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Summary

Details

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1 -=**~~#NoHetero**=
1 +=**~~Queer**=
2 2  ==1AC==
3 -==== ~~Analytic/Narrative~~ ====
4 4  
5 -==== ~~McGregory 14~~ The term "ally" has become a label for an identity rather than a goal, both on college campuses and off of them. The use of the word "ally" has come to pacify queer support. McGregory 14====
6 -~~McGregory, Aileen. "Queer Killjoys: Individuality, Niceness, and the Failure of Current Ally Culture." CiteSeerX. Pennsylvania State University, Apr. 2014. Web. 21 Dec. 2016.~~
7 -Later, as this thesis aims to demonstrate, "ally" has come to
8 -AND
9 -one would like to help, just not enough to actually do so.
10 -
11 -
12 -==== ~~McGregory 2~~ People need allies, but a revision of what that means is necessary to legitimate and create true allyship. McGregory 2====
13 -I have repeatedly expressed frustration with people who would claim to be my allies; none of the opinions I have just voiced are ones that had previously gone unmentioned. I am lucky to be in a place where I can feel safe doing so. But not everyone does; to not be able to ask to have one’s needs met by people whose presence is supposedly for one’s benefit- in other words, allies-seems not only to defeat their purpose. It is also a perpetuation of systematic inequalities when those who exercise power over those they are supposed to be allied to are enabled to continue calling themselves allies. Due to all of the problems I see in "my" allies, I have a great deal of motivation to do better when I attempt to act in solidarity with others. I try to listen, to defer to their expertise, to acknowledge my own privilege and work against it. But I do not always succeed. And I have been called out on this failure. Just last semester, I came out of a racially-charged classroom discussion and was told by another student, "I was looking at you because I wanted you to say something and you didn’t." This experience was difficult for me. But it was more difficult, I would presume, for my friend, who had had to listen to his peers say clearly racist things while no one flat out told them they were wrong and that they were being oppressive. Sometimes it is helpful for an ally to be the one to speak, rather than the one of only two black students in the class, who might have neither the energy nor the obligation to fight racism constantly. Sadly, too, the other white student may have seen me as more objective than a black student on matters of racism and thus listened more carefully to my opinion. However, I did not take my opportunity to exercise my privilege in a slightly more positive way. It’s not that I did not say anything, it’s that I did not say enough. And what is good enough is not for me to decide: he told me that it was not enough, so it was not enough. I needed to try harder. What happens in these moments is complex: I, in part, did not speak up because I did not want to speak over the students of color in the room. I never want to assume that my white voice is desired or helpful, and in my general understanding of allyship, this assumption is frequently one of the greatest flaws of self-described allies. Yet in this case, my wariness actually prevented me from responding to the needs of someone with whom I was supposed to be in solidarity. Fear of being a "bad ally" can be paralyzing. But still, the only option is to work harder to occupy useful positions as allies, knowing that the usefulness of our actions must be determined by those with whom we act in solidarity and in the context of those actions, not by our own self understandings. If I am to be an ally, I ~~one~~ must first recognize that it is not an identity, but a goal. This does not mean that I will never do the right thing or that I will never help. I simply mean to say that I can never accomplish allyship. Such work is never done, because allyship must always be relational. I am allied to someone. We cannot see ourselves as individuals, disconnected from other people who share our identities and our privileges, while those who are oppressed must be communities. I am implicated in white privilege, in the oppression of others, and in the failures of allies, both my own and those of others. I am guilty of letting people think that what they do is good enough, and of thinking that of myself. Allyship is not an individual endeavor, or a title one can bestow on oneself. It is necessarily relational and, for once, the usual hierarchy of knowledge and validation must be reversed to allow for the power to rest with those who are oppressed. For these reasons, I hold this project close to my heart, as allyship is an issue that profoundly and directly affects my life. My lack of objective removal from the topic does not, however, prevent my ability to study it. Rather, I would prefer to think that my connection enhances and even helps to legitimate my work, as I am not speaking over others, or at least no more than is unavoidable. All of the sites in which I conducted my research were ones that I was familiar with before I officially began this project. Part of my understanding of ally culture, and reactions to it, is due to my personal immersion into this process. One does not enter into such a project- or into allyship- without an emotional connection. But an emotional connection, on its own, is not enough. It was in part due to this that I have completed this project: simply feeling badly about current forms of allyship does not accomplish what I hope to accomplish here. Instead, I hope to point to more specific, but also more systematic problems, in order to draw out how the bigger conflicts and moments of "bad allyship" become possible and even defendable. I do this not because I believe that there is something wrong with wanting to help create change, or greater equality, but rather because I believe that in order for these goals to be truly achievable they must be approached in a different way. I hope this thesis might provide some critical ground for rethinking allyship.
14 -
15 -
16 -==== ~~McGregory 3~~ Neoliberal discourse directs our attention to homonormative politics where the queer individual is forced to consign to norms set out by and validated by so-called "allies" and attempts to question these hierarchies are met with opposition. This actualizes into a new closet for queer people. McGregory 3====
17 -As I described above, neoliberalism as a cultural formation has shifted LGBT ~~queer~~ politics away from liberation and towards a politics of homonormativity: visibility, assimilation, and sameness. Visibility acclimatizes more of the dominant group to the existence of LGBT ~~queer~~ people, serving to normalize them. According to Yuvraj Joshi, visibility is crucially connected to respectability politics, as "public recognition of gay people and relationships is contingent upon their acquiring a respectable social identity" (Joshi 2012 417). Visibility, respectability, and normalization are intertwined: in order for visibility to be valuable, it must make acceptance seem appealing to the mainstream. This is done by presenting a normalized, respectable image of LGBT ~~queer~~ people (or perhaps just gay and lesbian people). As Lisa Duggan (2003), Jose Munoz (2009), and others have argued, the homonormative platforms of the LGBT ~~queer~~ movement have met a certain success in the repeal of Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell, and the growth of marriage equality in the United States. So, for example, the assimilationist aims of the current mainstream LGBT ~~queer~~ movement focus primarily around marriage. Often, discourse promoting marriage utilizes an understanding of LGBT ~~queer~~ people as normal, or as the same as straight, cisgender people, with similar life goals and desires for the same kind of nuclear family structure. As Joshi argues, "since the late 1970s, there has been a paradigm shift within queer politics in which equality politics have eclipsed liberation politics. Legal recognition of same-sex relationships has become heralded as the final frontier of queer politics" (Joshi 2012 416). In this model, allies become important to the LGBT ~~queer~~ movement: cisgender, heterosexual people who "ally with" the LGBT ~~queer~~ movement can serve to validate the normality or sameness of LGBT ~~queer~~ people. Indeed, it is the visibility and the support of allies, regardless of their political action, that is imagined to advance the LGBT ~~queer~~ cause. Additionally, a neoliberal understanding of the individual assumes that everyone can assimilate as a market citizen, and that this is the most crucial step towards freedom and equality. The application of market logic in terms of practicality and mass marketing fosters the current emphasis on visibility and market presence as tools toward LGBT ~~queer~~ equality, where equality might be imagined to be achieved through good consumer citizenship. However, such visibility politics, connected with normalization and assimilation, ignore the ways in which "the cost of being folded into life might be quite steep, both for the subjects who are interpellated by or aspire to the tight inclusiveness of homonormativity offered in this moment, and for those who decline or are declined entry due to the undesirability of their race, ethnicity, religion, class, national origin, age, or bodily ability" (Puar 2007, 10, see also Foucault 1979, 187).
18 -Continues
19 -those who "fight fire with fire," who respond to negativity (
20 -AND
21 -cheek:" to be "nice," non-judgmental, and understanding.
