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-I value governmental obligation. According to the first definition of its entry in the Random-House Dictionary, ought is (auxiliary verb) 1. used to express duty or moral obligation: Every citizen ought to help. |
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-Prefer this definition on common usage. The Online Etymology Dictionary: ought (v.) Old AND the past subjunctive. |
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-Obligations that bind the United States cannot stem from traditional ethical theories. Four warrants. |
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-ANALYTICS |
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-Thus, the United States can only be obligated by a body that it has consented to and which has constitutive authority over it. The only entity with normative force is the Constitution. Six warrants. |
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-ANALYTICS |
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-Thus, the value criterion is minimizing violations of the United States Constitution. |
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-Plan Text: The United States ought to abolish qualified immunity for police officers. |
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-This will cause insurance and indemnification programs to fill the void. Kirby ’89 Qualified Immunity for Civil Rights Violations: Refining the Standard. Cornell L. Rev., 75, 461. Retrieved from http://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/clqv75andsection=23. (former Assistant United States Attorney) |
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-The most sweeping AND the first place |
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-Advantage One is Gray Areas |
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-Because of qualified immunity, the Constitution is not being clarified and advanced. |
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-Black ’90 Black, H. A. (1990). Balance, Band-Aid, or Tourniquet: The Illusion of Qualified Immunity for Federal Officials. Wm. and Mary L. Rev., 32, 733. Retrieved from http://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/wmlr32andsection=25 (Professor of Law at University of Baltimore School of Law). |
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-Inhibition of Constitutional AND protecting constitutional rights |
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-However, police liability insurance promotes constitutional advancement. Rappaport ’16 Rappaport, J. (2016 II). How Private Insurers Regulate Public Police. U of Chicago, Public Law Working Paper, (562). Retrieved from http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2733783 (Assistant Professor of Law, The University of Chicago Law School). |
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-Second, and closely AND rules are broken |
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-Advantage Two is Police Accountability |
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-First, use of insurance companies reforms police conduct by forcing them to follow the constitution. |
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-Rappaport ’16 Ibid. |
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-There can be AND point still holds |
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-And, implementation of insurance policies deters constitutional violations far better than qualified immunity can. |
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-Abraham ‘09 Rappaport, J. (2016 II). How Private Insurers Regulate Public Police. U of Chicago, Public Law Working Paper, (562). Retrieved from http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2733783 (Assistant Professor of Law, The University of Chicago Law School). |
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-Conversely, a version AND sick or injured |
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-The Underview |
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-Don’t evaluate theoretical violations if they are unchecked in cross-examination ANALYTIC |
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-Err aff by giving me choice over theoretical paradigm issues such as but not limited to RVIs, drop the debater versus drop the arg and competing interps and reasonability ANALYTIC |
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-Don’t evaluate any 2NR weighing arguments on the procedural layer of the flow ANALYTIC |
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+Contention 1 is Inherency |
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+Poverty and homelessness run rampant in American cities. |
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+Madden and Marcuse ’16 – Madden, Assistant Professor in the Department of Sociology at the London School of Economics. Marcuse, Emeritus Professor of Urban Planning at Columbia University’s Graduate School of Architecture, Planning, and Preservation. David Madden. Peter Marcuse. “The Permanent Crisis of Housing.” October 2nd, 2016. https://www.jacobinmag.com/2016/10/housing-crisis-rent-landlords-homeless-affordability/ |
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+The symptoms of housing crisis are everywhere in ... view today is that if the housing system is broken, it is a temporary crisis that can be resolved through targeted, isolated measures. |
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+The forces of globalized neoliberalism have changed housing from a social good into an economic resource. |
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+Rolnik ’13 – UN Special Rapporteur on Adequate Housing. Professor at the Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism of the University of Sao Paulo. 30 years of experience in planning and urban land management. Raquel Rolnik. “Late Neoliberalism: The Financialization of Homeownership and Housing Rights.” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research. Volume 37.3. May, 2013. |
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+The commodification of housing, as well as the ... |
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+of ‘redlining’ was translated into the language of credit scoring, generating what in the US mortgage market became known as subprime lending (Aalbers, 2011). |
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+Thus, I affirm: The United States ought to guarantee a right to housing. |
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+ABA ’13 – American Bar Association. “Resolution 117.” August 12th-13th, 2013. |
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+Despite recognition of the human right to housing, implementation has not yet ... |
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+human right to adequate housing, the American Bar Association calls upon federal, state, local.... |
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+Madison and Dane County, WI, and the introduction of a homeless bill of rights referencing human rights standards in California.35 |
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+The 1AC is a rejection of exchange value and an embrace of the right to the city. |
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+Aalbersa and Gibb ‘14 – Aalbersa – Department of Geography, University of Leuven. Gibb – Policy Scotland and Urban Studies, University of Glasgow. Manuel B. Aalbersa and Kenneth Gibb. “Housing and the Right to the City: Introduction to the Special Issue.” International Journal of Housing Policy. |
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+It was the French sociologist and philosopher Henri Lefebvre who in 1968 coined the phrase Le droit a la Ville... |
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+Forum of the Americas (Quito, 2004) and Urban Forum (Barcelona, 2004) and in UNESCO/UN-Habitat meetings and meetings (Mitchell and Villanueva, 2010; Sugranyes and Mathivet, 2010). |
