Changes for page San Marino Weng Aff
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... ... @@ -15,9 +15,12 @@ 15 15 ====AND, Discursive autonomy is a prior question. Complacency in language render us unintelligible. 16 16 Agamben 2K (Giorgio, professor of philosophy at the College International de Philosophie in Paris, Means Without End: Notes on Politics, p. 95-97) ED 17 17 ==== 18 -If what human beings had to communicate to each other were always and only something, there would never be politics properly speaking, but only exchange and con¬flict, signals and answers. But because what human be¬ings have to communicate to each other is above all a pure communicability (that is, language), politics then arises as the communicative emptiness in which the hu¬man face emerges as such. It is precisely this empty space that politicians and the media establishment are trying to be sure to control, by keeping it separate in a sphere that guarantees its unseizability and by preventing com¬municativity itself from coming to light. This means that an integrated Marxian analysis should take into consid¬eration the fact that capitalism (or whatever other name we might want to give to the process dominating world history today) not only was directed to the expropria¬tion of productive activity, but was also and above all directed to the alienation of language itself, of the com¬municative nature of human beings. Inasmuch as it is nothing but pure communicability, every human face, even the most noble and beautiful, is always suspended on the edge of an abyss. This is pre¬cisely why the most delicate and graceful faces some¬times look as if they might suddenly decompose, thus letting the shapeless and bottomless background that threatens them emerge. But this amorphous background is nothing else than the opening itself and communica¬bility itself inasmuch as they are constituted as their own presuppositions as if they were a thing. The only face to remain uninjured is the one capable of taking the abyss of its own communicability upon itself and of exposing it without fear or complacency. This is why the face contracts into an expression, stiff¬ens into a character, and thus sinks further and further into itself. As soon as the face realizes that communica¬bility is all that it is and hence that it has nothing to ex¬press — thus withdrawing silently behind itself, inside its own mute identity—it turns into a grimace, which is what one calls character. Character is the constitutive ret¬icence that human beings retain in the word; but what one has to take possession of here is only a nonlatency, a pure visibility: simply a visage. The face is not some¬thing that transcends the visage: it is the exposition of the visage in all its nudity, it is a victory over charac¬ter—it is word. 19 19 19 +If what human beings had to communicate 20 +AND 21 +a victory over charac¬ter—it is word. 20 20 23 + 21 21 ====AND, The debate space is necessary to challenge harmful discourses.==== 22 22 **Shanahan 93** William Shanahan (Ft. Hays State University, Kansas) "kritik of thinking" Debater's Research Guide, Health Care Policy, 1993 http://groups.wfu.edu/debate/MiscSites/DRGArticles/Shanahan1993HealthCare.htm 23 23 Policy has a stranglehold on debate worthy of any NYC transit cop. Argument must - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,43 +1,0 @@ 1 -===Court Clog DA=== 2 - 3 - 4 -====Courts are overworked in the squo—judges are at the edge and one big push collapses the judiciary.==== 5 -**Gersham 15** Jacob Gershman "Federal Judge Says His Overworked Colleagues Bench Close to Burnout" Wall Street Journal November 12^^th^^ 2015 6 -Judges in federal trial courts have for some time expressed concern about the ever- 7 -AND 8 -growing ones), but efforts to hire more judges have met political resistance. 9 - 10 - 11 -====Qualified immunity is a large part of case selection – deters lawyers from taking certain cases. ==== 12 -**Reinert 11**, Alexander. "Does Qualified Immunity Matter?." University of St. Thomas Law Journal Vol 8 Issue 3. 2011. Web. October 06, 2016. http://ir.stthomas.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1261andcontext=ustlj. 13 -The data are limited and anecdotal in nature, but assuming these results are representative 14 -AND 15 -the plaintiff's attorney thinks that the qualified immunity defense will ultimately be rejected. 