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+===Framing=== |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====I value morality since ought implies a moral obligation==== |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====The standard is maximizing expected well-being==== |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====Extinction outweighs – its irreversible ==== |
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+**Bostrum 12** (Nick, Professor of Philosophy at Oxford, directs Oxford's Future of Humanity Institute and winner of the Gannon Award, Interview with Ross Andersen, correspondent at The Atlantic, 3/6, "We're Underestimating the Risk of Human Extinction", http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/03/were-underestimating-the-risk-of-human-extinction/253821/) |
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+Bostrom, who directs Oxford's Future of Humanity Institute, has argued over the course |
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+AND |
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+in the probability of realizing this enormous good will tend to outweigh even immens |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====Util is best for policy making and role playing the government—The impossibility to attain knowledge of every outcome or abuse leaves util as the only option for most rational decision-making==== |
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+**Goodin 95** – Professor of Philosophy at the Research School of the Social Sciences at the Australian National University (Robert E., Cambridge University Press, "Utilitarianism As a Public Philosophy" pg 63) |
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+My larger argument turns on the proposition that there is something special about the situation |
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+AND |
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+, aggregates and averages is just not sufficiently fine-grained for that. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+===Inherency === |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====Corporate propaganda continues to push the "so-called" benefits of nuclear in order to shut out deliberation and progress in greener alternatives – be skeptical of their offense ==== |
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+**Wasserman 16 ** |
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+(Harvey ~~ Harvey Franklin Wasserman is an American journalist, author, democracy activist, and advocate for renewable energy. ~~ http://www.counterpunch.org/2016/07/29/ny-times-pushes-nukes-while-claiming-renewables-fail-to-fight-climate-change/ , 7-29) |
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+The idea that nuclear power might fight climate change, and that environmentalists might support |
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+AND |
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+outlets like the New York Times that try to hide that obvious reality. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====The Nuclear Renaissance increases the risk of prolif—ensures that new nuclear energy spreads to non-state actors==== |
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+**Bozzo, 16** |
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+(Luciano Bozzo, School of political Sciences Cesare Alfieri, University of Florence, "More May Be Better, Perhaps: Nuclear Weapons, Proliferation, and International Politics in the Post-global Age", in the book "Non-Proliferation, Safety, and Nuclear Security", Vol 126, edited by M. Gerlini and A. Chetaine, IOS Press, Google Books, 2016, Accessed 7/13/16, JL @ RKS) |
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+With the geopolitical collapse that followed the end of the Cold War, the balance |
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+AND |
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+of having these very weapons on the premise they are useless and dangerous? |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====The current NPT is loosing cred and legitimacy- non-nuclear states feel unequally obligated while nuclear powers maintain their weapons==== |
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+**Tannenwald**, Faculty Fellow at the Watson Institute for International Studies, **2013** |
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+(Nina Tannenwald, senior lecturer in the Political Science Department at Brown University, "Justice and Fairness in the Nuclear Nonproliferation Regime", Ethics and International Affairs, Volume 27, Issue 03, Fall 2013, Cambridge Journals, Accssed 7/1/16, JL @ RKS) |
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+How much do these claims of justice matter? On one hand, we can |
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+AND |
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+of further nonproliferation measures, therefore, is dependent on progress on disarmament. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====The NPT can't prevent the spread of weapons—ensures prolif will continue==== |
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+**Wesley**, 20**06** |
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+(Michael Wesley, "It's time to scrap the NPT", Australian Journal of International Affairs Vol. 59, No. 3, 20 Aug 2006, Taylor and Francis Online, Accessed 7/17/16, JL @ RKS) |
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+The NPT's inability either to prevent the spread of nuclear components, materials and technology |
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+AND |
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+rather than its occurrence, that a new regime should try to regulate. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+===Advantage 1: New States=== |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====Put those prolif good turns away—prolif in new states uniquely causes conflict ==== |
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+**Kroenig** **14** – Matthew, Associate Professor and International Relations Field Chair at Georgetown University, and Nonresident Senior Fellow in the Brent Scowcroft Center on International Security at The Atlantic Council ("The History of Proliferation Optimism: Does It Have A Future?", April 2014, http://www.matthewkroenig.com/The20History20of20Proliferation20Optimism_Feb2014.pdf) |
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+The spread of nuclear weapons poses a number of severe threats to international peace and |
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+AND |
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+nuclear weapons, which encouraged them to initiate militarized disputes against India.62 |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====Nuclear war makes the world go boom==== |
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+CHALKO 2003 (Dr. Tom J., MSc., Ph.D., Head of Geophysics Research, Scientific E Research P/L, "Can a Neutron Bomb Accelerate Global Volcanic Activity?" http://sci-e-research.com/neutron_bomb.html) |
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+Consequences of using modern nuclear weapons can be far more serious than previously imagined. |
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+AND |
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+, in extreme circumstances, may even cause the entire planet to explode. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+===Advantage 2: Asia === |
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+ |
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+ |
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+**====Pakistan nuclear creates small nuclear strikes on India drawing in multiple actors.====** |
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+**Gurung 09/23 **("Military failure could push Pakistan to initiate nuclear attack against India" http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/military-failure-could-push-pakistan-to-initiate-nuclear-attack-against-india/articleshow/54479254.cms?prtpage=1) |
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+But Pakistan~~'s~~ is a nuclear state, and a majority of its |
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+AND |
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+Association says Pakistan is expanding its nuclear arsenal faster than any other country. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====Nuclear proliferation in Asia risks nuclear war- mistrust between countries, coalitions could form, misperceptions of others actions, and hair-trigger status==== |
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+**Cimbala**, 20**13** |
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+(Stephen J. Cimbala, "Arms for Uncertainty: Nuclear Weapons in US and Russian Security Policy", Ch. 4, Ashgate Publishing, Ebrary, Accessed 6/26/16, JL @ RKS) |
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+Although the projection of past events into future scenarios is always perilous, something like |
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+AND |
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+, in order to maximize the possibility of military victory and avoid defeat. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+===Underview=== |
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+ |
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+Was swapped depending on the round |
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+====Role-playing teaches students to be comfortable with the language of power which is critical to genuine and effective political activism – personal experiences must be tied to concrete political strategies to avoid cooptation==== |
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+Coverstone, 05 – masters in communication from Wake Forest and longtime debate coach |
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+(Alan H., "Acting on Activism: Realizing the Vision of Debate with Pro-social Impact," Paper presented at the National Communication Association Annual Conference, 11/17/05) |
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+ |
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+It is very important to note that Mitchell (1998b) tries carefully |
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+AND |
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+that is a fundamental cause of voter and participatory abstention in America today. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====Newer reactors will be even worse; the nuclear renaissance will cause reactors to be even less safe—multiple warrants ==== |
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+**Sovacool**, Benjamin K., **and** Christopher **Cooper 08**. "Nuclear nonsense: Why nuclear power is no answer to climate change and the world's post-Kyoto energy challenges." Wm. and Mary Envtl. L. and Pol'y Rev. 33 (2008): 1. |
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+Unfortunately, safety risks such as those at Chernobyl and Three Mile Island are only |
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+AND |
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+may be proven, but people are not."22 See Figure 6. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====Environmental apocalypticism causes eco-authoritarianism and mass violence against those deemed environmental threats – also causes political apathy ==== |
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+Buell 3 (Frederick Buell, cultural critic on the environmental crisis and a Professor of English at Queens College and the author of five books; "From Apocalypse To Way of Life," pg. 185-186) |
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+Looked at critically, then, crisis discourse thus suffers from a number of liabilities |
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+AND |
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+give up, or even cut off ties to clearly terminal "nature." |