Robert. "How The American Academy Helped Create The Alt-Right." The Federalist. N.p., 22 Dec. 2016. Web. 06 Jan. 2017. http://thefederalist.com/2016/12/22/american-academy-helped-create-alt-right/. SM 60 +American academics are rightly alarmed by the ascendance of the alt-right and its 61 +AND 62 +and universities in the United States ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech. 63 + 64 + 65 +===Solvency=== 66 + 67 + 68 +====Education on resisting oppression is key to raising a class of radical students willing to alter the material conditions of oppression through democratic policy actions ==== 69 +**Giroux 15** (Henry, American scholar and cultural critic. One of the founding theorists of critical pedagogy in the United States, he is best known for his pioneering work in public pedagogy, "Higher Education and the Promise of Insurgent Public Memory," March 3, 2015, http://truth-out.org/news/item/29396-higher-education-and-the-promise-of-insurgent-public-memory) 70 +The current call to cleanse history in the name of a false patriotism that celebrates 71 +AND 72 +**to fairness to be weighed against the critical pedagogy that the 1AC creates.** 73 + 74 + 75 +====Racists exposing themselves spurs counterspeech which creates activism on campus that constructs solutions and exposes the moral bankruptcy of their views ==== 76 +**Calleros 95**, Charles R. "Paternalism, Counterspeech, and Campus Hate-Speech Codes: A Reply to Delgado and Yun." Ariz. St. LJ 27 (1995): 1249. SM 77 +Delgado and Yun characterize these arguments as "paternalistic" and "seriously flawed. 78 +AND 79 +would feel 78 pressures to maintain its status as a minimally integrated institution. 80 + 81 + 82 + 83 + 84 +====Critical pedagogy key to fighting neoliberalism==== 85 +Jo **Williams** 20**15** - Remaking education from below: the Chilean student movement as public pedagogy 86 +More than ever the crisis of schooling represents, at large, the crisis of 87 +AND 88 +and a return of the student and pedagogue as authentic and critical subjects. 89 + 90 + 91 +**====Critique is useless without a concrete alternative to solve it====** 92 +**Bryant '12** (Levi Bryant is currently a Professor of Philosophy at Collin College. In addition to working as a professor, Bryant has also served as a Lacanian psychoanalyst. He received his Ph.D. from Loyola University in Chicago, Illinois, where he originally studied 'disclosedness' with the Heidegger scholar Thomas Sheehan. Bryant later changed his dissertation topic to the transcendental empiricism of Gilles Deleuze, "Critique of the Academic Left", http://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/11/11/underpants-gnomes-a-critique-of-the-academic-left/) SM 93 +Unfortunately, the academic left falls prey to its own form of abstraction. It's 94 +AND 95 +. Instead we prefer to shout and denounce. Good luck with that. 96 + 97 + 98 + 99 +====We're state as a heuristic not state good-that distinction matters and allows us to work within the state while learning how to critique it. The latter approach teaches approaches that fail and prop up liberalism ==== 100 +Zanotti '14 Dr. Laura Zanotti is an Associate Professor of Political Science at Virginia Tech. Her research and teaching include critical political theory as well as international organizations, UN peacekeeping, democratization and the role of NGOs in post-conflict governance."Governmentality, Ontology, Methodology: Re-thinking Political Agency in the Global World" – Alternatives: Global, Local, Political – vol 38(4):p. 288-304,. A little unclear if this is late 2013 or early 2014 – The Stated "Version of Record" is Feb 20, 2014, but was originally published online on December 30th, 2013. Obtained via Sage Database. SM 101 +While there are important variations in the way international relations scholars use governmentality theory, 102 +AND 103 +where they are made rather than based upon their universal normative aspirations.13 - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,107 @@ 1 +=1ac r1= 2 + 3 + 4 +==1AC == 5 + 6 + 7 +===Plan=== 8 + 9 + 10 +====Plan: The USFG ought to guarantee a right to housing. ==== 11 +**Fasanelli 5 is the solvency advocate** ~~Antonia Fasanelli ~~Chair Commission on Homelessness and Poverty~~ August 2013. American Bar Association Adopted by the House of Delegates. August 12-13.~~ 12 +Implementing the human right to adequate housing In implementing the human right to adequate housing 13 +AND 14 +wealthiest country in the world, we can and must do more.22 15 + 16 + 17 +===Advantage 1: Eviction=== 18 + 19 + 20 +====The problem of eviction is huge in the U.S., but current conditions disguise and push the it underground.