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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,37 @@ 1 +I value government obligations. 2 +Internalism fails. 3 +Katsafanas Katsafanas, Paul. “Deriving Ethics from Action: A Nietzchean Version of Constitutivism.” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, LLC. Boston University: 2011 4 +Internalism provides a ... us as implausible. 5 +AND surprise! Externalism fails too. 6 +Katsafanas 2 Katsafanas, Paul. “Deriving Ethics from Action: A Nietzchean Version of Constitutivism.” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, LLC. Boston University: 2011 7 +While externalism captures ... direction of internalism. 8 +Constitutivism solves 9 +Katsafanas 3 Katsafanas, Paul. “Deriving Ethics from Action: A Nietzchean Version of Constitutivism.” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, LLC. Boston University: 2011 10 +Enter a third ... from non-optional aims. 11 +Existence of an institution presupposes rules 12 +Searle 64 Searle, John (Professor of Philosophy at UC Berkeley). “How to Derive an ‘Ought’ From an ‘Is’.” The Philosophical Review Vol. 73, No. 1, January 1964 13 +Though both kinds ... on the rules. 14 +Normative obligations are indexed to constitutive rules 15 +Nardin Terry Nardin 2. 1992 3. ”. Review of International Studies 4. International Ethics and International Law 5. 1/30/2016 6. 7. Professor of Political Science at the University of Singapore 16 +The first thing ... be set aside. 17 +The Constitution is the constitutive rule of the government 18 +Constitution 1787 William Jackson (Secretary), signed by John Dickinson, Gouverneur Morris, Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Thomas Paine, Edmund Randolph, James Madison, Roger Sherman, James Wilson, and George Wythe (Founding Fathers). Constitution. 1787 19 +This Constitution, and ... ratifying the Same. 20 +The meaning of law is contained in its subsequent interpretation, so constitutional deliberation is a procedural constraint on government action. 21 +Carroll “Nullification as Law” JENNY E. CARROLL* Associate Professor of Law, Seton Hall University School of Law. 2014, Jenny E. Carroll. 22 +The legal process ... sources of interpretation. 23 +Thus the standard is maintaining procedural frameworks for constitutional deliberation. 24 +I assert that the Supreme Court of the United States ought to limit qualified immunity for police officers by forcing lower courts to give reason for exercising constitutional discretion, effectively overturning the precedent set in Pearson v. Callahan. 25 +Walker 15 Christopher J. Walker, Assistant Professor of Law, Michael E. Moritz College of Law, The Ohio State University, Aaron L. Nielson, Associate Professor of Law, J. Reuben Clark Law School, Brigham Young University, “The New Qualified Immunity,” Southern California Law Review, Vol. 89, pp. 1-65, Oct. 19, 2015 26 +Whereas the core ... not doing so.” 27 +Pearson v. Callahan established lower court discretion, which creates stagnation and confusion 28 +Walker 2 Christopher J. Walker, Assistant Professor of Law, Michael E. Moritz College of Law, The Ohio State University, Aaron L. Nielson, Associate Professor of Law, J. Reuben Clark Law School, Brigham Young University, “The New Qualified Immunity,” Southern California Law Review, Vol. 89, pp. 1-65, Oct. 19, 2015 29 +Stagnation is empirically proven 30 +Walker 3 Christopher J. Walker, Assistant Professor of Law, Michael E. Moritz College of Law, The Ohio State University, Aaron L. Nielson, Associate Professor of Law, J. Reuben Clark Law School, Brigham Young University, “The New Qualified Immunity,” Southern California Law Review, Vol. 89, pp. 1-65, Oct. 19, 2015 31 +On the other ... in Part I. 32 +Qualified immunity shifts the debate away from constitutional law 33 +Hassel 99 Diana Hassel - Associate Professor, Roger Williams University School of Law. B.A. 1979, Mount Holyoke College; J.D. 1985, Rutgers, the