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+====Studies show officers fear litigation, which creates a chilling effect on enforcement==== |
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+**Hawkins and Montsinger 7 **Homer C. Hawkins (Associate Professor, School of Criminal Justice, Michigan State University) and Catherine Montsinger (Assistant Professor, Criminology, Johnson C. Smith University). "Police and Civil Liability: A Practical Guide to Avoiding Litigation." Law Enforcement Executive Forum•2007•7(1). https://www.iletsbeiforumjournal.com/images/Issues/FreeIssues/ILEEF202007-7.1.pdf |
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+Litigaphobia, also referred to as Police Liability Syndrome, creates a certain paralysis in |
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+AND |
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+become trained to avoid the "chill effect" that litigation may present. |
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+ |
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+ |
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+====The phrase "clearly established" key to police doing their job.==== |
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+**Johnson**, Angela, 3/2/**14**, Stanton v. Sims: A New Standard for Qualified Immunity? |
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+Another limitation, found in Harlow v. Fitzgerald, is the availability of qualified |
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+AND |
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+authority in jurisdictions may be sufficient in the absence of binding contrary authority. |