==== 21 +Desmond '16 22 +Desmond, Matthew. "The Eviction Epidemic." The New Yorker. The New Yorker, 8 Feb. 2016. Web. 01 Mar. 2017. http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/02/08/forced-out. 23 +Even in the most desolate areas of American cities, forced evictions used to be 24 +AND 25 +a similar number thought it was likely that they would be evicted soon. 26 + 27 + 28 +====Additionally gentrification has caused mass displacement and forced removal of inner-city minority populations==== 29 +**Bartlett 15**, John (John Bartlett is the executive director of the Metropolitan Tenants Organization. John is a dedicated social justice advocate who has spent decades fighting to protect people's homes and environment. John's expertise and experience - from civil disobedience to landlord-tenant mediation - has proved irreplaceable in Chicago's continued fight for affordable housing.) . "Malcolm X, Gentrification and Housing as a Human Right." Truthout. N.p., 27 May 2015. Web. 24 Feb. 2017. http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/30994-malcolm-x-gentrification-and-housing-as-a-human-right. SM 30 +Every day the Metropolitan Tenants Organization works with renters who are facing the negative effects 31 +AND 32 +and as such I'm for whoever and whatever benefits humanity as a whole." 33 + 34 + 35 +====Eviction controls the largest internal link to poverty- traps families into cycles of violence with schools, jobs, and neighborhood==== 36 +**Desmond 15**, Matthew (Matthew Desmond is an American sociologist. He is the John L. Loeb Associate Professor of the Social Sciences at Harvard University.~~1~~~~2~~ He was awarded a MacArthur Fellowship in 2015 and a Harvey Fellowship in 2006). "Unaffordable America: Poverty, housing, and eviction." Fast Focus, Institute for Research on Poverty 22 (2015): 1-6. SM 37 +The consequences of eviction are many and multidimensional. Eviction is a leading cause of 38 +AND 39 +of reach—then these findings suggest that eviction is a driver of poverty 40 + 41 + 42 +====Poverty outweighs—its yearly death toll is greater than even a nuclear war, and magnitude focused calculation only serves to obscure its operation in society==== 43 +**Gilligan 96** 44 +~~James, Professor of Psychiatry at the Harvard Medical School, Director of the Center for the Study of Violence, and a member of the Academic Advisory Council of the National Campaign Against Youth Violence, "Violence: Our Deadly Epidemic and its Causes", p. 191-196~~ 45 +The deadliest form of violence is poverty. You cannot work for one day with 46 +AND 47 +, for they are inextricably related to eachother, as cause to effect. 48 + 49 + 50 +===Advantage 2: Housing Discrimination=== 51 + 52 + 53 +====Housing discrimination persists despite the Fair Housing Act because of lax government regulation and ignorance of segregation following the Civil Rights Movement==== 54 +**Demby 13**, Gene (Gene Demby is the lead blogger for NPR's Code Switch team. Before coming to NPR, he served as the managing editor for Huffington Post's BlackVoices following its launch. He later covered politics. Prior to that role he spent six years in various positions at The New York Times. While working for the Times in 2007, he started a blog about race, culture, politics and media called PostBourgie, which won the 2009 Black Weblog Award for Best News/Politics Site. ). "A Battle For Fair Housing Still Raging, But Mostly Forgotten." NPR. NPR, 02 Dec. 2013. Web. 24 Feb. 2017. http://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2013/12/01/248039354/a-battle-for-fair-housing-still-raging-but-mostly-forgotten. SM 55 +Since property taxes fund local services, places with high property values tend to have 56 +AND 57 +and continuing through this year has largely confirmed that belief by its rulings. 58 + 59 + 60 +====And the effects are atrocious—from mass incarceration to increased susceptibility to dangerous diseases==== 61 +*brackets originally in article 62 +**Demby 2**, Gene (Gene Demby is the lead blogger for NPR's Code Switch team. Before coming to NPR, he served as the managing editor for Huffington Post's BlackVoices following its launch. He later covered politics. Prior to that role he spent six years in various positions at The New York Times. While working for the Times in 2007, he started a blog about race, culture, politics and media called PostBourgie, which won the 2009 Black Weblog Award for Best News/Politics Site. ). "A Battle For Fair Housing Still Raging, But Mostly Forgotten." NPR. NPR, 02 Dec. 2013. Web. 24 Feb. 2017. http://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2013/12/01/248039354/a-battle-for-fair-housing-still-raging-but-mostly-forgotten. SM 63 +It's not something we think about a lot or something that gets reported on often 64 +AND 65 +parks, whether or not the city repairs the roads in your neighborhood." 