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+Contention 2 is Solvency |
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+The AC is a radical imagination of a truly free and equal America – rather than a complete abandonment of the system, we offer an urban strategy for liberation. |
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+Madden and Marcuse 2 summarize Lefebvre – Madden, Assistant Professor in the Department of Sociology at the London School of Economics. Marcuse, Emeritus Professor of Urban Planning at Columbia University’s Graduate School of Architecture, Planning, and Preservation. David Madden. Peter Marcuse. “The Permanent Crisis of Housing.” October 2nd, 2016. https://www.jacobinmag.com/2016/10/housing-crisis-rent-landlords-homeless-affordability/ |
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+However, residential struggles today are not simply derivative of other conflicts. Housing movements are... |
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+the reproduction of the system — a change that might open new strategic possibilities for housing movements to achieve social change. |
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+The home is more than a place to sleep – it is a bare necessity with revolutionary potential. |
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+Madden and Marcuse 3 – Madden, Assistant Professor in the Department of Sociology at the London School of Economics. Marcuse, Emeritus Professor of Urban Planning at Columbia University’s Graduate School of Architecture, Planning, and Preservation. David Madden. Peter Marcuse. “The Permanent Crisis of Housing.” October 2nd, 2016. https://www.jacobinmag.com/2016/10/housing-crisis-rent-landlords-homeless-affordability/ |
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+We do not seek to defend the housing system as it currently stands... |
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+relations with other citizens and with social movements. No other modern commodity is as important for organizing citizenship, work, identities, solidarities, and politics. |
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+Modest housing reforms fails to account for broader structural problems within neoliberalism – History proves that the commitment involved in dedicating a right to housing ensures that the aff will always have better solvency. |
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+Adams ‘08 – Kristen David Adams. Professor of Law at the Stetson University College of Law. “Do We Need a Right to Housing?” |
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+Rights are more powerful than goals, policies... |
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+Making housing a right may also motivate increased construction of affordable housing.171 |
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+Debates about the right to housing should center around social power relations – this topic provides us an opportunity to closely examine neoliberalism and create social progress rather than focus the on realpolitik consequences of the plan. |
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+Hohmann ’13 – Former British Academy Postdoctoral Fellow. Lecturer in Law, Queen Mary, University of London. Jessie Hohmann. “The True Radicalism of the Right to Housing.” British Academy Review, Issue 21. January 2013. Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 145/2013. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2246861 |
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+These three examples lead back to a discussion of the relationship between the social radicalism .... |
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+promises inherent in human rights lies in their ability to show us the hidden contours of our assumptions about justice and injustice, inclusion and exclusion, and power and powerlessness. |
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+Contention 3 is the Method |
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+The role of the ballot is to rupture the neoliberal narrative by voting for the debater with the best method of resistance against oppressive power structures. |
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+Giroux ’14 – Henry Giroux. PhD from Carnegie-Mellon University and Pioneer in Critical Pedagogy. “Beyond Orwellian Nightmares and Neoliberal Authoritarianism.” TruthOut. October 15th, 2014. http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/26817-henry-a-giroux-beyond-orwellian-nightmares-and-neoliberal-authoritarianism |
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+The moral, political and economic violence of neoliberalism must be made.... |
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+opportunity to learn how to govern rather than simply be governed by an oppressive state. |
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+Above all else, we need a narrative of hope to instigate change in the public sphere – this entails social and ethical awareness combined with political activism. |
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+Giroux ’08 – PhD from Carnegie-Mellon University and Pioneer in Critical Pedagogy. Henry Giroux. “Rethinking the Responsibility of Critical Education.” TruthOut. December 2nd, 2008. http://truth-out.org/archive/component/k2/item/81318:henry-giroux-rethinking-the-promise-of-critical-education Brackets for Grammar |
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+Instead of a narrative of decline, educators need to combine a discourse of critique and resistance with a discourse of possibility ... |
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+but also a heightened recognition of the obligations of citizenship and the need to keep Democratic politics alive through an ongoing and active individual and collective intervention in public life. |
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+Violent revolution only feeds the machine of exploitation and domination – instead, we should embrace organized political strategies as a form of nonviolent collective resistance. |
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+Evans and Giroux ’15 – Senior Lecturer in International Relations at the University of Bristol. PhD from Carnegie-Mellon University and Pioneer in Critical Pedagogy. “‘Disposable Futures’: Critique of Violence.” TruthOut. May 6th, 2015. http://www.truth-out.org/progressivepicks/item/30589-disposable-futures-critique-of-violence |
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+Zygmunt Bauman has taken this further by showing us how the most appalling acts of mass slaughter have been perfectly in keeping with the modern compulsion to destroy lives for more progressive times to... |
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+if not those who fail to see that their recourse to violence only produces a mirror image of that which was once deemed intolerable? |
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+Underview |
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+“Expert analyses” ignore the flaws of the neoliberal system – be extremely skeptical of exaggerated apocalyptic predictions. |
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+Hodkinson ’11 – Lecturer in Critical Urban Geography. Stuart Hodkinson, Beth Lawrence (Provided Analysis of Case Studies – I didn’t read her part). “The Neoliberal Project, Privatization and the Housing Crisis.” Corporate Watch Magazine # 50. Autumn/Winter 2011. https://corporatewatch.org/magazine/50/autumnwinter-2011/neoliberal-project-privatisation-and-housing-crisis |
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+Turn on the news and there’s no shortage of ‘expert’ commentators... |
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+ownership and thus mortgage borrowing was also vital for finding new sources of accumulation for finance capital, which was becoming increasingly dominant over the global economy following the economic shocks of the 1970s. |