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... ... @@ -1,36 +1,0 @@ 1 -Framework 2 -Ethical deduction fails and political questions are undecidable – individuals instead construct systems of meaning and value from their own perspective. 3 -Parrish, Rick. "Derrida's economy of violence in Hobbes' social contract." Theory and Event 7.4 (2005). 4 -The point, as … any ethical system. 5 -But, the resolution is a question of politics – the ultimate end of politics is enabling individuals to live together in a society. This contradiction dooms theories of deliberative democracy but doesn’t destroy the possibility of democratic politics altogether: the solution is agonism. 6 -Chantal Mouffe 10 *bracketed for gendered language*, political theorist, 7-25-2010, "Chantal Mouffe: Agonistic Democracy and Radical Politics," Pavilion #15, http://pavilionmagazine.org/chantal-mouffe-agonistic-democracy-and-radical-politics/ 7 -One of the …between real alternatives. 8 -Thus, the standard is consistency with agonistic democracy. 9 -Prefer the standard: 10 -1. Violence is necessary and inevitable – ethical theories must organize rather than inhibit it, since otherwise we could conceptualize nothing at all, doing even greater violence. 11 -Hagglund, Martin. 2006. “The Necessity of Discrimination: Disjoining Derrida and Levinas.” diacritics 34 (1): 40–71. 12 -The utopian dream … himself be guided. 13 -analytic 14 -2. Agonism is the best mode of inclusion and outweighs exclusionary attitudes within the agon. This is also true of switch-side debate too – this model resists fundamentalism and helps change people’s minds. 15 -Harrigan 8 (Casey, Associate Director of Debate at UGA, Master’s in Communications – Wake Forest U., “A Defense of Switch Side Debate”, Master’s thesis at Wake Forest, Department of Communication, May, pp.43-45 16 -The relevance of … in contemporary society. 17 -analytics 18 - 19 -analytic 20 -Contention 21 -1. The struggle for radical democracy must center pedagogy – the democratic sphere is maintained by creating a culture of agents that affirm it. 22 -Henry A. Giroux 13, 12-17-2013, "Henry A. Giroux," Truthout, http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/20669-radical-democracy-against-cultures-of-violence 23 -Radical democracy is …future is open. 24 -Discourse in academic spaces is agonistic – it doesn’t aim at agreement. The principle of academic freedom enables individuals to make their own decisions and makes the university consistent with democratic culture. 25 -Judith Butler 13, 2-7-2013, professor in the Rhetoric and Comparative Literature department at UC Berkeley. She is the author of several books on feminist theory, continental philosophy and contemporary politics, "Judith Butler’s Remarks to Brooklyn College on BDS," Nation, https://www.thenation.com/article/judith-butlers-remarks-brooklyn-college-bds/ 26 -The principle of … not the goal. 27 -2. Censorship imperils the conditions of public discourse – it turns speech into a weapon. 28 -Judith Butler 13, 2-7-2013, professor in the Rhetoric and Comparative Literature department at UC Berkeley. She is the author of several books on feminist theory, continental philosophy and contemporary politics, "Judith Butler’s Remarks to Brooklyn College on BDS," Nation, https://www.thenation.com/article/judith-butlers-remarks-brooklyn-college-bds/ 29 -And yet all …disagreement, even disarray? 30 -3. The attempt to close political space is always imperfect and engenders resistance – censoring speech doesn’t change minds but redirects them – that threatens institutions and leaves supporters less prepared to defend their gains. Resistance to abortion proves. 31 -Bonnie Honig 93, Nancy Duke Lewis Professor in the departments of Modern Culture and Media (MCM) and Political Science at Brown, 4-15-1993, "Political Theory And The Displacement Of Politics," Cornell University Press. 32 -The perpetuity of … theory of politics 33 -Analytics 34 -The framework requires proactive political actions to solve: sitting back and doing nothing only allows for greater violence. Hagglund Martin. 2006. “The Necessity of Discrimination: Disjoining Derrida and Levinas.” diacritics 34 (1): 40–71.: 35 -Deconstruction cannot teach …… peace is desirable. 