66 + 67 + 68 +====This hypersegregation of black populations drastically reduces the potential for material well-being—locking them inside cycles of oppression and poverty==== 69 +**Wilkes and Iceland 04** Rima Wilkes and John Iceland (Department of Anthropology and Sociology, University of British Columbia; Sociology Department, University of Maryland). "Hypersegregation in the Twenty-First Century." Demography. 2004. 70 +Segregation can be conceptualized as consisting of five dimensions: evenness, exposure, concentration 71 +AND 72 +an environment, black chances for social and economic success are drastically reduced." 73 + 74 + 75 +====Any alternatives to a comprehensive right fail—a right to housing is uniquely key to solving all of the impacts.==== 76 +Andrews et al. '16 77 +Andrews, E. Mitchell, Cristine Delaney Goldman, Katherine Hughes, and Jocelyn Getgen Kestenbaum. "ADVANCING THE RIGHT TO HOUSING IN THE UNITED STATES: Using International Law as a Foundation." REPORT BY THE INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE 1 OF (n.d.): n. pag. INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE1 THE NEW YORK CITY BAR ASSOCIATION O, 12 Feb. 2016. Web. 1 Mar. 2017. http://www2.nycbar.org/pdf/report/uploads/20072632-AdvancingtheRighttoHousingIHR2122016final.pdf. 78 +The United States does, however, address the issue of inadequate housing through federal 79 +AND 80 +local forms of assistance, there is no federal statutory entitlement to housing. 81 + 82 + 83 +===Framing=== 84 + 85 + 86 +====The role of the ballot is to vote for the debater that presents the best policy option – its key to long term advocacy skiil==== 87 +Nixon 2K (Themba-Nixon, Makani. Executive Director of The Praxis Project, a nonprofit organization helping communities use media and policy advocacy to advance health equity and justice~~, "Changing the Rules: What Public Policy Means for Organizing" Colorlines 3.2, 2000) 88 +"This is all about policy," a woman complained to me in a recent 89 +AND 90 +should be. And then we must be committed to making it so. 91 + 92 + 93 +====The standard is reducing structural violence—prefer ==== 94 + 95 + 96 +====1~~ Standpoint epistemology is the best for moral decisions—other methods exclude certain perspectives==== 97 +**Mills 05**, Charles W (Mills is presently John Evans Professor of Moral and Intellectual Philosophy at Northwestern University, He is known for his work in social and political philosophy, particularly in oppositional political theory as centered on class, gender, and race.). ""Ideal theory" as ideology." Hypatia 20.3 (2005): 165-183. 98 +The crucial common claim—whether couched in terms of ideology and fetishism, or 99 +AND 100 +within the systems they describe; so while theyabstract, they do notidealize. 101 + 102 + 103 +====We should focus on solving specific instances of injustice not broad root cause claims==== 104 +Gregory Fernando **Pappas 16** ~~Texas AandM University~~ "The Pragmatists' Approach to Injustice", The Pluralist Volume 11, Number 1, Spring 2016, 105 +In Experience and Nature, Dewey names the empirical way of doing philosophy the " 106 +AND 107 +that is, provide a diagnosis and a solution specific to each patient. - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,108 @@ 1 +===Plan=== 2 + 3 + 4 +====Plan: The USFG ought to guarantee a right to housing. ==== 5 +**Fasanelli 5 is the solvency advocate** ~~Antonia Fasanelli ~~Chair Commission on Homelessness and Poverty~~ August 2013. American Bar Association Adopted by the House of Delegates. August 12-13.~~ 6 +Implementing the human right to adequate housing In implementing the human right to adequate housing 7 +AND 8 +wealthiest country in the world, we can and must do more.22 9 + 10 + 11 +===Advantage 1: Eviction=== 12 + 13 + 14 +====The problem of eviction is huge in the U.S., but current conditions disguise and push it underground.==== 15 +Desmond '16 16 +Desmond, Matthew. "The Eviction Epidemic." The New Yorker. The New Yorker, 8 Feb. 2016. Web. 01 Mar. 2017. http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/02/08/forced-out. 17 +Even in the most desolate areas of American cities, forced evictions used to be 18 +AND 19 +a similar number thought it was likely that they would be evicted soon. 20 + 21 + 22 +====Additionally gentrification has caused mass displacement and forced removal of inner-city minority populations==== 23 +**Bartlett 15**, John (John Bartlett is the executive director of the Metropolitan Tenants Organization. John is a dedicated social justice advocate who has spent decades fighting to protect people's homes and environment. John's expertise and experience - from civil disobedience to landlord-tenant mediation - has proved irreplaceable in Chicago's continued fight for affordable housing.) . "Malcolm X, Gentrification and Housing as a Human Right." Truthout. N.p., 27 May 2015. Web. 24 Feb. 2017. http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/30994-malcolm-x-gentrification-and-housing-as-a-human-right. SM 24 +Every day the Metropolitan Tenants Organization works with renters who are facing the negative effects 25 +AND 26 +and as such I'm for whoever and whatever benefits humanity as a whole." 