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... ... @@ -1,3 +1,0 @@ 1 -Interpretation: If either debater does not read the full card as they have it on their computer or on paper they must verbally say to “mark the card” at a particular word and they must also make a marking in the speech doc or on that piece of paper. 2 - 3 -Interpretation: The neg may not read multiple types of skepticism. To clarify, they could read any of the ones they did, the conjunction is just abusive. - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,29 +1,0 @@ 1 -Analytics 2 -The standard is respecting freedom. Prefer 3 -1. Performativity- Ostrowski on Hoppe 4 -James, , A SYMPOSIUM ON DRUG DECRIMINALIZATION: THE MORAL AND PRACTICAL CASE FOR DRUG LEGALIZATION. SPRING, 1990 18 Hofstra L. Rev. 607 5 -"Argumentation is...of non-aggression. 6 -2. Analytic 7 -3. If the universal subject is abstract, then an abstraction is necessary. The universal subject is key to challenging all forms of oppression. Farr 8 -Arnold (prof of phil @ UKentucky, focusing on German idealism, philosophy of race, postmodernism, psychoanalysis, and liberation philosophy). “Can a Philosophy of Race Afford to Abandon the Kantian Categorical Imperative?” JOURNAL of SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY, Vol. 33 No. 1, Spring 2002, 17–32. 9 -Whereas most criticisms...its emancipatory potential. 10 - 11 -Plan: The qualified immunity doctrine should be limited in excessive force cases to provide immunity only in cases where there has been a change in the legal standard. 12 -Hassel 9 13 -Diana Professor of Law and Associate Dean for Academic Affairs @ Roger Williams University School of Law, B.A., 1979, Mount Holyoke College; J.D., 1985, Rutgers University School of Law. "Excessive Reasonableness." Ind. L. Rev. 43 (2009): 117. https://mckinneylaw.iu.edu/ilr/pdf/vol43p117.pdf 14 - 15 -First, individuals have a right to redress independent of whether we ought to hold the police officers accountable. Darwall 11 16 -Darwall, Stephen, and Julian Darwall. "Civil Recourse as Mutual Accountability." Fla. St. UL Rev. 39 (2011): 17. 17 -Goldberg and Zipursky... performing certain acts.”44 18 - 19 -Second, public officials derive their authority from the people, the public official must act for public ends, which is a limitation that comes from the source of their authority. Ripstein 20 -Ripstein, Arthur. Force and Freedom: Kant’s Legal and Political Philosophy. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. 2009. Pg 196. 21 -Powers exercised within...its own law. 22 - 23 -Qualified immunity as it exists now doesn’t enable that – eliminating the double reasonableness requirement is key. Hassel 2 24 -Diana Professor of Law and Associate Dean for Academic Affairs @ Roger Williams University School of Law, B.A., 1979, Mount Holyoke College; J.D., 1985, Rutgers University School of Law. "Excessive Reasonableness." Ind. L. Rev. 43 (2009): 117. https://mckinneylaw.iu.edu/ilr/pdf/vol43p117.pdf 25 -This Article focuses...deter police violence. 26 - 27 -Third, qualified immunity is a unilateral assertion of right—the standards are too vague. Stemerman 2 28 -Jonathan M. Stemerman (Lawyer, former clerk to Justice Randy J. Holland of the Delaware Supreme Court). Unclearly Establishing Qualified Immunity: What Sources of Authority May Be Used to Determine Whether the Law Is Clearly Established in the Third Circuit, 47 Vill. L. Rev. 1221 (2002). http://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/vlr/vol47/iss5/8 29 -The absence of...will remain unclear. - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,37 +1,0 @@ 1 -Part 1 is the Burden 2 -The neg burden is to prove that there is be a morally relevant distinction between police officers and other individuals while the aff burden that this is not the case. Prefer the burden: 3 -1. Analytic 4 -2. Phil Ed: UNC UNC University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, "Why Major in Philosophy?," Name of website. Website Editor(s). Date of electronic publication. Date of access. http://philosophy.unc.edu/undergraduate-program/why-major-in-philosophy. 5 -Having …you might encounter. 6 -3. Legal Context: Blum 08 (Karen Blum, Suffolk University, “Section 1983: Qualified Immunity”, December 2008) 7 -In both the …interaction with Jones.”) 8 -4. Critical Education: Steering (Jerry Steering, Steering Law, “Why the Police Get Away with Violating Your Rights”) 9 - 10 -The police “oppress” …police misconduct cases.) 