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+A community is both defined and destabilized by what it excludes – violence is the constitutive condition of any ethico-political order. We cannot escape that violence and participate even in our attempts to catalogue it. The task of politics is to search for a “lesser violence,” even though that’s never innocent. |
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+Hagglund, Martin. 2006. “The Necessity of Discrimination: Disjoining Derrida and Levinas.” diacritics 34 (1): 40–71. |
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+There is no...perpetrating the better. |
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+ |
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+Ideal theory and abstract utopianism are self-defeating: we can criticize social injustices but the ultimate question is what sort of institutions organize and channel violence in a direction that lessens it. |
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+Hagglund 2, Martin. 2006. “The Necessity of Discrimination: Disjoining Derrida and Levinas.” diacritics 34 (1): 40–71. |
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+It is only...himself be guided. |
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+ |
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+The solution is agonism: a politics that distinguishes the enemy from the adversary by the agonistic principle: the inclusion of all who accept the contestability of their own points of view. This constructs a polity despite the facts of pluralism and violence. |
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+Chantal Mouffe 10, political theorist, 7-25-2010, "Chantal Mouffe: Agonistic Democracy and Radical Politics," Pavilion #15, http://pavilionmagazine.org/chantal-mouffe-agonistic-democracy-and-radical-politics/ |
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+I myself argue...between real alternatives. |
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+ |
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+So, the standard is consistency with the agonistic principle. Prefer – |
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+ |
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+Analytic |
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+2. Analytic |
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+3. Rules cannot determine their own application: we reason within a framework of language and norms, but how to apply each of those norms in to a new situation is radically indeterminate. Holton provides a mathematical example: |
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+Holton, Richard. "Meaning and Rule-Following." |
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+The central idea...further interpretations itself. |
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+Impacts: |
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+A. Analytic |
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+B. Only agonism accounts for the diversity of interpretations of our norms. Democratic citizenship has diverse forms, none of which can be privileged a priori. |
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+Mouffe 2k, Chantal. "Wittgenstein, political theory and democracy." The Democratic Paradox 60 (2000): 79. |
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+Following a rule...thinking is invaluable. |
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+ |
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+Contention |
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+ |
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+The principle of free speech in academic spaces affirms each person’s right to make their own decisions instead of being told what to believe by governmental or corporate interests. It doesn’t aim at agreement but preserves the agon. |
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+Judith Butler 13, 2-7-2013, professor in the Rhetoric and Comparative Literature department at UC Berkeley. She is the author of several books on feminist theory, continental philosophy and contemporary politics, "Judith Butler’s Remarks to Brooklyn College on BDS," Nation, https://www.thenation.com/article/judith-butlers-remarks-brooklyn-college-bds/ |
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+The principle of...not the goal. |
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+ |
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+Pedagogical spaces must be the starting point: the space for contestation requires a culture that educates agents to affirm it. |
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+Henry A. Giroux 13, 12-17-2013, "Henry A. Giroux," Truthout, http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/20669-radical-democracy-against-cultures-of-violence |
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+Radical democracy is...future is open. |
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+ |
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+Impacts: |
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+A. Analytic |
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+B. Analytic |
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+C. Justifies switch-side debate: it advances tolerance and makes debaters better at understanding alternative views. |
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+Harrigan 8 (Casey, Associate Director of Debate at UGA, Master’s in Communications – Wake Forest U., “A Defense of Switch Side Debate”, Master’s thesis at Wake Forest, Department of Communication, May, pp.43-45 |
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+Even when limited...in contemporary society. |
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+ |
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+Next, censorship is an abysmal political strategy – |
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+First, backlash – the attempt to close political space is always imperfect and engenders resistance – censoring speech doesn’t change minds but redirects them – that threatens institutions and leaves supporters less prepared to defend their gains. Resistance to abortion proves. |
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+Bonnie Honig 93, Nancy Duke Lewis Professor in the departments of Modern Culture and Media (MCM) and Political Science at Brown, 4-15-1993, "Political Theory And The Displacement Of Politics," Cornell University Press. |
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+The perpetuity of...theory of politics |
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+ |
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+Second, speech codes are clear policy failures – they don’t decrease bigotry, but they’re used against those they’re seeing to help. |
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+Conor Friedersdorf 15, 12-10-2015, "The Lessons of Bygone Free-Speech Fights," Atlantic, http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/12/what-student-activists-can-learn-from-bygone-free-speech-fights/419178/ |
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+He was writing...behalf of blacks.” |
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+ |
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+UC proves – government interests aggressively pushed anti-BDS speech codes. They become political pawns and give more influence to the people in charge |
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+Conor Friedersdorf 16 (a staff writer at The Atlantic, where he focuses on politics and national affairs; the founding editor of The Best of Journalism) “The Glaring Evidence That Free Speech Is Threatened on Campus” The Atlantic, March 4, 2016. http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/03/the-glaring-evidence-that-free-speech-is-threatened-on-campus/471825/ |
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+Or forget big...protected free speech.” |
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+ |
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+The oppressed are the ones that lose out most – their demands are the ones that seem unreasonable to those in power |
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+Andrew Schaap 6, Centre for Applied Philosophy and Public Ethics, University of Melbourne 3-2006, "Agonism in divided societies," Philosophy and Social Criticism, http://psc.sagepub.com/content/32/2/255.short?rss=1andssource=mfc |
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+Because it presupposes...a ‘neutralising principle’.3 |