27 + 28 + 29 +====Eviction controls the largest internal link to poverty- traps families into cycles of violence with schools, jobs, and neighborhood==== 30 +**Desmond 15**, Matthew (Matthew Desmond is an American sociologist. He is the John L. Loeb Associate Professor of the Social Sciences at Harvard University.~~1~~~~2~~ He was awarded a MacArthur Fellowship in 2015 and a Harvey Fellowship in 2006). "Unaffordable America: Poverty, housing, and eviction." Fast Focus, Institute for Research on Poverty 22 (2015): 1-6. SM 31 +The consequences of eviction are many and multidimensional. Eviction is a leading cause of 32 +AND 33 +of reach—then these findings suggest that eviction is a driver of poverty 34 + 35 + 36 +====Poverty outweighs—its yearly death toll is greater than even a nuclear war, and magnitude focused calculation only serves to obscure its operation in society==== 37 +**Gilligan 96** 38 +~~James, Professor of Psychiatry at the Harvard Medical School, Director of the Center for the Study of Violence, and a member of the Academic Advisory Council of the National Campaign Against Youth Violence, "Violence: Our Deadly Epidemic and its Causes", p. 191-196~~ 39 +The deadliest form of violence is poverty. You cannot work for one day with 40 +AND 41 +, for they are inextricably related to eachother, as cause to effect. 42 + 43 + 44 +===Advantage 2: Housing Discrimination=== 45 + 46 + 47 +====Housing discrimination persists despite the Fair Housing Act because of lax government regulation and ignorance of segregation following the Civil Rights Movement==== 48 +**Demby 13**, Gene (Gene Demby is the lead blogger for NPR's Code Switch team. Before coming to NPR, he served as the managing editor for Huffington Post's BlackVoices following its launch. He later covered politics. Prior to that role he spent six years in various positions at The New York Times. While working for the Times in 2007, he started a blog about race, culture, politics and media called PostBourgie, which won the 2009 Black Weblog Award for Best News/Politics Site. ). "A Battle For Fair Housing Still Raging, But Mostly Forgotten." NPR. NPR, 02 Dec. 2013. Web. 24 Feb. 2017. http://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2013/12/01/248039354/a-battle-for-fair-housing-still-raging-but-mostly-forgotten. SM 49 +Since property taxes fund local services, places with high property values tend to have 50 +AND 51 +and continuing through this year has largely confirmed that belief by its rulings. 52 + 53 + 54 +====And the effects are atrocious—from mass incarceration to increased susceptibility to dangerous diseases==== 55 +*brackets originally in article 56 +**Demby 2**, Gene (Gene Demby is the lead blogger for NPR's Code Switch team. Before coming to NPR, he served as the managing editor for Huffington Post's BlackVoices following its launch. He later covered politics. Prior to that role he spent six years in various positions at The New York Times. While working for the Times in 2007, he started a blog about race, culture, politics and media called PostBourgie, which won the 2009 Black Weblog Award for Best News/Politics Site. ). "A Battle For Fair Housing Still Raging, But Mostly Forgotten." NPR. NPR, 02 Dec. 2013. Web. 24 Feb. 2017. http://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2013/12/01/248039354/a-battle-for-fair-housing-still-raging-but-mostly-forgotten. SM 57 +It's not something we think about a lot or something that gets reported on often 58 +AND 59 +parks, whether or not the city repairs the roads in your neighborhood." 60 + 61 + 62 +====This hypersegregation of black populations drastically reduces the potential for material well-being—locking them inside cycles of oppression and poverty==== 63 +**Wilkes and Iceland 04** Rima Wilkes and John Iceland (Department of Anthropology and Sociology, University of British Columbia; Sociology Department, University of Maryland). "Hypersegregation in the Twenty-First Century." Demography. 2004. 64 +Segregation can be conceptualized as consisting of five dimensions: evenness, exposure, concentration 65 +AND 66 +an environment, black chances for social and economic success are drastically reduced." 67 + 68 + 69 +====Any alternatives to a comprehensive right fail—a right to housing is uniquely key to solving all of the impacts.