36 -analytics - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,33 +1,0 @@ 1 -Framework 2 -Bracketed for clarity and gendered language 3 -Practical reason is the only way to generate moral obligations – 4 -analytics 5 -The standard is respecting freedom. Prefer: 6 - 7 -Performativity Ostrowski on Hoppe Stroud, Scott R. "Kant on Education and the Rhetorical Force of the Example." Rhetoric Society Quarterly 41.5 (2011): 416-438. 8 -James, , A SYMPOSIUM ON DRUG DECRIMINALIZATION: THE MORAL AND PRACTICAL CASE FOR DRUG LEGALIZATION. SPRING, 1990 18 Hofstra L. Rev. 607 9 -"Argumentation is a conflict…confirmed in round. 10 -2. The framework is a prerequisite to all ends based theories: It creates a cohesive whole instead of fragmented steps and explains why the agent is engaged in the subsidiary actions. Callard Agnes Callard. “Aristotle on the Unity of Action” (2010). 11 -If this is … nonbasic intentional action.’ 12 -analytic 13 -3. Kantianism is specifically key in pedagogical spaces. Stroud 14 -In this way, … Kant’s rhetorical scheme. 15 -Analytic 16 -I defend the maxim that public colleges and universities in the US ought not restrict any constitutionally protected free speech. I will accept neg preferences on specificity and implementation as long as they don’t require me to abandon my maxim. If I lose the T debate, just reevaluate my offense under their interpretation to promote topical education and deter frivolous theory. 17 - 18 -Contention 19 - 20 -Freedom of speech is a necessary freedom: governments cannot put any restrictions on it no matter what the content of the speech is. Lambert 16 (Saber, writer @ being libertarian, “The Degradation of Free Speech and Personal Liberty,” April 9, 2016, https://beinglibertarian.com/the-degradation-of-free-speech-and-personal-liberty///LADI) 21 -Many individuals in ….matter how miniscule. 22 -2. A lack of complete freedom of speech means that the minority will lose the liberty of having their voice heard: the majority will always dominate over them. Cartwright 3 (Will, “Mill on Freedom of Discussion,” Richmond Journal of Philosophy 5 (Autumn 2003), http://www.richmond-philosophy.net/rjp/back_issues/rjp5_cartwright.pdf//LADI) 23 -Though freedom of … the other two. 24 -analytic 25 -3. Speech and language is not intrinsically violent: the only possible issues with it come with its implementation, which means that it is not harmful in itself. Anderson 6 — Amanda Anderson, Caroline Donovan Professor of English Literature and Department Chair at Johns Hopkins University, Senior Fellow at the School of Criticism and Theory at Cornell University, holds a Ph.D. in English from Cornell University, 2006 (“Reply to My Critic(s),” Criticism, Volume 48, Number 2, Spring, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via Project MUSE, p. 285-287) 26 -Let's first examine … further elaboration here. 27 -Analytics 28 -Underview 29 -The role of the ballot is to determine whether the resolutional statement is true or false. 30 -A. Once we are within the debate, we must only follow the constitutive rules of debate, which are time constraints and truth and falsity, even when they interfere with ultimate purpose. Nardin Terry Nardin, “International Ethics and International Law”. Review of International Studies, Vol. 18, No. 1 (Jan., 1992), pp. 19-30, published by Cambridge University Press . JStor, Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20097279 . RP 2/6/13 31 -Practical association displays … these good results. 32 -B. It’s the most fair role of the ballot because it’s the most predictable 33 -analytics - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,67 +1,0 @@ 1 -Every policy embodies a set of values – the role of the ballot is to vote for a policy option that engages in a productive reorientation of the values underlying our politics. 2 -Espinoza ‘03 3 -Tejeda, Carlos, Manuel Espinoza, and Kris Gutierrez. "Toward a decolonizing pedagogy: Social justice reconsidered." Pedagogies of difference: Rethinking education for social change (2003): 9-38. 4 -Critical pedagogy has...ends of schooling. 