State University of New JerseyNewark. “Living a Lie: The Cost of Qualified Immunity.” Missouri Law Review. Winter 1999 34 +Qualified immunity has ... to change it. 35 +Judicial review checks back oppression 36 +Somin 16 Ilya Somin, The Supreme Court Is a Check on Big Government, Protection for Minorities, New York Times, 2016 37 +The Supreme Court gets ... of such outrages. - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,33 @@ 1 +Pearson caused stagnation 2 +Walker 15 Christopher J. Walker, Assistant Professor of Law, Michael E. Moritz College of Law, The Ohio State University, Aaron L. Nielson, Associate Professor of Law, J. Reuben Clark Law School, Brigham Young University, “The New Qualified Immunity,” Southern California Law Review, Vol. 89, pp. 1-65, Oct. 19, 2015 3 +On the other ... in Part I. 4 +I contend that the Supreme Court of the United States ought to limit qualified immunity for police officers by forcing lower courts to give reason for exercising constitutional discretion, effectively overturning the precedent set in Pearson v. Callahan. 5 +Walker 2 Christopher J. Walker, Assistant Professor of Law, Michael E. Moritz College of Law, The Ohio State University, Aaron L. Nielson, Associate Professor of Law, J. Reuben Clark Law School, Brigham Young University, “The New Qualified Immunity,” Southern California Law Review, Vol. 89, pp. 1-65, Oct. 19, 2015 6 +Whereas the core ... not doing so.” 7 +Better rulings 8 +Walker 3 Christopher J. Walker, Assistant Professor of Law, Michael E. Moritz College of Law, The Ohio State University, Aaron L. Nielson, Associate Professor of Law, J. Reuben Clark Law School, Brigham Young University, “The New Qualified Immunity,” Southern California Law Review, Vol. 89, pp. 1-65, Oct. 19, 2015 9 +The reasons for ... be somewhat mitigated. 10 +It's a catch 22 11 +Walker 4 Christopher J. Walker, Assistant Professor of Law, Michael E. Moritz College of Law, The Ohio State University, Aaron L. Nielson, Associate Professor of Law, J. Reuben Clark Law School, Brigham Young University, “The New Qualified Immunity,” Southern California Law Review, Vol. 89, pp. 1-65, Oct. 19, 2015 12 +Qualified immunity, however, ... dubbed “constitutional stagnation.” 13 +Qualified immunity shifts the debate away from constitutional law 14 +Hassel 99 Diana Hassel - Associate Professor, Roger Williams University School of Law. B.A. 1979, Mount Holyoke College; J.D. 1985, Rutgers, the State University of New JerseyNewark. “Living a Lie: The Cost of Qualified Immunity.” Missouri Law Review. Winter 1999 15 +Qualified immunity has ... to change it.'27 16 +This checks back oppression 17 +Somin 16 Ilya Somin, The Supreme Court Is a Check on Big Government, Protection for Minorities, 2016 18 +The Supreme Court ... of such outrages. 19 +Debate should surround material consequences~-~- ideal theories ignore the nature of the world and legitimize the oppression therein 20 +Curry 14 Dr. Tommy J. Curry 14, “The Cost of a Thing: A Kingian Reformulation of a Living Wage Argument in the 21st Century”, Victory Briefs, 2014 21 +Mills, however, describes ... tendencies and politics. 22 +Thus, the role of the ballot is to endorse the best methodology to resist structural violence through a post-fiat policy option. 23 +Trifonas 03 PETER PERICLES TRIFONAS. PEDAGOGIES OF DIFFERENCE: RETHINKING EDUCATION FOR SOCIAL CHANGE/ RoutledgeFalmer. New York, London. 2003. Questia 24 +Thus, paying attention ... teachers and students. 25 +Particularity is best 26 +Pappas 16 Pappas, Gregory Fernando. Texas AandM University “The Pragmatists’ Approach to Injustice.” The Pluralist, Volume 11, Number 1, Spring 2016. HSLA 27 +The pragmatists’ approach ... not otherwise appreciate. 28 +Critique divorced from policy action is useless 29 +Giroux 12 Henry A. Giroux, Global TV Network Chair Professorship in the Department of English and Cultural Studies at McMaster University, 2012 (“Why Don't Americans Care About Democracy at Home?,” truthout, October 2nd, Accessed 11-16-2012) 30 +As the crucial ... critical and transformative. 