==== 70 +Andrews et al. '16 71 +Andrews, E. Mitchell, Cristine Delaney Goldman, Katherine Hughes, and Jocelyn Getgen Kestenbaum. "ADVANCING THE RIGHT TO HOUSING IN THE UNITED STATES: Using International Law as a Foundation." REPORT BY THE INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE 1 OF (n.d.): n. pag. INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE1 THE NEW YORK CITY BAR ASSOCIATION O, 12 Feb. 2016. Web. 1 Mar. 2017. http://www2.nycbar.org/pdf/report/uploads/20072632-AdvancingtheRighttoHousingIHR2122016final.pdf. 72 +The United States does, however, address the issue of inadequate housing through federal 73 +AND 74 +local forms of assistance, there is no federal statutory entitlement to housing. 75 + 76 + 77 +====The right to housing solves—prevents forced evictions and avenues for recourse in the face of housing discrimination==== 78 +**OHCHR** "The Right to Adequate Housing." Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (n.d.): 1-58. UN Habitat. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Web. 26 Feb. 2017. http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/FS21_rev_1_Housing_en.pdf. SM 79 +State obligations fall into three categories, namely the obligations to respect, protect and 80 +AND 81 +enjoy the right to adequate housing, notably through housing subsidies and other measures 82 + 83 + 84 +====A rights based approach to housing is key – the aff is the best possible solution. 85 +Adams 08, Kristen David (Professor of Law, Stetson University College of Law). "Do we need a right to housing." Nev. LJ 9 (2008): 275. SM==== 86 + 87 +Rights are more powerful than goals, policies, commitments, and other non-rights. One illustration of this truth is that the United States has recognized a commitment to "a decent home and a suitable living environment for every American family" dating back to 1949.162 This resolution came from President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's 1944 State of the Union Address, in which he urged the adoption of a "Second Bill of Rights" that would include a right to housing.163 Congress officially adopted Roosevelt's housing goal in 1949.164 Thus, a commitment to housing for all persons in the United States is not an entirely new concept, but creating an affirmative right to housing would take Congress' previous commitment to a whole new level and require that it be met. The 1949 commitment lacked specific goals that would have made it enforceable and meaningful.165 Currently, the United States falls far short of providing housing to every family in America who needs it; instead, only about one-fourth of those who qualify for housing assistance actually receive it.166 The 1949 commitment can therefore be seen as an example of why affordable housing goals are not sufficient. Instead, rights are required.167 Rights, unlike goals, tend to provide the level of specificity needed to motivate follow through. Unlike goals, rights also create grounds for litigation if no follow through is forthcoming.168 In addition to having greater power than non-rights, rights create legitimacy for programs to enforce those rights.169 Having a right to housing should put the brakes on continual budget cuts for housing programs in the legislative appropriations process.170 Making housing a right may also motivate increased construction of affordable housing.171 88 + 89 + 90 + 91 +===Framing=== 92 + 93 + 94 +====The role of the ballot is to vote for the debater that presents the best policy option – key to out of round advocacy skills.==== 95 +Nixon 2K (Themba-Nixon, Makani. Executive Director of The Praxis Project, a nonprofit organization helping communities use media and policy advocacy to advance health equity and justice~~, "Changing the Rules: What Public Policy Means for Organizing" Colorlines 3.2, 2000) 96 +"This is all about policy," a woman complained to me in a recent 97 +AND 98 +should be. And then we must be committed to making it so. 99 + 100 + 101 +====The standard is reducing structural violence—prefer ==== 102 + 103 + 104 +====1~~ Standpoint epistemology is the best for moral decisions—other methods exclude certain perspectives==== 105 +**Mills 05**, Charles W (Mills is presently John Evans Professor of Moral and Intellectual Philosophy at Northwestern University, He is known for his work in social and political philosophy, particularly in oppositional political theory as centered on class, gender, and race.). ""Ideal theory" as ideology." Hypatia 20.3 (2005): 165-183. 106 +The crucial common claim—whether couched in terms of ideology and fetishism, or 107 +AND 108 +within the systems they describe; so while theyabstract, they do notidealize. - EntryDate
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