16 - 17 - 18 -====Standards set by the court under QI make it easier to dismiss friv litigation==== 19 -**Cotrell 94**, Eric. "Civil Rights Plaintiffs, Clogged Courts, And The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure: The Supreme Court." North Carolina Law Review Volume 74 Number 4. April 01, 1994. Web. October 06, 2016. http://scholarship.law.unc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3547andcontext=nclr. 20 -Although Leatherman\'s ban on heightened standards may be consistent with the Court\ 21 -AND 22 -frivolous civil rights suits-contrary to an overly broad interpretation of Leatherman. 23 - 24 - 25 -====Court clog collapses the federal judiciary — overburdens dockets, expansion can't keep pace==== 26 -**Oakley 96** (John, Distinguished Professor of Law Emeritus at the University of California Davis, "The Myth of Cost-Free Jurisdictional Reallocation," The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Volume 543, p. 52—63, http://www.jstor.org/stable/1048447 27 -Personal effects: The hidden costs of greater workloads. The hallmark of federal justice 28 -AND 29 -jurisdiction would raise the most serious questions of the future course of the nation 30 - 31 - 32 -====Separation of power solves unaccountable decisions to go to war – causes extinction. ==== 33 -**Adler 96** (David, professor of political science at Idaho State, The Constitution and Conduct of American Foreign Policy, p. 23-25) 34 -The structure of shared powers in foreign relations serves to deter the abuse of power 35 -AND 36 -values in comparison to those of the American people and their representatives in Congress 37 - 38 - 39 -====Moral uncertainty means we should prevent extinction ==== 40 -**Bostrom 12** ~~Nick Bostrom. Faculty of Philosophy and Oxford Martin School University of Oxford. "Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority." Global Policy (2012)~~ 41 -These reflections on moral uncertainty suggest an alternative, complementary way of looking at existential 42 -AND 43 -of value. To do this, we must prevent any existential catastrophe. - EntryDate
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... ... @@ -1,29 +1,0 @@ 1 -===Early Intervention=== 2 - 3 - 4 -====Text: The US Department of Justice will require that ~~police departments~~ implement early intervention systems==== 5 -**Campaign Zero no date clarifies the advocacy** ~~Campaign Zero; Campaign ZERO was developed with contributions from activists, protesters and researchers across the nation. This data-informed platform presents comprehensive solutions to end police violence in America. It integrates community demands and policy recommendations from research organizations and the President's Task Force on 21st Century Policing; "Limit Use of Force"; http://www.joincampaignzero.org/force~~ JC 6 -A. Report all uses of force to a database with information on related injuries 7 -AND 8 -these officers from serving as police officers, teachers or other governmental employees. 9 - 10 - 11 -====EI programs are seen as unneeded – the CP is key to expanding their use==== 12 -**Ceriale 16** ~~Matthew A.; University of Central Florida; "Early Intervention Systems: An Evaluative Review of Their History and Use" (2016); Honors in the Major Theses; Paper 32; http://stars.library.ucf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1032andamp;context=honorstheses~~ JC 13 -EI systems have been listed as a best practice and highly effective both in case 14 -AND 15 -systems so that it can then move forward to improving and enlarging them. 16 - 17 - 18 -====CP solves the aff – it's empirically successful and the police themselves support it==== 19 -**Walker et al 1** ~~"Early Warning Systems: Responding to the Problem Police Officer"; Samuel Walker, Geoffrey P. Alpert, and Dennis J. Kenney; July 2001; U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs National Institute of Justice; https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/188565.pdf~~ JC 20 -Early warning systems appear to have a dramatic effect on reducing citizen complaints and other 21 -AND 22 -abstract, moralistic, or otherwise unrelated to practical aspects of police work. 23 - 24 - 25 -====Increases accountability – wrongdoing police get punished==== 26 -**Harris 12** ~~David A.; Professor of Law, University of Pittsburgh School of Law; "How Accountability-Based Policing Can Reinforce— Or Replace—The Fourth Amendment Exclusionary Rule"; OHIO STATE JOURNAL OF CRIMINAL LAW Vol 7: 149; http://moritzlaw.osu.edu/students/groups/osjcl/files/2012/05/Harris-FinalPDF.pdf~~ JC 27 -In some departments, such as the Pittsburgh Police Bureau,75 chiefs hold periodic 28 -AND 29 -. Thus, compliance with rules and standards set by the organization increases. - EntryDate
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