22 -
23 23  ==== ~~Analytic~~ ====
24 24  ==== ~~Analytic~~ ====
25 25  
7 +==== ~~ROTB~~ The role of the ballot is to endorse the best strategy to disrupt normalcy.====
26 26  
27 -==== ~~McGregory 4~~ I stand in affirmation of the enactment of the queer killjoy (modeled after Sara Ahmed’s "feminist killjoy"), creating a starting point for inclusion that allows queer and all marginalized groups to join the conversation. My method of engagement counters preconceived roles of queer people through self-empowerment and calls to anger at the collective wrong doings of the systems. We must rage against sustained signs of normalcy even if it means laying our bodies on the line. McGregory 4====
28 -Sara Ahmed writes about the "feminist killjoy," who refuses to orient herself towards a normative happiness. Rather than creating negativity or killing happiness, however, Ahmed suggests that the killjoy merely reveals it and puts it in the open. She asks: Does bad feeling enter the room when somebody expresses anger about things, or could anger be the moment when the bad feelings that circulate through objects get brought to the surface in a certain way? The feminist subject "in the room" hence "brings others down" not only by talking about unhappy topics such as sexism but by exposing how happiness is sustained by erasing the signs of not getting along. (Ahmed 2010b, 66) In this analysis, "getting along" is key to happiness, which relies on not "bringing others down" by discussing sexism, for example. Ahmed’s work reveals the ways that those who experience oppression are both more likely to be unhappy (feel "out of place") and will be blamed for their own and others’ unhappiness if they reveal the ways in which they and their oppressors are "not getting along." Although this means that it is difficult to reveal such affective tension, the revelation of negativity can both unite communities and allow for a reorientation away from conventional happiness. As Deborah Gould writes, "the ability to evoke affective states and emotions, as well as to establish and enforce norms about feelings and their expressions- the power of an emotional habitus- is a dimension of power that we tend to overlook" (Gould 2009 40). Those who can dictate acceptable and desirable feelings, and can proceed to police the tones and expressions of others, have a great deal of power, as such affect shapes both actual actions and what actions are thinkable. However, Gould also more hopefully claims that affect also "has the potential to escape social control, and that quality creates greater space for counterhegemonic possibilities and for social transformation" (Gould 2009 39). Despite the existence of emotional habitus, or sets of norms, there is still the potential for affect that eludes this structure, or subverts norms and works towards changing current emotional and social orders. Histories of unhappiness can similarly spark social movement and situate these bad feelings within larger structures that contribute to them. Heather Love writes, "tarrying with this negativity is crucial; at the same time, the aim is to turn grief into grievance – to address the larger social structures, the regimes of domination, that are at the root of such pain" (Love 2007 151). In what follows, I focus on negativity and positivity as two poles of political affect at work in ally culture. I aim to illustrate that policing negativity- through what is called "derailing" or through accusations of "straight hate"- is one way that the political power of ally and LGBT ~~queer~~ movements is flattened. At the same time, the 14 critiques of ally culture online reveal some of the political potential of negativity – as a way to challenge the discourse of positivity, individuality, and tolerance that depoliticizes LGBT ~~queer~~-ally relationships and rejects critical engagement.
9 +====~~Leavitt~~ Representations materialize into physical and psychological consequences as a sort of identity policing. Heteronormative policing is manifested in all social spaces. That includes the debate space. Leavitt 12^^ ^^====
10 +Policing of deviant sexualities and gender identities lies at the core of queer criminalization
11 +AND
12 +creates an irrational distinction between sex that is oral or anal, rather than vaginal.
29 29  
30 -
31 -==== ~~Copenhaver 14~~ The 1AC is an embodiment of the queer killjoy and exemplification of queer rage, my rage that is critical to challenge all forms of oppression. My experiences as a cis, able bodied Indian queer person of color differs from other bodies, but rage translates into accessibility - we engage in a new world where everyone can use anger that tears at the walls of normalcy. Queer rage is beautiful and energizing. It demands change. Copenhaver 14====
32 -~~Robert Copenhaver identified as a Queer person of faith, graduate of Idaho State University, whose interests include queer theory, politics, and theology. He will be starting a masters in theological studies at The Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago next fall; "Queer Rage"; published 2/19/14; http://coperoge.wordpress.com/2014/02/19/queer-rage/~~
33 -I hate straight people who can’t listen to queer anger without saying "hey,
14 +==== ~~Elia 1~~ Violence against queerness results in the annihilation of identity—this is a form of soul murder. Elia 03 ====
15 +(John Elia, Professor at San Francisco University, Journal of Homosexuality, Vol. 45, no. 2/3/4, p. 64, 2003)
16 +These are the internal injuries that individuals inflict upon themselves. Very early in life
34 34  AND
35 -in which anti-queerness continue to perpetuate violence against queer bodies everywhere.
18 +and others, of the heteronormative mandate a widespread form of soul murder?
36 36  
37 37  
38 -==== ~~ROTB~~ Thus, the role of the ballot is to endorse the best strategy to disrupt normalcy.====
21 +==== ~~Knight 2~~ Soul murder is unrelenting in the squo. Our ideologies lead to material harms. Empirics prove. Knight 2====
22 +~~Professor of History and American Studies and former Chair of Department of History at Yale University; Feb, 2014; http://www.aclupa.org/files/2013/9774/8843/Chauncey'Report'complete.pdf; IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA; 06/24/15~~
23 +29. Religiously-inspired hostility to homosexuality also inspired an escalation in antigay policing
24 +AND
25 +for new plays, this law effectively censored American theater for a generation.
39 39  
40 -
41 -==== ~~Vaccaro 12~~ Debate matters. This is the training ground for people who end up in positions of power in business, academia, and politics – we need to hold people accountable in debate or else we’ll reproduce the squo structures of domination. Classrooms, such as the debate space, create a unique pedagogical experience where ideologies of queer identities can change. Vaccaro et. al. 12 ====
42 -~~(Annemarie (Department of Human Development and Family Studies at the University of Rhode Island), Gerri August (Department of Educational Studies at Rhode Island College), and Megan S. Kennedy (faculty member in the Department of Education at Westfield State University,). Inside the Classroom Walls, Chapter 5, pg 83-84) SK~~
43 -Classroom walls create an impression of dichotomy—the academic arena within, the personal
27 +==== ~~Elia 2~~ Thus, liberating queer bodies begins with an interrogation of underlying power structures. Elia 2====
28 +Akin to organized religion and the biomedical field
44 44  AND
45 -progresses as young people move through our educational system—kindergarten through college.
30 +form of sexuality education will follow later in this essay.
46 46  
47 47  
33 +==== ~~Analytic~~ ====
34 +==== ~~Analytic~~ ====
35 +==== ~~Analytic~~ ====
36 +==== ~~Analytic~~ ====
37 +
48 48  ==== ~~Mary Nardini Gang 09~~ Being queer is social death and societal exile – society is normal while queer is the abnormal. Queer life becomes queer death because it is always against society. Mary Nardini Gang 09====
49 49  ~~Criminal queers from Milwaukee, Wisconsin "toward the queerest insurrection" 2009~~
50 50  In the discourse of queer, we are talking about a space of struggle against
... ... @@ -56,3 +56,16 @@
56 56  
57 57  
58 58  ==== ~~Advocacy~~ Thus, I DEMAND that public universities and colleges in the United States not restrict any constitutionally protected speech.====
49 +
50 +====~~Duggin~~ We must engage the law to combat normalization. Duggin 94====
51 +~~Lisa Duggan, associate professor of American studies and history at New York University, Queering the State, Social Text, No. 39 (Summer, 1994), pp. 1-14~~
52 +When we turn our attention to this project, we run into difficulty the moment
53 +AND
54 +we are now in), and we cannot afford to abandon the field.
55 +
56 +
57 +==== ~~Leachman~~ Queer movements centered on legal reform find more success and garner more attention. Leachman 14====
58 +~~Gwendolyn, Sears Law Fellow, Williams Institute on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity, UCLA School of Law; J.D.; "From Protest to Perry: How Litigation Shaped the LGBT Movement's Agenda," UC Davis Law Review, June 2014~~
59 +The Article proceeds in three Parts. Part I provides background on the contemporary historical
60 +AND
61 +goals may become displaced by the formal equality goals pursued through impact litigation.
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1 +JanFeb ~-~- Queer AC
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1 -Stanford
1 +Golden Desert
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1 -Please message me on Facebook or email me at: skaravadi.2001@gmail.com
2 -I will disclose the aff unless I'm breaking new. Everything that I've read is disclosed on my own wiki, so put away your theory shells about debaters having to disclose their positions on their own wiki.
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1 -0 - Contact Info
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1 -=Fem=
2 -
3 -
4 -==*We do not endorse gendered language* (Women changed to Womxn)==
5 -
6 -
7 -==1AC==
8 -
9 -
10 -===Part 1 is Framework===
11 -
12 -
13 -====International politics is based on a hegemonic masculinity that values violence and force. Tickner 92====
14 -~~Distinguished scholar in residence at the School of International Services at American University (J. Ann, "Gender in International Relations Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security", Columbia Press, 1992, http://www.ces.uc.pt/ficheiros2/files/Short.pdf) SK~~
15 -Masculinity and politics have a long and close association. Characteristics associated with "manliness
16 -AND
17 -terms of their power capabilities and capacity for self-help and autonomy.
18 -
19 -
20 -====The knowledge production of the squo is gendered, this contributes to gendered practices in politics and economics. The attempt to depoliticize gender domination guarantees that womxn are treated as objects, not subjects. We must challenge this knowledge production. Unquestioned male domination institutionalizes oppression and exploitation – key to policymaking. Youngs 04====
21 -~~Professor of Digital Economy and Academic Director of the Institute of Advanced Broadcasting at the University of Wales (Gillian, "Feminist International Relations: A Contradiction in Terms? Or: Why Womxn and Gender Are Essential to Understanding the World 'We' Live in", International Affairs 80:1, 1/04, JSTOR) SK~~
22 -The title of Charlotte Hooper's influential book Manly states: masculinities international relations and gender
23 -AND
24 -rather than deep assessments of the nature of both states and political agency.
25 -
26 -
27 -====Thus, the role of the ballot is to endorse the best liberatory strategy for womxn.====
28 -
29 -
30 -====Interjecting feminist thought is key. Tickner 1997====
31 -~~Distinguished scholar in residence at the School of International Services at American University You Just Don't Understand: Troubled Engagements between Feminists and IR Theorists," International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 41, No. 4., 1997) SK~~
32 -Many of these issues seem far removed from the concerns of international relations. But
33 -AND
34 -, womxn's (and certain men's) security broadly defined can be formulated.
