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+I affirm resolved: The United States ought to limit qualified immunity for police officers. |
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+I value justice. |
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+Ethics has generally avoided issues of race and has failed to grapple with the way in which our biases affect our system of ethics. |
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+Charles Mills, Associate Professor of Philosophy at the University of Illinois, Chicago, “Blackness Visible: Essays on Philosophy and Race,” Cornell University Press, 1998 |
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+To what extent AND of its architecture. |
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+The real world is not in conformity with raceless morality. |
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+Mills 2 |
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+African-American activists AND economy is a myth.) |
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+This is explained by Herrenvolk ethics. Mills 3: |
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+We can represent AND made in reply. |
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+Thus the standard is minimizing the power of Herrenvolk ethics. In other words, not allowing universal language like persons to permit, legally or ethically, behavior that treats minorities as subpersons. |
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+The reasonable person standard is inherent to qualified immunity. |
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+Richard G. Schott, J.D. “Qualified Immunity: How It Protects Law Enforcement Officers,” Federal Bureau of Investigation, https://leb.fbi.gov/2012/september/qualified-immunity-how-it-protects-law-enforcement-officers, September 2012 |
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+The Court then AND immunity was appropriate. |
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+Plan text: The United States will adopt the reasonable basis for belief standard for qualified immunity. |
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+Jules Holroyd and Federico PicinaliIn, “Implicit Bias, Self-Defence, and the Reasonable Person,” The Criminal Law’s Person, Oxford University Press, 2016 explain: |
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+A reasonable person AND are non-culpably held. |
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+The current reasonable AND beliefs or preferences. |
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+Jules Holroyd and Federico PicinaliIn 3 furthers:, “Implicit Bias, Self-Defence, and the Reasonable Person,” The Criminal Law’s Person, Oxford University Press, 2016 |
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+Non-culpable unreasonable AND whom rules of. |
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+Contention 2) Police |
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+Qualified immunity justifies police brutality as demonstrated by Peterson v. Kopp. |
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+Tabitha Johnson, Law Clerk at Hagar and Phillips, PLLC, “Qualified Immunity or Justified Brutality?: An Examination of the Qualified Immunity Doctrine in Peterson v. Knopp,” Tennessee Journal of Race, Gender, and Social Justice Vol. 4, 2015. |
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+Peterson alleged that AND permitting police brutality. |
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+Police brutality exacerbates racial divisions |
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+Panwala ‘03 |
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+Asit S. Panwala (Assistant District Attorney, Felony Cases, Bronx County District Attorney’s Office; B.A., Berkeley; J.D., NYU). “The Failure of Local and Federal Prosecutors to Curb Police Brutality.” Fordham Urban Law Journal, Volume 30, Issue 2 (2003) Article 7. http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article# 2079andcontext# ulj |
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+Although police departments AND brutality are considered.7 |
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+This leads to a cycle of corruption and low trust in government |
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+Panwala 2 |
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+Asit S. Panwala (Assistant District Attorney, Felony Cases, Bronx County District Attorney’s Office; B.A., Berkeley; J.D., NYU). “The Failure of Local and Federal Prosecutors to Curb Police Brutality.” Fordham Urban Law Journal, Volume 30, Issue 2 (2003) Article 7. http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article# 2079andcontext# ulj |
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+The criminal, a AND ways, including corruption.” 9 |
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+The impact is instability. |
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+Josh Zuckerman, “Protesting Police Brutality: A Call for Real Reform,” The Princeton Tory, http://theprincetontory.com/main/1982/, February 19, 2015 |
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+The largest and most worrisome takeaway from the protests, however, is that America’s police forces have clearly lost the trust of minority communities. Whether or not institutionalized racism exists, minorities perceive its presence. This alone is AND its attention elsewhere. |
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+Qualified immunity needs to be limited to prevent officers from exploiting it to push their racist agendas. |
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+Kia Makarechi, “What the Data Really Says About Police and Racial Bias,” Vanity Fair, http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2016/07/data-police-racial-bias, July 14, 2016 |
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+Department found that AND uses of force” |
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+Thus I affirm. |