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-===1 – War Against Kids=== |
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-====Police have invaded schools and momentum for funding is still gaining – this has led to increasing use of force and abuse of students – the law is not clearly established so SROs will always get immunity==== |
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-**Potter 15** ~~GS Potter; Community activist and educator with a Ph.D. in educational leadership and policy studies from the University of Washington.; 3-16-2015; "How Police Became Part of the Public School System and How to Get Them Out"; http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/33706-how-police-became-part-of-the-public-school-system-and-how-to-get-them-out~~ JC |
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-Between the founding of the first recognized school resource officer program in 1958 and the |
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--wide abuses against students, especially disadvantaged students, across the country. |
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-====SRO misconduct is rampant – students are choked, tasered, and shot to death – it's try or die for the aff==== |
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-**Lee 15** ~~Jaeah; Jaeah is a former reporter at Mother Jones. Her writings have appeared in The Atlantic, the Guardian, Wired, Christian Science Monitor, Global Post, Huffington Post, Talking Points Memo, and Grist.; JUL. 14, 2015; "Chokeholds, brain injuries, beatings: Here's what happens when school cops go bad"; http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2015/05/police-school-resource-officers-k-12-misconduct-violence~~ JC |
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-Over the past year, video footage from around the country of law enforcement officers |
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-training and oversight, and a disproportionate impact on minority and disabled students. |
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-====Tasers prove – SROs are brutal==== |
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-**Klein 8/1** ~~Rebecca; Editor of education news for The Huffington Post; 8-1-2016; "School-Based Police Are Using Tasers on Students"; http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/37338-set-to-stun~~ JC |
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-This is one of at least 84 incidents of children being Tasered or shot with |
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-184 in 2007. (The department stopped conducting regular surveys after 2009.) |
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-====The police state oppresses children in schools==== |
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-**Giroux 15** ~~Henry A.; 11-11-2015; McMaster University Professor for Scholarship in the Public Interest and The Paulo Freire Distinguished Scholar in Critical Pedagogy. He also is a Distinguished Visiting Professor at Ryerson University; "Terrorizing Students: The Criminalization of Children in the US Police State"; http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/33604-terrorizing-students-the-criminalization-of-children-in-the-us-police-state~~ JC |
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-In part, the militarizing of schools and the accompanying surge of police officers are |
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-defined by a culture of fear and an utter distrust of young people? |
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-===2 – Plan=== |
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-====The United States will abolish qualified immunity for school resource officers ==== |
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-====The plan is a catalyst for further reform==== |
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-**De Stefan 16** Lindsey De Stefan (J.D. Candidate, 2017, Seton Hall University School of Law). "No Man Is Above the Law and No Man Is Below It:" How Qualified Immunity Reform Could Create Accountability and Curb Widespread Police Misconduct" (2016). Law School Student Scholarship. Paper 850. http://scholarship.shu.edu/student_scholarship/850 JC |
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-In recent months, it has been impossible to ignore the overwhelming presence of police |
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-step in decreasing the overall incidence of police misconduct in the United States. |
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-====Wrongdoing SROs are held accountable – litigation affects conduct regardless of indemnification==== |
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-**Rosen 5** Michael M. Rosen (Attorney in San Diego at Fish and Richardson PC, an intellectual property law firm; JD, Harvard Law). "A Qualified Defense: In Support of the Doctrine of Qualified Immunity in Excessive Force Cases, With Some Suggestions for its Improvement." 35GoldenGateU.L.Rev. (2005). http://digitalcommons.law.ggu.edu/ggulrev/vol35/iss2/2 |
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-Of course, this entire edifice hangs on the assumption that law enforcement agents regularly |
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-, in the heat of the moment, whether reasonably or not.59 |
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-====QI distorts civil rights law – it makes it so the law will never be clearly established==== |
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-**Hassel 99** ~~Diana; Professor of Law and Associate Dean for Academic Affairs at Roger Williams University School of Law; "Living a Lie: The Cost of Qualified Immunity"; Missouri Law Review (1999); Available at: http://scholarship.law.missouri.edu/mlr/vol64/iss1/9~~ JC |
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-On the other side of the lawsuit, qualified immunity promises much more to the |
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-should be protected and which we are content not to protect with monetary compensation |
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-====Legal actions affect culture-civil rights movement proves==== |