35 -
36 -
37 -===Part 2 is Nuclear Power===
38 -Nuclear power production constantly releases radiation everywhere. NIRS 09
39 -**~~(2018 will mark the 40th anniversary of Nuclear Information and Resource Service (NIRS). We were founded to be the national information and networking center for citizens and environmental activists concerned about nuclear power, radioactive waste, radiation and sustainable energy issues.) http://nukefreetexas.org/downloads/routine'radioactive'releases.pdf, SK~~**
40 -It doesn’t take an accident for a nuclear power plant to release radioactivity into our air, water and soil. All it takes is the plant’s everyday routine operation, and federal regulations permit these radioactive releases. Radioactivity is measured in "curies." A large medical center, with as many as 1000 laboratories in which radioactive materials are used, may have a combined inventory of only about two curies. In contrast, an average operating nuclear power reactor will have approximately 16 billion curies in its reactor core. This is the equivalent long-lived radioactivity of at least 1,000 Hiroshima bombs. A reactor’s fuel rods, pipes, tanks and valves can leak. Mechanical failure and human error can also cause leaks. As a nuclear plant ages, so does its equipment - and leaks generally increase. Some contaminated water is intentionally removed from the reactor vessel to reduce the amount of the radioactive and corrosive chemicals that damage valves and pipes. The water is filtered and then either recycled back into the cooling system or released into the environment A typical 1000-megawatt pressurized-water reactor (with a cooling tower) takes in 20,000 gallons of river, lake or ocean water per minute for cooling, circulates it through a 50-mile maze of pipes, returns 5,000 gallons per minute to the same body of water, and releases the remainder to the atmosphere as vapor. A 1000-megawatt reactor without a cooling tower takes in even more water—as much as one-half million gallons per minute. The discharge water is contaminated with radioactive elements in amounts that are not precisely known or knowable, but are biologically active. Some radioactive fission gases, stripped from the reactor cooling water, are contained in decay tanks for days before being released into the atmosphere through filtered rooftop vents. Some gases leak into the power plant buildings’ interiors and are released during periodic "purges" and "ventings." These airborne gases contaminate not only the air, but also soil and water. Radioactive releases from a nuclear power reactor’s routine operation often are not fully detected or reported. Accidental releases may not be completely verified or documented. Accurate, economically-feasible filtering and monitoring technologies do not exist for some of the major reactor by-products, such as radioactive hydrogen (tritium) and noble gases, such as krypton and xenon. Some liquids and gases are retained in tanks so that the shorter-lived radioactive materials can break down before the batch is released to the environment. Government regulations allow radioactive water to be released to the environment containing "permissible" levels of contamination. Permissible does not mean safe. Detectors at reactors are set to allow contaminated water to be released, unfiltered, if below "permissible" legal levels. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission relies upon self-reporting and computer modeling from reactor operators to track radioactive releases and their projected dispersion. A significant portion of the environmental monitoring data is extrapolated – virtual, not real. Accurate accounting of all radioactive wastes released to the air, water and soil from the entire reactor fuel production system is simply not available. The system includes uranium mines and mills, chemical conversion, enrichment and fuel fabrication plants, nuclear power reactors, and radioactive waste storage pools, casks, and trenches. Increasing economic pressures to reduce costs, due to the deregulation of the electric power industry, could further reduce the already unreliable monitoring and reporting of radioactive releases. Deferred maintenance can increase the radioactivity released - and the risks. Many of the reactor’s radioactive by-products continue giving off radioactive particles and rays for enormously long periods – described in terms of "half-lives." A radioactive material gives off hazardous radiation for at least ten half-lives. One of the radioactive isotopes of iodine (iodine- 129) has a half-life of 16 million years; technetium-99 = 211,000 years; and plutonium-239 = 24,000 years. Xenon-135, a noble gas, decays into cesium-135, an isotope with a 2.3 million-year half-life. It is scientifically established that low-level radiation damages tissues, cells, DNA and other vital molecules – causing programmed cell death (apoptosis), genetic mutations, cancers, leukemia, birth defects, and reproductive, immune and endocrine system disorders.
41 -
42 -
43 -====In the squo, policymaking and discourse revolving around nuclear power are inherently exclusive and disproportionately harmful to women. Klötzer 12====
44 -(Klötzer, Ulla. "Womxn." The News That Matters about the Nuclear Industry. Nuclear-News, 15 Apr. 2012. Web. 5 Sept. 2016. SK)
45 -Decisions on nuclear power, nuclear weapons, nuclear wastes are almost exclusively made by
46 -AND
47 -, Womxn For Peace. Womxn Against Nuclear Power, Womxn Against Nuclear Energy
48 -
49 -
50 -====Patriarchal conceptualizations are the driving force behind leaving womxn out of policymaking and masculine domination – Feminist thought is key to solve. Warren and Cady 94====
51 -(Former Professor and Chair of Philosophy at Macalester College and professor of philosophy and value theory at Hamline University, (Karen J. and Duane L., "Feminism and Peace: Seeing Connections", Hypatia 9:2, Spring 1994, JSTOR) SK)
52 -The imagery that domesticates nuclear and conventional weapons, naturalizes womxn, and feminizes nature
53 -AND
54 -nature-in a historical, socioeconomic, cultural, and political context.
55 -
56 -
57 -====This domination of the patriarchy leads to higher mortality rates, especially for womxn. This comes from the lack of awareness perpetuated by the (patriarchal) state that keeps this information confidential – a biopolitical grasp. Olson 11====
58 -(Olson, Mary. "Atomic Radiation Is More Harmful to Womxn." (n.d.): n. pag. Nuclear Information and Resource Service. Springer Reference, 22 Oct. 2011. Web. 5 Sept. 2016. SK)
59 -A womxn is at significantly greater risk of suffering and dying from radiation-induced
60 -AND
61 -timing of exposure and presence of other carcinogens and stressors impact this function.
62 -
63 -
64 -====Thus, the advocacy is to ban the production of nuclear power on a global scale as a starting point to adopt a feminist approach to international relations and policymaking. Thus, the mindset behind affirming endorses good ideology.====
65 -
66 -
67 -===Part 3 is the Underview===
68 -
69 -
70 -====1. Injecting gender consciousness into policymaking changes the frames of political discussions. Beland 09====
71 -~~(Daniel Beland. "Gender, Ideational Analysis, and Social Policy" Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State and Society. Vol 16 Num 4. Pp 558-581. Winter 2009) SK~~
72 -To further illustrate the role of frames in politics and policy change, let me
73 -AND
74 -and social policy make a strong and original contribution to this ideational literature.
75 -
76 -
77 -====2. Gender sensitivity in policy making is key to transforming the failure of IR in intersecting layers of oppressive hierarchies. Peterson and Runyan 99.====
78 -~~Peterson is a Professor in the School of Government and Public Policy at the University of Arizona with courtesy appointments in the Department of Gender and Womxn’s Studies and Runyan is a Professor and former Head, Department of Womxn's, Gender, and Sexuality Studies, University of Cincinnati (V. Spike Peterson and Anne Sisson Runyan, Global Gender Issues) SK~~
79 -Finally, gender-sensitive studies improve our understanding of global crises, their interactions
80 -AND
81 -gender inequality by also transforming other oppressive hierarchies at work in the world.
82 -
83 -
84 -====3. Feminism is key to reshaping IR and fostering better knowledge production. Thorburn 2000====
85 -~~(Lecturer in International Relations in the Department of Government at the University of the West Indies, Mona), (Diana, "Feminism Meets International Relations", SAIS Review, Volume 20, Number 2, Summer-Fall 2000, pp. 1-10) SK~~
86 -In just over a decade, gender and international relations, or, as it
87 -AND
88 -understand the gender dynamics that create inequities of power between men and womxn.
89 -
90 -
91 -====4. The squo’s epistemology is flawed, rejecting biopower and endorsing better knowledge production is key. Pylypa 98====
92 -~~(Jen Pylypa "Power and Bodily Practice: Applying the Work of Foucault to an Anthropology of the Body" Arizona (Anthropologist ~~#13: pp. 21-36, ©1998 https://arizona.openrepository.com/arizona/bitstream/10150/110194/1/azu'gn1'a785'n13'21'36'w-ocr.pdf) SK~~
93 -Michel Foucault coined the term "biopower" to refer~~s~~ to what
94 -AND
95 -such as the self-regulation of hygiene, health, and sexuality.
96 -
97 -
98 -====5. The debate space is also uniquely key to challenge harmful discourses. Shanahan 93 ====
99 -**~~(William Shanahan (Ft. Hays State University, Kansas) "kritik of thinking" Debater's Research Guide, Health Care Policy, 1993 http://groups.wfu.edu/debate/MiscSites/DRGArticles/Shanahan1993HealthCare.htm) SK~~**
100 -Policy has a stranglehold on debate worthy of any NYC transit cop. Argument must
101 -AND
102 -institutionalization by the argument and thinking skills learned in and brought from debate.