31 +Using the state in our discussion of material issues is a good heuristic 32 +Zanotti 14 Dr. Laura Zanotti is an Associate Professor of Political Science at Virginia Tech. Her research and teaching include critical political theory as well as international organizations, UN peacekeeping, democratization and the role of NGOs in post-conflict governance.“Governmentality, Ontology, Methodology: Re-thinking Political Agency in the Global World” – Alternatives: Global, Local, Political – vol 38(4):p. 288-304,. A little unclear if this is late 2013 or early 2014 – The Stated “Version of Record” is Feb 20, 2014, but was originally published online on December 30th, 2013 33 +By questioning substantialist ... and pessimistic activism. - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,30 @@ 1 +The role of the judge is to endorse the best tangible policy that fights oppression. 2 +Curry 14, Tommy, The Cost of a Thing: A Kingian Reformulation of a Living Wage Argument in the 21st Century, Victory Briefs, 2014, 3 +Despite the pronouncement ... contemporary moral parameters. 4 + 5 +The role of the ballot is to vote for the debater whose advocacy best breaks down militarism. 6 +Militarism smothers education and ethical thought 7 +Giroux 05, Henry, Held positions at Boston University, Miami University, and Penn State, The Curse of Totalitarianism and The Challenge of Critical Pedagogy, 2005, http://philosophersforchange.org/2015/10/13/the-curse-of-totalitarianism-and-the-challenge-of-critical-pedagogy 8 +The forces of ... human dwelling place”?7 9 + Militarism epistemologically corrupts political thought 10 +Pieterse 07, Jan, professor of sociology at the University of Illinois, Review of International Political Economy, Vol. 14, No. 3, Aug, Political and Economic Brinkmanship, ,” p. 473-4 11 +Brinkmanship and producing ... for postwar planning 12 +Militarism will lead us into a death spiral. It’s try or die 13 +CACC 11, Admin, Rejecting Militarism, 2011, Canadians for Emergency action on Climate Change, http://climatesoscanada.org/blog/2011/02/15/rejecting-militarism/, 14 +Militarism, through wars ... and climate change. 15 +The “reasonable” standard creates large-scale unaccountable state violence. 16 +Chemerinky 14, Erwin, Dean of the School of Law at the University of California, Irvine; he is a prominent scholar in US constitutional law and federal civil procedure, How the Supreme Court Protects Bad Cops, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/27/opinion/how-the-supreme-court-protects-bad-cops.html?_r=0 17 +Because it is ... Court changes course? 18 +The reasonableness standard of Qualified Immunity is nearly impossible to overcome in the status quo because it doubles up with the Fourth Amendment reasonableness standard. 19 +Hassel 09, Diana, EXCESSIVE REASONABLENESS, Professor, Roger Williams University School of Law, 2009, https://mckinneylaw.iu.edu/ilr/pdf/vol43p117.pdf 20 +Meanwhile, the Court ... into one inquiry. 21 +The lack of accountability spills over to create a politics of disposability. 22 +Giroux 16, Henry, The Racist Killing Machine in the Age of Anti-Politics, 2016, http://www.counterpunch.org/2016/07/08/the-racist-killing-machine-in-the-age-of-anti-politics/ 23 +The killing machine ... entertainment, and policy. 24 +Resolved: The United States Supreme Court ought to reverse the Harlow V. Fitzgerald ruling, establishing an objective reasonableness standard for qualified immunity for police officers that only applies when there has been a change in the law, not merely a new application of an established doctrine. All decisions in conflict with this ruling are declared null and void. 25 +The plan stops the absolute defense of qualified immunity. 26 +Hassel 2, Diana, EXCESSIVE REASONABLENESS, Professor, Roger Williams University School of Law, 2009, https://mckinneylaw.iu.edu/ilr/pdf/vol43p117.pdf 27 +The Court’s development ... the victim possible. 