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-**Masket 15** SETH MASKET, OCT 5, 2015, "You Can Change Laws Without Changing Hearts and Minds" http://www.psmag.com/politics-and-law/you-can-change-laws-without-changing-hearts-and-minds |
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-In the wake of yet another mass shooting, a rather familiar public debate is |
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-some of those changes have done the country a great deal of good. |
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-===3 – Framing=== |
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-====The judge must resist the imposition of dominant ideology on marginalized groups in educational spaces. TRIFONAS 03:==== |
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-Trifonas, Peter. PEDAGOGIES OF DIFFERENCE: RETHINKING EDUCATION FOR SOCIAL CHANGE. New York, London. 2003. |
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-Domination and subordination, I imply that they are relations of power. In an |
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-is to make the world a better place for us and for our childre |
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-====And, current discourse on young people is violent – they are viewed as criminals, public disorders that must be dealt with, and resources for markets. Solving for children's oppression accesses other forms of oppression. GIROUX 15:==== |
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-Henry A. Giroux ~| Youth in Authoritarian Times: Challenging Neoliberalism's Politics of Disposability Wednesday, 21 October 2015 00:00 By Henry A. Giroux, Truthout ~| News Analysis |
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-The transformation of the social state into the corporate-controlled punishing state is made |
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-appear to be of little concern to the shameless apostles of permanent war. |
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-====Thus, the role of the ballot and judge is to reject oppression with a focus on the youth. More warrants:==== |
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-====1. Children are particularly excluded and not considered relevant by academics, allowing willful ignorance of violence that costs them their lives. Only a focus on children as an important group can stop systemic structural violence – otherwise all oppression towards them is rendered unseen. GIROUX 2K:==== |
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-Public Pedagogy and the Responsibility of Intellectuals: Youth, Littleton, and the Loss of Innocence Henry A. Giroux. jac 20.1 (2000) |
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-Unfortunately, as the post-Littleton debate has clearly shown, educators in a |
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-regarded as a detriment to adult society rather than as a valuable resource. |
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-====And, Addressing the material conditions for violence specifically with children is required for the success of symbolic critique. Pure critique is not enough – it must be combined into tangible policy action. GIROUX 2:==== |
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-Public Pedagogy and the Responsibility of Intellectuals: Youth, Littleton, and the Loss of Innocence Henry A. Giroux. jac 20.1 (2000) |
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-To address the problems of youth, rigorous educational work must respond to the dilemmas |
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-, unemployment, police brutality, rape, sexual abuse, and racism. |
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-====2. Debate is a unique forum for high-schooler's to advocate for children – children are denied participation due to the current structure of society. GODWIN 11:==== |
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-Children's Oppression, Rights and Liberation by Samantha Godwin 2011 |
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-While childhood similarly marks a stage of life that each of us will pass through |
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-they lack the legal rights to have the opportunity to acquire those means. |
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-===4 – UV=== |
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-====Police immunity is a means of the state to maintain power over society==== |
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-**Internationalist 15** ~~League For The Fourth International; Summer 2015; "Killer Cops, White Supremacists: Racist Terror Stalks Black America"; http://www.internationalist.org/killercopswstalkblackamerica1507.html~~ JC |
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-The entire legal system is based on the recognition that the police are the first |
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-of special decrees, which invest them with a peculiar sanctity and inviolability." |
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-====Evaluate arguments using particularity – no "root cause" or sweeping take-outs to our specific claims.==== |
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-**Price 98 **~~(RICHARD PRICE is a former prof in the Department of Anthropology at Yale University. Later, he moved to Johns Hopkins University to found the Department of Anthropology, where he served three terms as chair. A decade of freelance teaching (University of Minnesota, Stanford University, Princeton University, University of Florida, Universidade Federal da Bahia), ensued. This article is co-authored with CHRISTIAN REUS-SMIT – Monash University – European Journal of International Relations Copyright © 1998 via SAGE Publications http://www.arts.ualberta.ca/~~courses/PoliticalScience/661B1/documents/PriceReusSmithCriticalInternatlTheoryConstructivism.pdf)~~ |
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-One of the central departures of critical international theory from positivism is the view that |
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-violates the interpretive ethos of critical international theory than does critical theory itself. |