11 -5. Analytic 12 -Analytic 13 - 14 -Part 2 is Offense 15 - 16 -I’ll defend implementation if asked in CX and make any other specifications they want in order to meet their theory interps. Implementation and further specification are irrelevant under the burden but I am still willing to defend them. 17 - 18 - First, morally relevant distinctions can only be based on a priori reasoning. 19 -A. Normativity flow from reasoning via a priori categories; natural facts only show what is. Kant: 20 - 21 -We have therefore …every human being. 22 - 23 -B. Analytic 24 - 25 -C. Analytic 26 - 27 -D. Analytic 28 -There is no a priori distinction between police officers and other individuals: 29 -A. Analytic 30 -B. Analytic 31 - 32 -Second, even if empirical distinctions are morally relevant, you still affirm: 33 - 34 -A. We can never prove an empirical distinction between individuals because no amount of subjective evidence can ever prove objective knowledge of the external world. Searle Searle, John R. Mind, Language, and Society: Philosophy in the Real World. New York: Basic Books; 2000. (27). 35 -You could have …of these scenarios. 36 -B. Even if there is an objective external world, all objects are one and the same within it which means that there is no distinction between any people. Schaffer Schaffer, Jonathan, "Monism", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2008 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2008/entries/monism/. 37 -To my knowledge …premises seem plausible.19 - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,37 @@ 1 +Part 1 is the Burden 2 +The neg burden is to prove that there is be a morally relevant distinction between police officers and other individuals while the aff burden that this is not the case. Prefer the burden: 3 +1. Analytic 4 +2. Phil Ed: UNC UNC University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, "Why Major in Philosophy?," Name of website. Website Editor(s). Date of electronic publication. Date of access. http://philosophy.unc.edu/undergraduate-program/why-major-in-philosophy. 5 +Having …you might encounter. 6 +3. Legal Context: Blum 08 (Karen Blum, Suffolk University, “Section 1983: Qualified Immunity”, December 2008) 7 +In both the …interaction with Jones.”) 8 +4. Critical Education: Steering (Jerry Steering, Steering Law, “Why the Police Get Away with Violating Your Rights”) 9 + 10 +The police “oppress” …police misconduct cases.) 11 +5. Analytic 12 +Analytic 13 + 14 +Part 2 is Offense 15 + 16 +I’ll defend implementation if asked in CX and make any other specifications they want in order to meet their theory interps. Implementation and further specification are irrelevant under the burden but I am still willing to defend them. 17 + 18 + First, morally relevant distinctions can only be based on a priori reasoning. 19 +A. Normativity flow from reasoning via a priori categories; natural facts only show what is. Kant: 20 + 21 +We have therefore …every human being. 22 + 23 +B. Analytic 24 + 25 +C. Analytic 26 + 27 +D. Analytic 28 +There is no a priori distinction between police officers and other individuals: 29 +A. Analytic 30 +B. Analytic 31 + 32 +Second, even if empirical distinctions are morally relevant, you still affirm: 33 + 34 +A. We can never prove an empirical distinction between individuals because no amount of subjective evidence can ever prove objective knowledge of the external world. Searle Searle, John R. Mind, Language, and Society: Philosophy in the Real World. New York: Basic Books; 2000. (27). 35 +You could have …of these scenarios. 36 +B. Even if there is an objective external world, all objects are one and the same within it which means that there is no distinction between any people. Schaffer Schaffer, Jonathan, "Monism", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2008 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2008/entries/monism/. 37 +To my knowledge …premises seem plausible.19 - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,55 @@ 1 +Part 1 is Framework 2 +There is no possibility of understanding a person in and of herself. All identities are understood through power relations – the differentiation of the subject through social relations, which are constantly changing and must, by necessity be constantly changing. Butler ‘92 3 +Judith Butler. 1992. “Continent Foundations: Feminism and the Question of “Postmodernism” Feminists Theorize the Political) 4 +In a sense,... to politics itself. 5 + 6 +Power is ubiquitous and fluid—it creates the subject. Orme 7 +Orme, Stephen. "Foucault: Subject, Power, Resistance." Academia.edu. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 July 2016. 