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1 -SeptOct ~-~- Fem IR AC
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1 -Loyola
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1 -=~~#toogaytofunction=
2 -
3 -
4 -==1AC==
5 -
6 -
7 -===Part 1 is the Becoming of the Soul===
8 -==== Poem ====
9 -
10 -
11 -==== ~~Leavitt~~ Representations materialize into physical and psychological consequences as a sort of identity policing. Heteronormative policing is manifested in all social spaces. That includes the debate space. Leavitt 12 ====
12 -Policing of deviant sexualities and gender identities lies at the core of queer criminalization, which, in turn, is inextricably intertwined with the racialized constructions of categories of crime. According to the New York City AntiViolence Project, "~~y~~oung queer people of color, transgender youth, homeless and street involved youth are . . . vulnerable to police violence," and "transgender ~~people~~ are at a greater risk of experiencing police violence and misconduct than non-trans people."200 While laws that facially discriminate against queer people, such as sodomy laws, have been struck down as unconstitutional, the criminalization of non-heteronormative sexualities and gender identities continues through "quality of life" policing, which became the popular paradigm of policing starting in the 1990s. Related to social scientist James Wilson’s "broken windows" approach to policing, which gained favor in the 1980s,201 "quality of life" policing is "premised on maintaining social order through aggressive enforcement of quality of life regulations, rooted in age-old vagrancy laws, which prohibit an expanding spectrum of activities in public spaces, including standing (loitering), sitting, sleeping, eating, drinking, urinating, making noise, and approaching strangers."202 Underlying this is a belief in the escalation theory, which posits "that minor indications of ‘disorder’ . . . ultimately lead to more serious criminal activity."203 While these prohibitions on activities in public places may at first appear innocuous, in reality they arm police with nearly unbridled discretion to stop, ticket, and arrest people perceived as deviant, problematic, or simply unacceptable 204 Examples of the policing of deviant queer and trans people are endless. In New York City, a black gay man, walking through a public park, was suddenly confronted by a police officer who, with his gun drawn, yelled, "~~i~~f you move, I’ll shoot you!"205 The man was taken to a police van and detained along with others, while the arresting officers "made gay jokes, used the word ‘fag,’ and talked about black people."206 Ultimately, "~~the~~ man received tickets for loitering, trespassing, and being in the park after dark."207 In another case, a black youth was standing outside an arcade in a gay neighborhood of Chicago when a police officer yelled from his car at the young man and his friends to "move their ass."208 The officer then stopped his car, searched the young man, called him a "nigger faggot" whose "ass is not big enough to fuck," and arrested him for disorderly conduct.209 In 2001, a gay Latino man was pulled over for a traffic violation in Oakland, California; when the officer noticed the man was wearing pink socks, he called the socks "faggot socks" and then closed the car door on the man’s ankle with enough force that the man needed medical treatment.210 In 2009, police beat two lesbians of color in Brooklyn outside a queer club; during the beating, an officer called one of the women a "bitch ass dyke."211 Again in Chicago, a black gay man was arrested following an argument with his landlord and subsequently "anally raped with a Billy club covered in cleaning liquid by a . . . police officer who called him a ‘nigger fag’ and told him ‘I’m tired of you faggot~~,~~ . . . you sick mother fucker.’"212 As Mogel, Ritchie, and Whitlock observe: "in each of these cases, under the guise of responding to alleged minor, nonviolent offenses, officers used brute force to maintain raced, gendered, and heterosexual ‘order.’"213 Moreover, although the US Supreme Court struck down sodomy laws in Lawrence, covert sodomy laws are still on the books and enforced in many states. For example, in February 2011, a federal lawsuit was filed in Louisiana under a 206-year-old Crimes Against Nature statute.214 In that state, a conviction of prostitution— which includes oral, anal, and vaginal sex—constitutes a misdemeanor, while a conviction under the Crimes Against Nature statute—for offering oral or anal sex for a fee—requires registering as a sex offender, in some situations for life.215 In Louisiana, registration as a sex offender requires the person to carry a state-issued identification card that features the words "SEX OFFENDER" in bright orange capital letters.216 In addition, the person must mail postcards to neighbors, schools, parks, community centers, and churches announcing him or herself as a sex offender and disclosing his or her name and address; the person’s name and address also appear on a publicly accessible online sex offender registry.217 In the currently pending case, the petitioners assert that the Crimes Against Nature statute violates constitutional equal protection guarantees because it creates an irrational distinction between sex that is oral or anal, rather than vaginal.
13 -And, I have been told that my voice is feminine and told to try
14 -AND
15 -am the deviant. I am a "monster." I am queer.
16 -
17 -
18 -===Part 2 is Murdering the Soul===
19 -
20 -
21 -==== ~~Knight 1~~ Since rights for queer students are not clearly established, current QI standards make it difficult for them to gain redress for rights violations. Knight 14.====
22 -~~Natalie Knight, Joint J.D. and M.P.P. candidate at UCLA School of Law and UCLA Luskin School of Public Affairs, 2014, Keeping the closets in our classrooms: How the qualified immunity test is failing ~~queer~~ LGBT students, http://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/Knight-Natalie-Student-Note-2014.pdf, pp. 35-50~~
23 -Two-thousand thirteen was a year of major victories for the lesbian, gay
24 -AND
25 -police officer as anyone who constructs structures to control and police my identity.
26 -
27 -
28 -==== ~~Elia 1~~ Violence against queerness results in the annihilation of identity—this is a form of soul murder. Elia 03 ====
29 -(John Elia, Professor at San Francisco University, Journal of Homosexuality, Vol. 45, no. 2/3/4, p. 64, 2003)
30 -These are the internal injuries that individuals inflict upon themselves. Very early in life
31 -AND
32 -and others, of the heteronormative mandate a widespread form of soul murder?
33 -
34 -
35 -==== ~~Knight 2~~ Soul murder is unrelenting in the squo. Our ideologies lead to material harms. Empirics prove. Knight 2====
36 -~~Professor of History and American Studies and former Chair of Department of History at Yale University; Feb, 2014; http://www.aclupa.org/files/2013/9774/8843/Chauncey'Report'complete.pdf; IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA; 06/24/15~~
37 -29. Religiously-inspired hostility to homosexuality also inspired an escalation in antigay policing
38 -AND
39 -for new plays, this law effectively censored American theater for a generation.
40 -
41 -
42 -==== ~~Elia 2~~ Thus, the primary role of the ballot and the role of the judge as an educator is to endorse the best performative and methodological liberatory strategy for queer bodies. Elia 2====
43 -Akin to organized religion and the biomedical field, the educational system has been a major offender. Wedded to disseminating the idea that heterosexuality is the ultimate and best form of sexuality, "Schools have maintained, by social custom and with reinforcement from the law, the promotion of the heterosexual family as predominant, and therefore the essence of normal. From having been presumed to be ‘normal,’ heterosexual behavior has gained status as the right, good, and ideal lifestyle" (Leck, 1999, p. 259). School culture in general is fraught with heteronormativity. Our society has long viewed queer sexualities as ". . . deviant, sinful, or both, and our schools are populated by adolescent peers and adult educators who share these heterosexual values" (Ginsberg, 1999, p. 55). Simply put, heteronormativity and sexual prejudice pervade the curriculum at the elementary, secondary, and post-secondary levels (for examples of this and ways of intervening, see: Adams, Bell, and Griffin, 1997; Letts and Sears, 1999; Lovaas, Baroudi, and Collins, 2002; Yep, 2002). Besides the hegemonic hold schools have had regarding a heterosexual bias, school culture continues to devote much energy to maintaining ". . . the status quo of our dominant social institutions, which are hierarchical, authoritarian, and unequal, competitive, racist, sexist, and homophobic" (Arnstine, 1995, p. 183). While there has been modest success in addressing various forms of prejudice in schools (Kumashiro, 2001), what is sorely lacking is serious attention to how the intersections of race, class, sexuality and gender are interwoven and dialectically create prejudice (e.g., racism, classism, and hetero~~sexism~~). Schools would be an ideal site to interrogate, and begin to erode, the kind of hegemony upon which heterosexism rests and is supported. To date, not much is being done in a systematic fashion to disrupt the ways in which U.S. schooling has perpetuated such hierarchies. It seems to me that sexuality education is ripe for the opportunity to challenge heterosexism in school culture; however, public school-based sexuality education is presently in serious crisis, as it has turned mostly to the business of pushing for abstinence- only sexuality education. According to federal legislation, states that accept funding for this form of sexuality education require that young people are taught to abstain from sexual activity until they get married. This has numerous implications for relationship construction; a more in-depth description and analysis of this form of sexuality education will follow later in this essay.