5 - 6 -And understanding and working within institutions is key, even if we have a skeptical stance. Educational spaces are uniquely key – judge has an obligation to endorse political education to prevent ceding power. 7 -Giroux 6 (Henry, sociologist) “The abandoned generation: The urban debate league and the politics of possibility” from America on the Edge 8 -The decline of...potential of education. 9 - 10 -Policy education and practices like fiat are key to social change: state institutions aren’t ignorable, and simply pointing out problems isn’t enough. Themba-Nixon 2k 11 - 12 -Reform is possible—things have gotten at least a little better. Omi and Winant 13 13 -Michael Omi (Sociologist at UC Berkeley, focusing on antiracism scholarship and Asian American studies) and Howard Winant (Professor of Sociology affiliated with the Black Studies and Chicana/o Studies departments of UC Santa Barbara), Resistance is futile?: a response to Feagin and Elias, Ethnic and Racial Studies Volume 36, Issue 6, p. 961-973, Special Issue: Symposium - Rethinking Racial Formation Theory. 2013. 14 - 15 -In Feagin and...is not futile. 16 - 17 -C1 is Agonistic Culture 18 -The principle of free speech in academic spaces affirms each person’s right to make their own decisions instead of being told what to believe by governmental or corporate interests. Butler 13 19 -Judith Butler 13, 2-7-2013, professor in the Rhetoric and Comparative Literature department at UC Berkeley. She is the author of several books on feminist theory, continental philosophy and contemporary politics, "Judith Butler’s Remarks to Brooklyn College on BDS," Nation, https://www.thenation.com/article/judith-butlers-remarks-brooklyn-college-bds/ 20 - 21 -The principle of...not the goal. 22 - 23 -Pedagogical spaces are the critical internal link – agonistic public spaces can only be maintained by creating a culture that educates agents to affirm it. Giroux 13 24 -Henry A. Giroux 13, 12-17-2013, "Henry A. Giroux," Truthout, http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/20669-radical-democracy-against-cultures-of-violence 25 - 26 -Radical democracy is...future is open. 27 - 28 -Two impacts – 29 -A. Controls the internal link to all critical approaches – to turn their theory into praxis requires agonism: only accepting the contestability of every principle allows us to challenge hegemonic frames of knowledge. Mouffe 10 30 -Chantal Mouffe 10, political theorist, 7-25-2010, "Chantal Mouffe: Agonistic Democracy and Radical Politics," Pavilion #15, http://pavilionmagazine.org/chantal-mouffe-agonistic-democracy-and-radical-politics/ 31 -B. Enables the inclusion of the marginalized – their claims will always seem unreasonable. Schaap 6 32 -Andrew Schaap 6, Centre for Applied Philosophy and Public Ethics, University of Melbourne 3-2006, "Agonism in divided societies," Philosophy and Social Criticism, http://psc.sagepub.com/content/32/2/255.short?rss=1andssource=mfc 33 - 34 -Because it presupposes...a ‘neutralising principle’. 35 - 36 -C2 is Censorship 37 - 38 -Censorship is a bad political strategy – 39 -First, backlash – the attempt to close political space is always imperfect and engenders resistance – censoring speech doesn’t change minds but redirects them – that threatens institutions and leaves supporters less prepared to defend their gains. Resistance to abortion proves. Honig 93 40 -Bonnie Honig 93, Nancy Duke Lewis Professor in the departments of Modern Culture and Media (MCM) and Political Science at Brown, 4-15-1993, "Political Theory And The Displacement Of Politics," Cornell University Press. 41 - 42 -The perpetuity of...theory of politics 43 - 44 -The terminal impact is right-wing revanchism, militarism and global disaster. 45 -Rorty, Richard, Stanford Philosophy Professor, Achieving Our Country, pp. 87-94) 46 - 47 -If the formation... a resourceful spook." 48 - 49 -Second, speech codes are clear policy failures – they don’t decrease bigotry, but they’re used against those they’re seeing to help. Friedersdorf 15 50 -Conor Friedersdorf 15, 12-10-2015, "The Lessons of Bygone Free-Speech Fights," Atlantic, http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/12/what-student-activists-can-learn-from-bygone-free-speech-fights/419178/ 51 - 52 -He was writing...behalf of blacks.” 