8 +We must imagine ...trans-individual process.' 9 + 10 +The judge should be an intellectual examining the accuracy of the processes that construct truth and how they interact with power structures. Foucault 11 +Michel Foucault, interviewed by Alessandro Fontana, Pasquale Pasquino, "TRUTH AND POWER" 12 +‘Truth’ is to...the present time. 13 + 14 +Governmentality is a form of power that is instrumental in constructing truth. Foucault 2 Power and Knowledge, 1980 15 +There is a battle …the truth itself. 16 + 17 +Understanding our relationship to political power is the only way to avoid a kind of causal determinism—otherwise we are always conditioned by power and can never escape it. Foucault 3 Foucault, Michel. 18 +Hermneutique du suet English 19 +The hermeneutics of the subject: lectures at the College de France, 1981-1982 / Michel Foucault; edited by FrandJeYic Gros; general editors, Francois Ewald and Alessandro Fontana ; translated by Graham Burchell. 20 +In other words, …with blameworthy stubbornness. 21 + 22 +Thus the role of the ballot is to vote for the debater whose analysis better examines political governmentality. 23 + 24 +Part 2 is Genealogy 25 +The framework requires a non-normative examination of history. Koopman ‘13 Koopman, Colin. Genealogy as Critique. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana UP, 2013. Print. 26 + 27 +It is important...and critical theory. 28 + 29 +Critical analyses are key to understanding our subjectivity. May ‘06 30 +May, Todd(2006)'Michel Foucault's guide to living',Angelaki,11:3,173 — 184 31 +The rise of...one thought about. 32 + 33 +Here is a historical analysis of qualified immunity~-~-Qualified immunity has been constructed by the courts – it’s not a really an act of Congress and the progression of cases show the doctrine has come unmoored from any of the justifications that are offered for it. 34 +Huq 15, Aziz Z Professor of Law at UChicago Law School, Fmr. Deputy Director of the Brennan Center for Justice. "Judicial Independence and the Rationing of Constitutional Remedies." Duke Law Journal 65, no. 1 (2015). http://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1978andcontext=public_law_and_legal_theory 35 +No federal statute...concerns are at play. 36 + 37 +Genealogy is valuable under any ethical theory. Yancy 38 +George Yancy Prof. Philosophy @ Dusquene, “What White Looks Like,” 2004 39 +A genealogical examination...evaluate and overcome. 40 + 41 +Part 3 is Analysis 42 + 43 +First, qualified immunity prevents analysis of the law. Care for the self requires a constant evaluation of the way that power has conditioned our surroundings and qualified immunity means that citizens take laws for granted. Hassel 99, Diana Associate Professor, Roger Williams University School of Law. B.A. 1979, Mount Holyoke College; J.D. 1985, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey- Newark. Assistant United States Attorney, Southern District of New York, 1988-93. "Living a Lie: The Cost of Qualified Immunity." Mo. L. Rev 64 (1999): 123. 44 +The problem with...professes to accomplish. 45 + 46 +Second, qualified immunity valorizes the police as distinct from the public—this unexamined form of dualism allows governmentality to go uncontested. Johnson 14 Theoria, Issue 141, Vol. 61, No. 4 (December 2014): 5-29 doi:10.3167/th.2014.6114102 • ISSN 0040-5817 (Print) • ISSN 1558-5816 (Online) 47 +The police are...handed police-state. 48 + 49 +he continues 50 +A fully developed...effec- tively combated. 51 + 52 +Third, Qualified immunity is a bankrupt principle – the doctrine establishes a static rule that governs our ability to interpret and redefine the law in instances related to police behavior. Wright '15 Sam (), 11-3-2015, "Want to Fight Police Misconduct? Reform Qualified Immunity," Above the Law, http://abovethelaw.com/2015/11/want-to-fight-police-misconduct-reform-qualified-immunity/ 53 +I think Megan...make it happen. 54 + 55 +Fourth, Analytic - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,29 @@ 1 +Analytics 2 +The standard is respecting freedom. Prefer 3 +1. Performativity- Ostrowski on Hoppe 4 +James, , A SYMPOSIUM ON DRUG DECRIMINALIZATION: THE MORAL AND PRACTICAL CASE FOR DRUG LEGALIZATION. SPRING, 1990 18 Hofstra L. Rev. 607 5 +"Argumentation is...of non-aggression. 6 +2. Analytic 7 +3. If the universal subject is abstract, then an abstraction is necessary. The universal subject is key to challenging all forms of oppression. Farr 8 +Arnold (prof of phil @ UKentucky, focusing on German idealism, philosophy of race, postmodernism, psychoanalysis, and liberation philosophy). “Can a Philosophy of Race Afford to Abandon the Kantian Categorical Imperative?” JOURNAL of SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY, Vol. 33 No. 1, Spring 2002, 17–32. 