44 -
45 -
46 -==== ~~Vaccaro, August, and Kennedy~~ Classrooms, such as the debate space, create a unique pedagogical experience where ideologies of queer identities can change. Vaccaro, August, and Kennedy 12 ====
47 -~~(Annemarie (Department of Human Development and Family Studies at the University of Rhode Island), Gerri (Department of Educational Studies at Rhode Island College), and Megan S (faculty member in the Department of Education at Westfield State University,). Inside the Classroom Walls, Chapter 5, pg 83-84) SK~~
48 -Classroom walls create an impression of dichotomy—the academic arena within, the personal
49 -AND
50 -progresses as young people move through our educational system—kindergarten through college.
51 -
52 -
53 -===Part 3 is the Liberated Fury of the Soul===
54 -Thus, I DEMAND that qualified immunity be limited for police officers. I reserve the right to clarify.
55 -
56 -
57 -==== ~~Copenhaver~~ Making rageful demands is transgressive and allows me to break down my prison from the inside. Copenhaver 14====
58 -~~Robert Copenhaver identified as a Queer person of faith, graduate of Idaho State University, whose interests include queer theory, politics, and theology. He will be starting a masters in theological studies at The Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago next fall; "Queer Rage"; published 2/19/14; http://coperoge.wordpress.com/2014/02/19/queer-rage/~~
59 -I hate straight people who can’t listen to queer anger without saying "hey,
60 -AND
61 -in which anti-queerness continue to perpetuate violence against queer bodies everywhere.
EntryDate
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1 -2017-04-06 15:33:29.0
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1 -Shanna Carlson
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1 -Meadows ER
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1 -27
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1 -1
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1 -Quarry Lane Karavadi Aff
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1 -NovDec ~-~- TooGayToFunction AC
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1 -Glenbrooks
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1 -==**1AC**==
2 -====I affirm the resolution, "Resolved: Public colleges and universities in the United States ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech."====
3 -===Framework===
4 -I now offer the following framework to evaluate the round:
5 -==== ~~Value~~ I value morality as implied by the word ought in the resolution and because a more desirable world is one that is more moral.
6 -The sufficient neg burden is to prove that world where free speech is not present is more morally desirable. If they fail to prove so, then vote affirmative by default because the affirmative world is hence, better.====
7 -
8 -
9 -====Furthermore, all people share an intrinsic value that comes from our humanity—each person has inalienable, equal human worth. Regardless of race, nationality, bodily ability, or gender, each person is born with equal rights and opportunities. There is no reason to think one person should innately be granted more privileges than another.====
10 -
11 -
12 -==== ~~Winter and Leighton 99~~ Additionally, inequality is merely a manifestation of unjustified cognitive biases that make certain groups invisible. Psychologists Winter and Leighton write====
13 -~|Deborah DuNann Winter and Dana C. Leighton. Winter~|~~Psychologist that specializes in Social Psych, Counseling Psych, Historical and Contemporary Issues, Peace Psychology. Leighton: PhD graduate student in the Psychology Department at the University of Arkansas. Knowledgable in the fields of social psychology, peace psychology, and justice and intergroup responses to transgressions of justice~~ "Peace, conflict, and violence: Peace psychology in the 21st century." Pg 4-5~~
14 -Finally, to recognize the operation of structural violence forces us to ask questions about
15 -AND
16 -local cultures, will be our most surefooted path to building lasting peace.
17 -
18 -==== ~~Value Criterion~~ Therefore, the standard is to minimize structural violence by promoting strategies for criticism.====
19 -
20 -
21 -====I defend the resolution as a whole and offer the following contentions in support of a vote for the affirmative.====
22 -
23 -
24 -===Contention 1 is Killjoy===
25 -
26 -
27 -===Sub-Point A is False Hope ===
28 -
29 -
30 -====~~Strossen 90~~ Speech restrictions are used to oppress minority students - Empirically proven on and off campus. Nadine Strossen from the Duke Law Journal writes====
31 -~~Strossen, Nadine (She was the first woman and the youngest person to ever lead the ACLU. A professor at New York Law School, Strossen sits on the Council on Foreign Relations. She has been called one of the most influential business leaders, women, or lawyers in National Law Journal and Vanity Fair) "Regulating Racist Speech on Campus: A Modest Proposal?." http://www.jstor.org/stable/1372555 , Duke Law Journal 1990.3 (Jun 1990): 484-573.~~
32 -The first reason that laws censoring racist speech may undermine the goal of combating racism
33 -AND
34 -, she had been singled out for punishment because of her ethnic background.
35 -
36 -
37 -==== ~~Fiorillo 15~~ Universities are cracking down even on professors with no explanation – dissent can be silenced on a whim in the squo. Victor Fiorillo, a Black Lives Matter activist, wrote that,====
38 -~~CCP Adjunct Professor, Black Lives Matter Activist Suspended After Speaking at Rally Divya Nair to face a disciplinary hearing this week. A Change.org petition to reinstate her has over 270 signatures. BY VICTOR FIORILLO, OCTOBER 14, 2015, http://www.phillymag.com/news/2015/10/14/professor-suspended-black-lives-matter-divya-nair/~~
39 -Last Thursday, at a rally initiated by ~~at~~ the Revolutionary Student Coordinating
40 -AND
41 -adjunct faculty member, and they think they can get rid of her."
42 -
43 -
44 -===Sub-Point B is Counterspeech ===
45 -
46 -
47 -==== ~~Calleros 95~~ Counter speech is effective and empowers activism. Charles Calleros, professor of law at Arizona State University, furthers====
48 -~~Charles R. Calleros, ASU Professor of Law, Paternalism, Counterspeech, and Campus Hate-Speech Codes: A Reply to Delgado and Yun, 27 ARIZ. ST. L.J. 1249 (1995).~~
49 -Speech as an Instrument of Reform: The Efficacy of Counterspeech Delgado and Yun summarize
50 -AND
51 -for, and some limitations on, their participation in such partisan speech.
52 -
53 -
54 -==== ~~**Giroux 16~~** Confronting oppressive conditions SHOULD make you feel uncomfortable. Limiting speech prevents a critical pedagogy that can teach students to fight oppression. **Henry Giroux, a famous theorist of critical pedagogy, writes in 2016====**
55 -~~Henry A. (Henry Armand Giroux was born September 18, 1943, in Providence, Rhode Island, the son of Armand and Alice Giroux. Giroux received his Doctorate from Carnegie-Mellon in 1977. He then became professor of education at Boston University from 1977 to 1983. In 1983 he became professor of education and renowned scholar in residence at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio where he also served as Director at the Center for Education and Cultural Studies. He moved to Penn State Univeristy where he took up the Waterbury Chair Professorship at Penn State University from 1992 to May 2004. He also served as the Director of the Waterbury Forum in Education and Cultural Studies. He moved to McMaster University in May 2004, where he currently holds the McMaster University Chair for Scholarship in the Public Interest.), June 20, 2016, Interviewed by Brad Evans, "The Violence of Forgetting", http://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/20/opinion/the-violence-of-forgetting.html?'r=0~~
56 -There is a growing culture of conformity and quietism on university campuses, made evident
57 -AND
58 -to reveal that false hope and use counterspeech to truly solve structural violence.
59 -
60 -
61 -===Contention 2 is Authoritarianism Overseas===
62 -
63 -
64 -====~~Economist 16~~ Restrictions on free speech allow authoritarian regimes to justify their own encroachments on civil liberties. If colleges openly prohibit forms of free speech, these violations will be found overseas in far worse forms. The Economist writes in 2016 ====
65 -~~Under Attack", "The Inconvenient Truth", http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21699909-curbs-free-speech-are-growing-tighter-it-time-speak-out-under-attack~~
66 -Intolerance among Western liberals also has wholly unintended consequences. Even despots know that locking
67 -AND
68 -and liberties by saying that the U.S. did so also.
69 -
70 -
71 -===Contention 3 – Economic Prosperity===
72 -
73 -
74 -====~~Millsap 16~~ Free speech is key to economic growth, especially in regards to innovation and U.S. competitiveness. Adam Millsap of US News notes in 2016 ====
75 -~~Adam Millsap of US News notes, 5-23-2016, "Free Speech Is Good for the Economy," US News and amp; World Report, http://www.usnews.com/opinion/articles/2016-05-23/free-speech-is-good-for-the-economy~~
76 -Commencement season is now underway, and stifling speech are larger
77 -AND
78 -than commonly recognized.
79 -
80 -
81 -==== ~~Baumol 07~~ Furthermore, economic growth leads to more political freedom and democracy. William Baumol, a professor of Economics at New York University, writes in 2007,====
82 -~~William, NYU Professor of Economics, Good Capitalism. 2007. Bad Capitalism, and the Economics of Growth and Prosperity, 129-131~~
83 -Now, ask the question the other way around: does economic growth lead to
84 -AND
85 -. The odds in our view suggest that political rights eventually will follow.
86 -
87 -
88 -==== ~~Rummel 91~~ AND, Democracy is key to rights protections and reducing all forms of violence. R.J. Rummel, a professor of political science at the University of Hawaii, writes====
89 -~~Professor of Political Science @ University of Hawaii ~~R.J. Rummel, THE RULE OF LAW: TOWARDS ELIMINATING WAR AND DEMOCIDE, Speech given to the ABA National Security Conference on "The Rule of Law in United States Foreign Policy and the New World Order. Washington, D.C., October 10-11, 1991. pg. http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/ABA.SPEECH.HTM~~
90 -Democracy is the successful institutionalization of the forces, culture, and techniques of non
91 -AND
92 -violence. And the epochal movement of our times is toward universal democracy.
