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+==ac== |
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+ |
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+===1ac – intro=== |
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+ |
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+====I affirm the resolution that public colleges and universities in the United States ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech.==== |
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+ |
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+===1ac – framing=== |
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+ |
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+====Contention 1 —- Framing==== |
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+ |
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+====My value for this round is morality, as implied by the word "ought" in the resolution. Free speech is a pre-requisite to any rational moral system – without it self-realization is impossible.==== |
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+**Edward Eberle, Professor of Law @ Roger Williams, 94** |
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+(Wake Forest LR, Winter) |
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+The Court's decision in R.A.V. reaffirms the preeminence of free |
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+AND |
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+Accordingly, any suspicion or evidence of governmental censorship must be vigilantly investigated. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====My opponent will also present a standard for the round, however, free speech is a gateway to every form of decision making==== |
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+**D’Souza, PhD Philosophy @ Oxford, 96** |
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+(Frances, Prof. Anthropology Oxford, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/hearings/19960425/droi/freedom'en.htm?textMode=on) |
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+In the absence of freedom of expression which includes a free and independent media, |
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+AND |
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+is needed to re-inforce government policies and intentions at every turn. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+===1ac – free speech=== |
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+ |
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+====Contention 2 —- Free Speech ==== |
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+ |
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+====There are four advantages to affirming free speech on college campuses:==== |
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+ |
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+====1)Education – it’s the biggest part of college, but without free speech, the value of education is seriously diminished – debating and testing each other’s ideas allows students to develop intellectual skills through the rigorous analysis and understanding of opposing arguments, which forces students to rethink and constantly confirm their own ideas as well as challenge others. The alternative is a culture of silence, which denies students an effective education.==== |
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+**Robert Zimmer, President of the University of Chicago, who is extremely qualified, 2016** |
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+*more qualifications — fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the American Association for the Advancement of Science, A.B., summa cum laude, from Brandeis University in 1968 and a Ph.D. in mathematics from Harvard University in 1975. He has honorary degrees from Tsinghua University and Colby College. He joined the Chicago faculty as an L.E. Dickson Instructor of Mathematics in 1977. He was also on the faculty of the U.S. Naval Academy from 1975 to 1977 and has held visiting positions at Harvard University and at institutions in Israel, France, Australia, Switzerland, and Italy. |
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+(Robert J. Zimmer, "A crucible for confronting ideas", Wall Street Journal, 8-26-2016, http://mag.uchicago.edu/university-news/crucible-confronting-ideas)//NM |
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+Free speech is at risk at the very institution where it should be assured: |
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+AND |
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+develop the skills necessary to build their own futures and contribute to society. |
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+ |
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+====2)Democracy – restrictions on free speech at college campuses feeds into a culture of exclusion, rather than inclusion —- affirming the resolution is necessary to sustain constitutional values and prevent the backsliding of American democracy==== |
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+**Cliff Maloney, B.A. in Education, 2016 **(Cliff Maloney, Jr., "Colleges Have No Right to Limit Students' Free Speech", Time, 10-13-2016, http://time.com/4530197/college-free-speech-zone/)//1A and 2N of SME Hassett-Massa, Nicholas Massa |
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+In grade school, I learned that debate is defined as "a discussion between |
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+AND |
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+of ideas. Restrictive campus speech codes are, in fact, regressive. |
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+ |
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+====3)Discrimination – many colleges believe that restricting free speech eliminates violence against minority groups – this is false – the most effective solution for combating discrimination is through free speech, not silence —- this is a pre-requisite to productive education==== |
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+**American Civil Liberties Union, 2017** |
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+(American Civil Liberties Union, "Hate Speech on Campus", 2017, https://www.aclu.org/other/hate-speech-campus)//1A and 2N of SME Hassett-Massa, Nicholas Massa |
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+In recent years, a rise in verbal abuse and violence directed at people of |
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+AND |
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+, and changing curricula to institutionalize more inclusive approaches to all subject matter. |
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+ |
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+====4)Morality — Free speech facilitates the development of society – restrictions should be rejected because they tear down every moral value ==== |
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+**Dwyer, PhD, 01** |
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+(Susan, Phil@Maryland, Nordic Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 2, No. 2 ® Philosophia Press 2001) |
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+Direct Nonconsequentialism Let us return to the central topic: free speech. From the |
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+AND |
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+free speech in one place, we strengthen (protect) it everywhere. |