53 - 54 -Third, retargeting – people with the ideologies you want to censor are still out there and use the censorship apparatus against you. Cammaerts 9 55 -Bart Cammaerts 9, London School of Economics and Political Science, England, 11-2009, "Radical pluralism and free speech in online public spaces," International Journal of Cultural Studies, http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/27895/1/Radical_pluralism_and_free_speech_in_online_public_spaces_(LSERO).pdf 56 - 57 -UC proves – government interests aggressively pushed anti-BDS speech codes. They become political pawns and give more influence to the people already in charge. Friedersdorf 16 58 -Conor Friedersdorf 16 (a staff writer at The Atlantic, where he focuses on politics and national affairs; the founding editor of The Best of Journalism) “The Glaring Evidence That Free Speech Is Threatened on Campus” The Atlantic, March 4, 2016. http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/03/the-glaring-evidence-that-free-speech-is-threatened-on-campus/471825/ 59 - 60 -Fourth, To silence problematic speech is to both legitimate it and aid in its dissemination—links turns arguments about problematic speech Rosenbloom 11 61 -Oliver Rosenbloom 11 (Summer Intern @ FIRE), "Can a College that Protects Free Speech be ‘Gay-Friendly’?", Foundation for Individual Rights in Education, 07/26/2011, https://www.thefire.org/can-a-college-that-protects-free-speech-be-gay-friendly/ 62 - 63 -Underview 64 -Limiting free speech prevents criticism of institutions – universities will crack down on student press and critical opinions. 65 -Sanders ‘06 (Chris Sanders, "CENSORSHIP 101: ANTI-HAZELWOOD LAWS AND THE PRESERVATION OF FREE SPEECH AT COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES", 11/30/2006 , Alabama Law Review) 66 - 67 -Post-Hazelwood censorship...editors in a difficult position - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,28 +1,0 @@ 1 -Ought is defined as consistency with legal norms. Kelsen (Hans Kelsen, “On the Pure Theory of Law,” Israel Law Review, January 1966) 2 -That it is a … or superhuman will. 3 - 4 -Ought as a moral obligation does this because our inability to judge actions without tainting our evaluations with personal experiences makes it impossible to derive objective conclusions. Nietzsche 5 -Human, All Too Human. Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche. Translated by R. J Hollingdale. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996 6 -The falsity of… anything else whatever. (Aphorism #32) 7 - 8 -The open question argument disproves any moral obligations. Pidgen 9 -Pigden, Charles. “Russell’s Moral Philosophy.” SEP. 2007 10 -For any naturalistic … not mean ‘X’. 11 - 12 -Learning about the law spills over into other forms of education. Virgo (Graham Virgo, Why Study Law at University if I don't want to become a lawyer, University of Cambridge, Faculty of Law) 13 - One of the real benefits … ‘Law is reason free from 14 - 15 -Learning about the intricacies of the law and how it works is key to social change. Themba-Nixon 2k 16 -(Makani, Executive Director of The Praxis Project, a nonprofit organization helping communities use media and policy advocacy to advance health equity and justice. “Changing the Rules: What Public Policy Means for Organizing” Colorlines 3.2) 17 -Getting It in Writing … to making it so. 18 - 19 -Moral norms are not identifiable outside of the context from which they arise. Only law can unify these disagreements on an international scale. 20 -Jurgen Habermas, Law and Morality, THE TANNER LECTURES ON HUMAN VALUES, October 1, 1986. SM 21 -It is characteristic… n and assessment of principles 22 - 23 -Court and legal consensus affirm. FIRE 24 -FIRE. "State of the Law: Speech Codes." FIRE. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Jan. 2017. https://www.thefire.org/in-court/state-of-the-law-speech-codes/ 25 -That the First … of state universities.” 26 - 27 -It’s constitutive and defines what laws are okay in the first place. The State Department 28 -"The Constitution of the United States of America." Almanac of Policy Issues. June 2004. Web. - EntryDate
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