93 -
94 -
95 -===Contention 4 - Institutional Criticism===
96 -
97 -
98 -====~~Sanders 06~~ Limiting free speech prevents criticism of institutions – universities will crack down on student press and critical opinions. Chris Sanders from the Alabama Law Review writes in 2006,====
99 -~~Chris Sanders, "CENSORSHIP 101: ANTI-HAZELWOOD LAWS AND THE PRESERVATION OF FREE SPEECH AT COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES", 11/30/2006, Alabama Law Review~~
100 -Post-Hazelwood censorship disputes have not been limited to high schools; a number
101 -AND
102 -see a stopping point for the wreckage it could leave in its wake.
103 -
104 -
105 -==== ~~Sanders 06~~ This expands beyond the campus – experience in college is vital to criticism and rights activism later in life. Chris Sanders from the Alabama Law Review notes again, ====
106 -~~Chris Sanders, "CENSORSHIP 101: ANTI-HAZELWOOD LAWS AND THE PRESERVATION OF FREE SPEECH AT COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES", 11/30/2006, Alabama Law Review~~
107 -Because Hazelwood, intentionally or otherwise, greatly expanded secondary school officials’ powers to censor
108 -AND
109 -" speech is nothing more than a distant memory from an earlier time.
110 -
111 -
112 -==== ~~**Giroux 16~~** Confronting oppressive conditions SHOULD make you feel uncomfortable. Limiting speech prevents a critical pedagogy that can teach students to fight oppression. **Henry Giroux, a famous theorist of critical pedagogy, writes in 2016====**
113 -~~Henry A. (Henry Armand Giroux was born September 18, 1943, in Providence, Rhode Island, the son of Armand and Alice Giroux. Giroux received his Doctorate from Carnegie-Mellon in 1977. He then became professor of education at Boston University from 1977 to 1983. In 1983 he became professor of education and renowned scholar in residence at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio where he also served as Director at the Center for Education and Cultural Studies. He moved to Penn State Univeristy where he took up the Waterbury Chair Professorship at Penn State University from 1992 to May 2004. He also served as the Director of the Waterbury Forum in Education and Cultural Studies. He moved to McMaster University in May 2004, where he currently holds the McMaster University Chair for Scholarship in the Public Interest.), June 20, 2016, Interviewed by Brad Evans, "The Violence of Forgetting", http://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/20/opinion/the-violence-of-forgetting.html?'r=0~~
114 -There is a growing culture of conformity and quietism on university campuses, made evident
115 -AND
116 -urge a vote on the firm affirmation of this resolution. Thank you.
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1 -2017-04-06 15:34:21.0
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1 -Quals
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1 -JanFeb ~-~- Structural Violence AC
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1 -14
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1 -2017-04-06 15:21:03.0
Judge
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1 -Terrence Lonam
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1 -Lynbrook CW
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1 -2
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1 -Stanford
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1 -16
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1 -2017-04-06 15:23:42.0
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1 -Any
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1 -17
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1 -2017-04-06 15:27:26.0
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1 -Lusanta Kaiyom
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1 -West Ranch MK
Round
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1 -1
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1 -Loyola
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1 -18
EntryDate
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1 -2017-04-06 15:33:28.0
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1 -Shanna Carlson
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1 -Meadows ER
Round
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1 -1
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1 -19
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1 +Please message me on Facebook or email me at: skaravadi.2001@gmail.com
2 +I will disclose the aff unless I'm breaking new.
3 +
4 +Also, anything on my teammates' wikis is fair game.
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1 +2016-12-06 05:53:20.0
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1 +Any
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1 +Quarry Lane Karavadi Aff
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1 +Contact Info
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1 +Any
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1 +=Fem=
2 +==*We do not endorse gendered language* (Women changed to Womxn)==
3 +==1AC==
4 +===Part 1 is Framework===
5 +
6 +====International politics is based on a hegemonic masculinity that values violence and force. Tickner 92====
7 +~~Distinguished scholar in residence at the School of International Services at American University (J. Ann, "Gender in International Relations Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security", Columbia Press, 1992, http://www.ces.uc.pt/ficheiros2/files/Short.pdf) SK~~
8 +Masculinity and politics have a long and close association. Characteristics associated with "manliness
9 +AND
10 +terms of their power capabilities and capacity for self-help and autonomy.
11 +
12 +
13 +====The knowledge production of the squo is gendered, this contributes to gendered practices in politics and economics. The attempt to depoliticize gender domination guarantees that womxn are treated as objects, not subjects. We must challenge this knowledge production. Unquestioned male domination institutionalizes oppression and exploitation – key to policymaking. Youngs 04====
14 +~~Professor of Digital Economy and Academic Director of the Institute of Advanced Broadcasting at the University of Wales (Gillian, "Feminist International Relations: A Contradiction in Terms? Or: Why Womxn and Gender Are Essential to Understanding the World 'We' Live in", International Affairs 80:1, 1/04, JSTOR) SK~~
15 +The title of Charlotte Hooper's influential book Manly states: masculinities international relations and gender
16 +AND
17 +rather than deep assessments of the nature of both states and political agency.
18 +
19 +====Thus, the role of the ballot is to endorse the best liberatory strategy for womxn.====
20 +
21 +====Interjecting feminist thought is key. Tickner 1997====
22 +~~Distinguished scholar in residence at the School of International Services at American University You Just Don't Understand: Troubled Engagements between Feminists and IR Theorists," International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 41, No. 4., 1997) SK~~
23 +Many of these issues seem far removed from the concerns of international relations. But
24 +AND
25 +, womxn's (and certain men's) security broadly defined can be formulated.
26 +
27 +
28 +===Part 2 is Nuclear Power===
29 +Nuclear power production constantly releases radiation everywhere. NIRS 09
30 +**~~(2018 will mark the 40th anniversary of Nuclear Information and Resource Service (NIRS). We were founded to be the national information and networking center for citizens and environmental activists concerned about nuclear power, radioactive waste, radiation and sustainable energy issues.) http://nukefreetexas.org/downloads/routine'radioactive'releases.pdf, SK~~**
31 +It doesn’t take an accident for a nuclear power plant to release radioactivity into our air
32 +AND
33 +reproductive, immune and endocrine system disorders.
34 +
35 +
36 +====In the squo, policymaking and discourse revolving around nuclear power are inherently exclusive and disproportionately harmful to women. Klötzer 12====
37 +(Klötzer, Ulla. "Womxn." The News That Matters about the Nuclear Industry. Nuclear-News, 15 Apr. 2012. Web. 5 Sept. 2016. SK)
38 +Decisions on nuclear power, nuclear weapons, nuclear wastes are almost exclusively made by
39 +AND
40 +, Womxn For Peace. Womxn Against Nuclear Power, Womxn Against Nuclear Energy
41 +
42 +
43 +====Patriarchal conceptualizations are the driving force behind leaving womxn out of policymaking and masculine domination – Feminist thought is key to solve. Warren and Cady 94====
44 +(Former Professor and Chair of Philosophy at Macalester College and professor of philosophy and value theory at Hamline University, (Karen J. and Duane L., "Feminism and Peace: Seeing Connections", Hypatia 9:2, Spring 1994, JSTOR) SK)
45 +The imagery that domesticates nuclear and conventional weapons, naturalizes womxn, and feminizes nature
46 +AND
47 +nature-in a historical, socioeconomic, cultural, and political context.
48 +
49 +
50 +====This domination of the patriarchy leads to higher mortality rates, especially for womxn. This comes from the lack of awareness perpetuated by the (patriarchal) state that keeps this information confidential – a biopolitical grasp. Olson 11====
51 +(Olson, Mary. "Atomic Radiation Is More Harmful to Womxn." (n.d.): n. pag. Nuclear Information and Resource Service. Springer Reference, 22 Oct. 2011. Web. 5 Sept. 2016. SK)
52 +A womxn is at significantly greater risk of suffering and dying from radiation-induced
53 +AND
54 +timing of exposure and presence of other carcinogens and stressors impact this function.
55 +
56 +
57 +====Thus, the advocacy is to ban the production of nuclear power on a global scale as a starting point to adopt a feminist approach to international relations and policymaking. Thus, the mindset behind affirming endorses good ideology.====
58 +
59 +
60 +===Part 3 is the Underview===
61 +
62 +
63 +====1. Injecting gender consciousness into policymaking changes the frames of political discussions. Beland 09====
64 +~~(Daniel Beland. "Gender, Ideational Analysis, and Social Policy" Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State and Society. Vol 16 Num 4. Pp 558-581. Winter 2009) SK~~
65 +To further illustrate the role of frames in politics and policy change, let me
66 +AND
67 +and social policy make a strong and original contribution to this ideational literature.