28 +Even if insurers absorb the cost, insurance companies will hold the police accountable themselves. 29 +Rappaport 16, John, Assistant professor at the University of Chicago Law School, Cops can ignore Black Lives Matter protesters. They can’t ignore their insurers, 2016, . https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/cops-can-ignore-black-lives-matter-protesters-they- cant-ignore-their-insurers/2016/05/04/c823334a-01cb-11e6-9d36-33d198ea26c5_story.html 30 +The arrangement creates ... leverage over them. - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,30 @@ 1 +Dispositionality is the only way to make unbiased ethical decisions~-~- everything else is corrupted by standpoint 2 +Freeman writes Freeman, Samuel. "Original Position." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/original-position/#ArgForDifPri 3 +The remedy for ... for moral persons 4 +This means risk aversion~-~- nobody wants to gamble their livelihoods away 5 +Freeman 2 6 +Freeman writes Freeman, Samuel. "Original Position." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/original-position/#ArgForDifPri 7 +It is often ... principle of utility. 8 +Thus the standard is accordance with dispositional moral judgments~-~- taking the action people would if they didn't know who they were advocating for. 9 +I defend the resolution and I can specify in CX. 10 +Qualified immunity destroys accountability for police officers-limitations are key. 11 +Bernick 15 Evan Bernick, https://fee.org/articles/to-hold-police-accountable-dont-give-them-immunity/ 12 +The sad fact ... can take place. 13 +Link to impacts is massive 14 +Wong 15 Kathleen Wong, 2015, 10 Police Brutality Statistics that are Absolutely Shocking, https://mic.com/articles/129981/10-police-brutality-statistics-that-are-absolutely-shocking#.779kZJJJC 15 +The Guardian's The ... with a crime. 16 +This permits unequal racism 17 +Hadden et al 16 (Bernadette R. Hadden, MSW, PHD, is Assistant professor in the MSW program at Hunter College School of Social Work New York. Willie Tolliver, PhD. Associate Professor at Silberman School of Social Work. Fabienne Snowden PHD. Professor at Hunter College School of Social Work. and Robyn Brown Manning, PHD. Professor at Hunter College School of Social "An authentic discourse: Recentering race and racism as factors that contribute to police violence against unarmed Black or African American men, Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment" http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10911359.2015.1129252#abstract) 18 +Police shootings of ... of this phenomenon 19 +Qualified immunity also prohibits contestation, but people would prioritize their ability to appeal if they didn't know whether the justice system would be skewed against them. 20 +Senkel 99 Tara. Attorney in New York. Civilians Often Need Protection From the Police: Let's Handcuff Police Brutality 15 N.Y.L. Sch. J. Hum. Rts. 385 (1998-1999) 21 +While victims of ... afforded this defense. 22 +This spills over to large-scale reforms 23 +Bernick 15 Evan Bernick, https://fee.org/articles/to-hold-police-accountable-dont-give-them-immunity/ 24 +As ambitious as ... legislators to respond. 25 +Limiting qualified immunity permits recourse, which is a prerequisite to other reforms. 26 +Wright 15 (Journalist and PHD in Law. "Want to Fight Police Misconduct? Reform Qualified Immunity." http://abovethelaw.com/2015/11/want-to-fight-police-misconduct-reform-qualified-immunity/) 27 +In order to ... make it happen. 28 +The aff is Goldilocks~-~- it balances competing interests 29 +U.S.D.J 03 ("Principles of Good Policing: Avoiding Violence Between Police and Citizens" Community Relations Service https://www.justice.gov/archive/crs/pubs/principlesofgoodpolicingfinal092003.pdf) 30 +The best way ... poor and oppressed - EntryDate
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