9 +Whereas most criticisms...its emancipatory potential. 10 + 11 +Plan: The qualified immunity doctrine should be limited in excessive force cases to provide immunity only in cases where there has been a change in the legal standard. 12 +Hassel 9 13 +Diana Professor of Law and Associate Dean for Academic Affairs @ Roger Williams University School of Law, B.A., 1979, Mount Holyoke College; J.D., 1985, Rutgers University School of Law. "Excessive Reasonableness." Ind. L. Rev. 43 (2009): 117. https://mckinneylaw.iu.edu/ilr/pdf/vol43p117.pdf 14 + 15 +First, individuals have a right to redress independent of whether we ought to hold the police officers accountable. Darwall 11 16 +Darwall, Stephen, and Julian Darwall. "Civil Recourse as Mutual Accountability." Fla. St. UL Rev. 39 (2011): 17. 17 +Goldberg and Zipursky... performing certain acts.”44 18 + 19 +Second, public officials derive their authority from the people, the public official must act for public ends, which is a limitation that comes from the source of their authority. Ripstein 20 +Ripstein, Arthur. Force and Freedom: Kant’s Legal and Political Philosophy. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. 2009. Pg 196. 21 +Powers exercised within...its own law. 22 + 23 +Qualified immunity as it exists now doesn’t enable that – eliminating the double reasonableness requirement is key. Hassel 2 24 +Diana Professor of Law and Associate Dean for Academic Affairs @ Roger Williams University School of Law, B.A., 1979, Mount Holyoke College; J.D., 1985, Rutgers University School of Law. "Excessive Reasonableness." Ind. L. Rev. 43 (2009): 117. https://mckinneylaw.iu.edu/ilr/pdf/vol43p117.pdf 25 +This Article focuses...deter police violence. 26 + 27 +Third, qualified immunity is a unilateral assertion of right—the standards are too vague. Stemerman 2 28 +Jonathan M. Stemerman (Lawyer, former clerk to Justice Randy J. Holland of the Delaware Supreme Court). Unclearly Establishing Qualified Immunity: What Sources of Authority May Be Used to Determine Whether the Law Is Clearly Established in the Third Circuit, 47 Vill. L. Rev. 1221 (2002). http://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/vlr/vol47/iss5/8 29 +The absence of...will remain unclear. - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,67 @@ 1 +Every policy embodies a set of values – the role of the ballot is to vote for a policy option that engages in a productive reorientation of the values underlying our politics. 2 +Espinoza ‘03 3 +Tejeda, Carlos, Manuel Espinoza, and Kris Gutierrez. "Toward a decolonizing pedagogy: Social justice reconsidered." Pedagogies of difference: Rethinking education for social change (2003): 9-38. 4 +Critical pedagogy has...ends of schooling. 5 + 6 +And understanding and working within institutions is key, even if we have a skeptical stance. Educational spaces are uniquely key – judge has an obligation to endorse political education to prevent ceding power. 7 +Giroux 6 (Henry, sociologist) “The abandoned generation: The urban debate league and the politics of possibility” from America on the Edge 8 +The decline of...potential of education. 9 + 10 +Policy education and practices like fiat are key to social change: state institutions aren’t ignorable, and simply pointing out problems isn’t enough. Themba-Nixon 2k 11 + 12 +Reform is possible—things have gotten at least a little better. Omi and Winant 13 13 +Michael Omi (Sociologist at UC Berkeley, focusing on antiracism scholarship and Asian American studies) and Howard Winant (Professor of Sociology affiliated with the Black Studies and Chicana/o Studies departments of UC Santa Barbara), Resistance is futile?: a response to Feagin and Elias, Ethnic and Racial Studies Volume 36, Issue 6, p. 961-973, Special Issue: Symposium - Rethinking Racial Formation Theory. 2013. 14 + 15 +In Feagin and...is not futile. 