68 +
69 +
70 +====2. Gender sensitivity in policy making is key to transforming the failure of IR in intersecting layers of oppressive hierarchies. Peterson and Runyan 99.====
71 +~~Peterson is a Professor in the School of Government and Public Policy at the University of Arizona with courtesy appointments in the Department of Gender and Womxn’s Studies and Runyan is a Professor and former Head, Department of Womxn's, Gender, and Sexuality Studies, University of Cincinnati (V. Spike Peterson and Anne Sisson Runyan, Global Gender Issues) SK~~
72 +Finally, gender-sensitive studies improve our understanding of global crises, their interactions
73 +AND
74 +gender inequality by also transforming other oppressive hierarchies at work in the world.
75 +
76 +
77 +====3. Feminism is key to reshaping IR and fostering better knowledge production. Thorburn 2000====
78 +~~(Lecturer in International Relations in the Department of Government at the University of the West Indies, Mona), (Diana, "Feminism Meets International Relations", SAIS Review, Volume 20, Number 2, Summer-Fall 2000, pp. 1-10) SK~~
79 +In just over a decade, gender and international relations, or, as it
80 +AND
81 +understand the gender dynamics that create inequities of power between men and womxn.
82 +
83 +
84 +====4. The squo’s epistemology is flawed, rejecting biopower and endorsing better knowledge production is key. Pylypa 98====
85 +~~(Jen Pylypa "Power and Bodily Practice: Applying the Work of Foucault to an Anthropology of the Body" Arizona (Anthropologist ~~#13: pp. 21-36, ©1998 https://arizona.openrepository.com/arizona/bitstream/10150/110194/1/azu'gn1'a785'n13'21'36'w-ocr.pdf) SK~~
86 +Michel Foucault coined the term "biopower" to refer~~s~~ to what
87 +AND
88 +such as the self-regulation of hygiene, health, and sexuality.
89 +
90 +
91 +====5. The debate space is also uniquely key to challenge harmful discourses. Shanahan 93 ====
92 +**~~(William Shanahan (Ft. Hays State University, Kansas) "kritik of thinking" Debater's Research Guide, Health Care Policy, 1993 http://groups.wfu.edu/debate/MiscSites/DRGArticles/Shanahan1993HealthCare.htm) SK~~**
93 +Policy has a stranglehold on debate worthy of any NYC transit cop. Argument must
94 +AND
95 +
96 + "It’s hard out here for a bitch." – Lily Allen
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1 +2017-03-09 06:13:55.0
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1 +Lusanta Kaiyom
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1 +West Ranch MK
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1 +17
Round
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1 +1
Team
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1 +SeptOct ~-~- Fem IR AC
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1 +Loyola
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Cites
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1 +=#toogaytofunction=
2 +==1AC==
3 +===Part 1 is the Becoming of the Soul===
4 +(Performance Omitted)
5 +
6 +====~~Leavitt~~ Representations materialize into physical and psychological consequences as a sort of identity policing. Heteronormative policing is manifested in all social spaces. That includes the debate space. Leavitt 12^^ ^^====
7 +Policing of deviant sexualities and gender identities lies at the core of queer criminalization
8 +AND
9 +creates an irrational distinction between sex that is oral or anal, rather than vaginal.
10 +
11 +
12 +===Part 2 is Murdering the Soul===
13 +
14 +
15 +==== ~~Knight 1~~ Since rights for queer students are not clearly established, current QI standards make it difficult for them to gain redress for rights violations. Knight 14.====
16 +~~Natalie Knight, Joint J.D. and M.P.P. candidate at UCLA School of Law and UCLA Luskin School of Public Affairs, 2014, Keeping the closets in our classrooms: How the qualified immunity test is failing ~~queer~~ LGBT students, http://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/Knight-Natalie-Student-Note-2014.pdf, pp. 35-50~~
17 +Two-thousand thirteen was a year of major victories for the lesbian, gay
18 +AND
19 +out for claims that may serve as test cases in more favorable circuits.
20 +
21 +
22 +==== ~~Elia 1~~ Violence against queerness results in the annihilation of identity—this is a form of soul murder. Elia 03 ====
23 +(John Elia, Professor at San Francisco University, Journal of Homosexuality, Vol. 45, no. 2/3/4, p. 64, 2003)
24 +These are the internal injuries that individuals inflict upon themselves. Very early in life
25 +AND
26 +and others, of the heteronormative mandate a widespread form of soul murder?
27 +
28 +
29 +==== ~~Knight 2~~ Soul murder is unrelenting in the squo. Our ideologies lead to material harms. Empirics prove. Knight 2====
30 +~~Professor of History and American Studies and former Chair of Department of History at Yale University; Feb, 2014; http://www.aclupa.org/files/2013/9774/8843/Chauncey'Report'complete.pdf; IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA; 06/24/15~~
31 +29. Religiously-inspired hostility to homosexuality also inspired an escalation in antigay policing
32 +AND
33 +for new plays, this law effectively censored American theater for a generation.
34 +
35 +
36 +==== ~~Elia 2~~ Thus, the primary role of the ballot and the role of the judge as an educator is to endorse the best performative and methodological liberatory strategy for queer bodies. Elia 2====
37 +Akin to organized religion and the biomedical field
38 +AND
39 +form of sexuality education will follow later in this essay.
40 +
41 +
42 +==== ~~Vaccaro, August, and Kennedy~~ Classrooms, such as the debate space, create a unique pedagogical experience where ideologies of queer identities can change. Vaccaro, August, and Kennedy 12 ====
43 +~~(Annemarie (Department of Human Development and Family Studies at the University of Rhode Island), Gerri (Department of Educational Studies at Rhode Island College), and Megan S (faculty member in the Department of Education at Westfield State University,). Inside the Classroom Walls, Chapter 5, pg 83-84) SK~~
44 +Classroom walls create an impression of dichotomy—the academic arena within, the personal
45 +AND
46 +progresses as young people move through our educational system—kindergarten through college.
47 +
48 +
49 +===Part 3 is the Liberated Fury of the Soul===
50 +Thus, I DEMAND that qualified immunity be limited for police officers. I reserve the right to clarify.
51 +
52 +
53 +==== ~~Copenhaver~~ Queer rage allows me to break down my prison from the inside. Copenhaver 14====
54 +~~Robert Copenhaver identified as a Queer person of faith, graduate of Idaho State University, whose interests include queer theory, politics, and theology. He will be starting a masters in theological studies at The Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago next fall; "Queer Rage"; published 2/19/14; http://coperoge.wordpress.com/2014/02/19/queer-rage/~~
55 +I hate straight people who can’t listen to queer anger without saying "hey,
56 +AND
57 +in which anti-queerness continue to perpetuate violence against queer bodies everywhere.
EntryDate
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1 +2017-03-09 06:14:49.0
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1 +Shanna Carlson
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1 +Meadows ER
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1 +19
Round
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Team
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1 +NovDec ~-~- TooGayToFunction AC
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1 +Glenbrooks
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Cites
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1 +==**1AC**==
2 +====I affirm the resolution, "Resolved: Public colleges and universities in the United States ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech."====
3 +===Framework===
4 +I now offer the following framework to evaluate the round:
5 +==== ~~Value~~ I value morality as implied by the word ought in the resolution and because a more desirable world is one that is more moral.
6 +The sufficient neg burden is to prove that world where free speech is not present is more morally desirable. If they fail to prove so, then vote affirmative by default because the affirmative world is hence, better.====
7 +
8 +
9 +====Furthermore, all people share an intrinsic value that comes from our humanity—each person has inalienable, equal human worth. Regardless of race, nationality, bodily ability, or gender, each person is born with equal rights and opportunities. There is no reason to think one person should innately be granted more privileges than another.====
10 +
11 +
12 +==== ~~Winter and Leighton 99~~ Additionally, inequality is merely a manifestation of unjustified cognitive biases that make certain groups invisible. Psychologists Winter and Leighton write====
13 +~|Deborah DuNann Winter and Dana C. Leighton. Winter~|~~Psychologist that specializes in Social Psych, Counseling Psych, Historical and Contemporary Issues, Peace Psychology. Leighton: PhD graduate student in the Psychology Department at the University of Arkansas. Knowledgable in the fields of social psychology, peace psychology, and justice and intergroup responses to transgressions of justice~~ "Peace, conflict, and violence: Peace psychology in the 21st century." Pg 4-5~~
14 +Finally, to recognize the operation of structural violence forces us to ask questions about
15 +AND
16 +local cultures, will be our most surefooted path to building lasting peace.
17 +
18 +==== ~~Value Criterion~~ Therefore, the standard is to minimize structural violence by promoting strategies for criticism.====
19 +
20 +
21 +====I defend the resolution as a whole and offer the following contentions in support of a vote for the affirmative.====
22 +
23 +
24 +===Contention 1 is Killjoy===
25 +
26 +
27 +===Sub-Point A is False Hope ===
28 +
29 +
30 +====~~Strossen 90~~ Speech restrictions are used to oppress minority students - Empirically proven on and off campus. Nadine Strossen from the Duke Law Journal writes====
31 +~~Strossen, Nadine (She was the first woman and the youngest person to ever lead the ACLU. A professor at New York Law School, Strossen sits on the Council on Foreign Relations. She has been called one of the most influential business leaders, women, or lawyers in National Law Journal and Vanity Fair) "Regulating Racist Speech on Campus: A Modest Proposal?." http://www.jstor.org/stable/1372555 , Duke Law Journal 1990.3 (Jun 1990): 484-573.~~
32 +The first reason that laws censoring racist speech may undermine the goal of combating racism
33 +AND
34 +, she had been singled out for punishment because of her ethnic background.
