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-I value governmental obligation. According to the first definition of its entry in the Random-House Dictionary, ought is (auxiliary verb) 1. used to express duty or moral obligation: Every citizen ought to help. |
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-Prefer this definition on common usage. The Online Etymology Dictionary: ought (v.) Old AND the past subjunctive. |
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-Obligations that bind the United States cannot stem from traditional ethical theories. Four warrants. |
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-ANALYTICS |
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-Thus, the United States can only be obligated by a body that it has consented to and which has constitutive authority over it. The only entity with normative force is the Constitution. Six warrants. |
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-ANALYTICS |
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-Thus, the value criterion is minimizing violations of the United States Constitution. |
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-Plan Text: The United States ought to abolish qualified immunity for police officers. |
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-This will cause insurance and indemnification programs to fill the void. Kirby ’89 Qualified Immunity for Civil Rights Violations: Refining the Standard. Cornell L. Rev., 75, 461. Retrieved from http://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/clqv75andsection=23. (former Assistant United States Attorney) |
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-The most sweeping AND the first place |
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-Advantage One is Gray Areas |
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-Because of qualified immunity, the Constitution is not being clarified and advanced. |
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-Black ’90 Black, H. A. (1990). Balance, Band-Aid, or Tourniquet: The Illusion of Qualified Immunity for Federal Officials. Wm. and Mary L. Rev., 32, 733. Retrieved from http://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/wmlr32andsection=25 (Professor of Law at University of Baltimore School of Law). |
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-Inhibition of Constitutional AND protecting constitutional rights |
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-However, police liability insurance promotes constitutional advancement. Rappaport ’16 Rappaport, J. (2016 II). How Private Insurers Regulate Public Police. U of Chicago, Public Law Working Paper, (562). Retrieved from http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2733783 (Assistant Professor of Law, The University of Chicago Law School). |
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-Second, and closely AND rules are broken |
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-Advantage Two is Police Accountability |
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-First, use of insurance companies reforms police conduct by forcing them to follow the constitution. |
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-Rappaport ’16 Ibid. |
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-There can be AND point still holds |
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-And, implementation of insurance policies deters constitutional violations far better than qualified immunity can. |
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-Abraham ‘09 Rappaport, J. (2016 II). How Private Insurers Regulate Public Police. U of Chicago, Public Law Working Paper, (562). Retrieved from http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2733783 (Assistant Professor of Law, The University of Chicago Law School). |
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-Conversely, a version AND sick or injured |
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-The Underview |
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-Don’t evaluate theoretical violations if they are unchecked in cross-examination ANALYTIC |
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-Err aff by giving me choice over theoretical paradigm issues such as but not limited to RVIs, drop the debater versus drop the arg and competing interps and reasonability ANALYTIC |
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-Don’t evaluate any 2NR weighing arguments on the procedural layer of the flow ANALYTIC |