16 + 17 +C1 is Agonistic Culture 18 +The principle of free speech in academic spaces affirms each person’s right to make their own decisions instead of being told what to believe by governmental or corporate interests. Butler 13 19 +Judith Butler 13, 2-7-2013, professor in the Rhetoric and Comparative Literature department at UC Berkeley. She is the author of several books on feminist theory, continental philosophy and contemporary politics, "Judith Butler’s Remarks to Brooklyn College on BDS," Nation, https://www.thenation.com/article/judith-butlers-remarks-brooklyn-college-bds/ 20 + 21 +The principle of...not the goal. 22 + 23 +Pedagogical spaces are the critical internal link – agonistic public spaces can only be maintained by creating a culture that educates agents to affirm it. Giroux 13 24 +Henry A. Giroux 13, 12-17-2013, "Henry A. Giroux," Truthout, http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/20669-radical-democracy-against-cultures-of-violence 25 + 26 +Radical democracy is...future is open. 27 + 28 +Two impacts – 29 +A. Controls the internal link to all critical approaches – to turn their theory into praxis requires agonism: only accepting the contestability of every principle allows us to challenge hegemonic frames of knowledge. Mouffe 10 30 +Chantal Mouffe 10, political theorist, 7-25-2010, "Chantal Mouffe: Agonistic Democracy and Radical Politics," Pavilion #15, http://pavilionmagazine.org/chantal-mouffe-agonistic-democracy-and-radical-politics/ 31 +B. Enables the inclusion of the marginalized – their claims will always seem unreasonable. Schaap 6 32 +Andrew Schaap 6, Centre for Applied Philosophy and Public Ethics, University of Melbourne,, 3-2006, "Agonism in divided societies," Philosophy and Social Criticism, http://psc.sagepub.com/content/32/2/255.short?rss=1andssource=mfc 33 + 34 +Because it presupposes...a ‘neutralising principle’. 35 + 36 +C2 is Censorship 37 + 38 +Censorship is a bad political strategy – 39 +First, backlash – the attempt to close political space is always imperfect and engenders resistance – censoring speech doesn’t change minds but redirects them – that threatens institutions and leaves supporters less prepared to defend their gains. Resistance to abortion proves. Honig 93 40 +Bonnie Honig 93, Nancy Duke Lewis Professor in the departments of Modern Culture and Media (MCM) and Political Science at Brown, 4-15-1993, "Political Theory And The Displacement Of Politics," Cornell University Press. 41 + 42 +The perpetuity of...theory of politics 43 + 44 +The terminal impact is right-wing revanchism, militarism and global disaster. 45 +Rorty, Richard, Stanford Philosophy Professor, Achieving Our Country, pp. 87-94) 46 + 47 +If the formation... a resourceful spook." 48 + 49 +Second, speech codes are clear policy failures – they don’t decrease bigotry, but they’re used against those they’re seeing to help. Friedersdorf 15 50 +Conor Friedersdorf 15, 12-10-2015, "The Lessons of Bygone Free-Speech Fights," Atlantic, http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/12/what-student-activists-can-learn-from-bygone-free-speech-fights/419178/ 51 + 52 +He was writing...behalf of blacks.” 53 + 54 +Third, retargeting – people with the ideologies you want to censor are still out there and use the censorship apparatus against you. Cammaerts 9 55 +Bart Cammaerts 9, London School of Economics and Political Science, England, 11-2009, "Radical pluralism and free speech in online public spaces," International Journal of Cultural Studies, http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/27895/1/Radical_pluralism_and_free_speech_in_online_public_spaces_(LSERO).pdf 56 + 57 +UC proves – government interests aggressively pushed anti-BDS speech codes. They become political pawns and give more influence to the people already in charge. Friedersdorf 16 58 +Conor Friedersdorf 16 (a staff writer at The Atlantic, where he focuses on politics and national affairs; the founding editor of The Best of Journalism) “The Glaring Evidence That Free Speech Is Threatened on Campus” The Atlantic, March 4, 2016. http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/03/the-glaring-evidence-that-free-speech-is-threatened-on-campus/471825/ 59 + 60 +Fourth, To silence problematic speech is to both legitimate it and aid in its dissemination—links turns arguments about problematic speech Rosenbloom 11 61 +Oliver Rosenbloom 11 (Summer Intern @ FIRE), "Can a College that Protects Free Speech be ‘Gay-Friendly’?", Foundation for Individual Rights in Education, 07/26/2011, https://www.thefire.org/can-a-college-that-protects-free-speech-be-gay-friendly/ 62 + 63 +Underview 64 +Limiting free speech prevents criticism of institutions – universities will crack down on student press and critical opinions. 65 +Sanders ‘06 (Chris Sanders, "CENSORSHIP 101: ANTI-HAZELWOOD LAWS AND THE PRESERVATION OF FREE SPEECH AT COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES", 11/30/2006 , Alabama Law Review) 66 + 67 +Post-Hazelwood censorship...editors in a difficult position - EntryDate
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