35 +
36 +
37 +==== ~~Fiorillo 15~~ Universities are cracking down even on professors with no explanation – dissent can be silenced on a whim in the squo. Victor Fiorillo, a Black Lives Matter activist, wrote that,====
38 +~~CCP Adjunct Professor, Black Lives Matter Activist Suspended After Speaking at Rally Divya Nair to face a disciplinary hearing this week. A Change.org petition to reinstate her has over 270 signatures. BY VICTOR FIORILLO, OCTOBER 14, 2015, http://www.phillymag.com/news/2015/10/14/professor-suspended-black-lives-matter-divya-nair/~~
39 +Last Thursday, at a rally initiated by ~~at~~ the Revolutionary Student Coordinating
40 +AND
41 +adjunct faculty member, and they think they can get rid of her."
42 +
43 +
44 +===Sub-Point B is Counterspeech ===
45 +
46 +
47 +==== ~~Calleros 95~~ Counter speech is effective and empowers activism. Charles Calleros, professor of law at Arizona State University, furthers====
48 +~~Charles R. Calleros, ASU Professor of Law, Paternalism, Counterspeech, and Campus Hate-Speech Codes: A Reply to Delgado and Yun, 27 ARIZ. ST. L.J. 1249 (1995).~~
49 +Speech as an Instrument of Reform: The Efficacy of Counterspeech Delgado and Yun summarize
50 +AND
51 +for, and some limitations on, their participation in such partisan speech.
52 +
53 +
54 +==== ~~**Giroux 16~~** Confronting oppressive conditions SHOULD make you feel uncomfortable. Limiting speech prevents a critical pedagogy that can teach students to fight oppression. **Henry Giroux, a famous theorist of critical pedagogy, writes in 2016====**
55 +~~Henry A. (Henry Armand Giroux was born September 18, 1943, in Providence, Rhode Island, the son of Armand and Alice Giroux. Giroux received his Doctorate from Carnegie-Mellon in 1977. He then became professor of education at Boston University from 1977 to 1983. In 1983 he became professor of education and renowned scholar in residence at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio where he also served as Director at the Center for Education and Cultural Studies. He moved to Penn State Univeristy where he took up the Waterbury Chair Professorship at Penn State University from 1992 to May 2004. He also served as the Director of the Waterbury Forum in Education and Cultural Studies. He moved to McMaster University in May 2004, where he currently holds the McMaster University Chair for Scholarship in the Public Interest.), June 20, 2016, Interviewed by Brad Evans, "The Violence of Forgetting", http://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/20/opinion/the-violence-of-forgetting.html?'r=0~~
56 +There is a growing culture of conformity and quietism on university campuses, made evident
57 +AND
58 +to reveal that false hope and use counterspeech to truly solve structural violence.
59 +
60 +
61 +===Contention 2 is Authoritarianism Overseas===
62 +
63 +
64 +====~~Economist 16~~ Restrictions on free speech allow authoritarian regimes to justify their own encroachments on civil liberties. If colleges openly prohibit forms of free speech, these violations will be found overseas in far worse forms. The Economist writes in 2016 ====
65 +~~Under Attack", "The Inconvenient Truth", http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21699909-curbs-free-speech-are-growing-tighter-it-time-speak-out-under-attack~~
66 +Intolerance among Western liberals also has wholly unintended consequences. Even despots know that locking
67 +AND
68 +and liberties by saying that the U.S. did so also.
69 +
70 +
71 +===Contention 3 – Economic Prosperity===
72 +
73 +
74 +====~~Millsap 16~~ Free speech is key to economic growth, especially in regards to innovation and U.S. competitiveness. Adam Millsap of US News notes in 2016 ====
75 +~~Adam Millsap of US News notes, 5-23-2016, "Free Speech Is Good for the Economy," US News and amp; World Report, http://www.usnews.com/opinion/articles/2016-05-23/free-speech-is-good-for-the-economy~~
76 +Commencement season is now underway, and stifling speech are larger
77 +AND
78 +than commonly recognized.
79 +
80 +
81 +==== ~~Baumol 07~~ Furthermore, economic growth leads to more political freedom and democracy. William Baumol, a professor of Economics at New York University, writes in 2007,====
82 +~~William, NYU Professor of Economics, Good Capitalism. 2007. Bad Capitalism, and the Economics of Growth and Prosperity, 129-131~~
83 +Now, ask the question the other way around: does economic growth lead to
84 +AND
85 +. The odds in our view suggest that political rights eventually will follow.
86 +
87 +
88 +==== ~~Rummel 91~~ AND, Democracy is key to rights protections and reducing all forms of violence. R.J. Rummel, a professor of political science at the University of Hawaii, writes====
89 +~~Professor of Political Science @ University of Hawaii ~~R.J. Rummel, THE RULE OF LAW: TOWARDS ELIMINATING WAR AND DEMOCIDE, Speech given to the ABA National Security Conference on "The Rule of Law in United States Foreign Policy and the New World Order. Washington, D.C., October 10-11, 1991. pg. http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/ABA.SPEECH.HTM~~
90 +Democracy is the successful institutionalization of the forces, culture, and techniques of non
91 +AND
92 +violence. And the epochal movement of our times is toward universal democracy.
93 +
94 +
95 +===Contention 4 - Institutional Criticism===
96 +
97 +
98 +====~~Sanders 06~~ Limiting free speech prevents criticism of institutions – universities will crack down on student press and critical opinions. Chris Sanders from the Alabama Law Review writes in 2006,====
99 +~~Chris Sanders, "CENSORSHIP 101: ANTI-HAZELWOOD LAWS AND THE PRESERVATION OF FREE SPEECH AT COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES", 11/30/2006, Alabama Law Review~~
100 +Post-Hazelwood censorship disputes have not been limited to high schools; a number
101 +AND
102 +see a stopping point for the wreckage it could leave in its wake.
103 +
104 +
105 +==== ~~Sanders 06~~ This expands beyond the campus – experience in college is vital to criticism and rights activism later in life. Chris Sanders from the Alabama Law Review notes again, ====
106 +~~Chris Sanders, "CENSORSHIP 101: ANTI-HAZELWOOD LAWS AND THE PRESERVATION OF FREE SPEECH AT COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES", 11/30/2006, Alabama Law Review~~
107 +Because Hazelwood, intentionally or otherwise, greatly expanded secondary school officials’ powers to censor
108 +AND
109 +" speech is nothing more than a distant memory from an earlier time.
110 +
111 +
112 +==== ~~**Giroux 16~~** Confronting oppressive conditions SHOULD make you feel uncomfortable. Limiting speech prevents a critical pedagogy that can teach students to fight oppression. **Henry Giroux, a famous theorist of critical pedagogy, writes in 2016====**
113 +~~Henry A. (Henry Armand Giroux was born September 18, 1943, in Providence, Rhode Island, the son of Armand and Alice Giroux. Giroux received his Doctorate from Carnegie-Mellon in 1977. He then became professor of education at Boston University from 1977 to 1983. In 1983 he became professor of education and renowned scholar in residence at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio where he also served as Director at the Center for Education and Cultural Studies. He moved to Penn State Univeristy where he took up the Waterbury Chair Professorship at Penn State University from 1992 to May 2004. He also served as the Director of the Waterbury Forum in Education and Cultural Studies. He moved to McMaster University in May 2004, where he currently holds the McMaster University Chair for Scholarship in the Public Interest.), June 20, 2016, Interviewed by Brad Evans, "The Violence of Forgetting", http://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/20/opinion/the-violence-of-forgetting.html?'r=0~~
114 +There is a growing culture of conformity and quietism on university campuses, made evident
115 +AND
116 +urge a vote on the firm affirmation of this resolution. Thank you.
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1 +JanFeb ~-~- Structural Violence AC
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1 +7
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1 +2016-12-06 05:53:18.0
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1 +Any
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1 +9
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1 +2017-03-03 23:16:50.0
Judge
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1 +Terrence Lonam
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1 +Lynbrook CW
Round
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1 +2
Tournament
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1 +Stanford
Caselist.RoundClass[17]
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1 +9
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1 +2017-03-09 06:13:53.0
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1 +Lusanta Kaiyom
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1 +West Ranch MK
Round
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1 +1
Tournament
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1 +Loyola
Caselist.RoundClass[19]
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1 +11
EntryDate
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1 +2017-03-09 06:14:47.0
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1 +Shanna Carlson
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1 +Meadows ER
Round
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1 +1
Tournament
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1 +Glenbrooks
Caselist.RoundClass[21]
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1 +13
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1 +2017-03-16 16:39:32.0
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