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+====1. The discursive term "civil rights" has a historical and linguistic precedent that only allows for citizens to receive favorable treatment Bracketed for Gendered Language. ==== |
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+**Mears and Ortolan ~~Mears, T. Lambert, and J.-L.-E Ortolan. Analysis of M. Ortolan's Institutes of Justinian: Including the History and Generalization of Roman Law. London: Stevens and Sons, 1876. Pgs. 75-76 Print.~~** |
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+32. Civitas. The whole life of the Roman was tinged with the fact |
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+, andMidi, and the class of freedmen assimilated to the last. |
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+====2. Citizenship and civil rights are inextricably linked through common usage. This contradicts the sentiment that civil rights should be ubiquitous for all, regardless of citizenship. ==== |
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+**Altman, Andrew, "Civil Rights", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2013 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2013/entries/civil-rights/.** |
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+In contemporary political thought, the term 'civil rights' is indissolubly linked to the |
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+emerging literature examining issues of how best to understand discrimination based on disability. |
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+====He continues,==== |
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+To be a free and equal citizen is, in part, to have those legal guarantees that are essential to fully adequate participation in public discussion and decisionmaking. A citizen has a right to an equal voice and an equal vote. In addition, she has the rights needed to protect her "moral independence," that is, her ability to decide for herself what gives meaning and value to her life and to take responsibility for living in conformity with her values (Dworkin, 1995: 25). Accordingly, equal citizenship has two main dimensions: "public autonomy," i.e., the individual's freedom to participate in the formation of public opinion and society's collective decisions; and "private autonomy," i.e., the individual's freedom to decide what way of life is most worth pursuing (Habermas: 1996). The importance of these two dimensions of citizenship stem from what Rawls calls the "two moral powers" of personhood: the capacity for a sense of justice and the capacity for a conception of the good (1995: 164; 2001: 18). A person stands as an equal citizen when society and its political system give equal and due weight to the interest each citizen has in the development and exercise of those capacities. |
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+====3. Non-citizens that have attempted to be cooperative members of civil society are marginalized as irregular and less deserving of communal life. ==== |
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+**Bhui 13 ~~Bhui, Hindpal S. The Borders of Punishment: Migration, Citizenship, and Social Exclusion. Pgs. 10-11 : Oxford UP, 2013. Print.~~** |
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+For non-citizens, Zedner points out that reintegration is not considered much of |
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+AND |
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+portrayal of criminal justice (Winder 2004). As the following detainees put it |
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+====1. The concept of citizenship justifies the revoking of civil rights for non-citizens that resemble a threat to the order and security of the state and the antagonization of their bodies by criminal law- that turns case==== |
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+**Bhui 13 ~~Bhui, Hindpal S. The Borders of Punishment: Migration, Citizenship, and Social Exclusion. Pg. 7: Oxford UP, 2013. Print.~~** |
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+A recurrent theme in this volume is how immigration control takes on the language and |
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+sense of belonging, to which non-citizens can lay lesser claim. |
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+====1. The alternative is to adopt "denizenry," or get rid of citizenship- treat all members of a society as equal citizens- that's a better praxis to resolve issues of civil rights==== |
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+**Eyssens **2008 ~~Terry, PhD candidate in Philosophy in the School of Behavioural and Social Sciences and Humanities @ U. of Ballarat, "Democracy of the Civil Dead: The Blind Trade in Citizenship" Transformations, Vol. 16, http://www.transformationsjournal.org/journal/issue_16/article_03.shtml~~ |
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+The denizenry: (exposure) As the most common and recognisable form of homo |
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+AND |
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+democracies that does not rely on the logic that makes that erosion possible. |
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+====2. The role of judge is to critically deconstruct oppression because to be subordinated to the will of another produces a flawed method of knowledge production==== |
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+**Stephen Gill 1, professor of political science at York University, Questioning Geopolitics, p. 130-131** |
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+Too many intellectuals subscribe to or create orthodoxy that simply reinforces dominant power-knowledge |
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+AND |
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+rethink the potentials in society that allow for creativity and greater human possibility.. |