| ... |
... |
@@ -1,119
+1,0 @@ |
| 1 |
|
-Part 1 is Framework: |
| 2 |
|
- |
| 3 |
|
- |
| 4 |
|
-The role of the ballot is to endorse the best positive strategy that challenges the dominant ideology of gender violence. |
| 5 |
|
- |
| 6 |
|
- |
| 7 |
|
-1. Discussing gender and sexism in the academic setting is a prior question. Keddie |
| 8 |
|
-Martino and Mellor's work (1995), for example, provides a framework for assisting students to understand how difference and diversity can be produced and maintained, but also challenged and transformed. Through examining the sociocultural production of knowledge, their work focuses on facilitating student~~s become~~ awareness of how language operates to produce~~s~~ particular (non-innocent) versions of reality, and more specifically, how texts and contexts work to construct and regulate particular (taken-for-granted) assumptions about gender that position us in inequitable ways. In challenging and transforming these gender(ed) assumptions, their work illustrates the importance of students recognizeing how texts and contexts can be read or interpreted in multiple rather than singular ways. This process of critical analysis and deconstruction aims to make transparent the constitutive force of language and discourse—the mechanisms through which we are spoken into existence—and seeks to fracture the taken-for-granted truths that shape our identities (Davies, 1997). Through these lenses, gendered assumptions can lose their apparent inevitability and thus some of their power to hold current relations in place because they become visible as fiction. This opens up possibilities for new ways of thinking, speaking and acting (Davies, 1997). |
| 9 |
|
- |
| 10 |
|
- |
| 11 |
|
-2. Gender analysis is key to understanding other ethical theories. Amzat and Grandi: |
| 12 |
|
-Feminism has more to offer bioethics, however, than this sort of critique. It also has the potential to enrich bioethical theory. Feminism's unique contribution to moral theory in general has arguably been that of finding gender bias in the preoccupations, assumptions, and perspectives of the dominant theories of Anglo-American ethics. This activity has produced feminist correctives to mainstream utilitarian, Kantian, and virtue theories, and challenged the standard philosophical accounts of what moral theories are supposed to do in any case. Attention to gender enriches utilitarian theorizing when it illuminates previously obscured consequences of actions and policies and thus permits a better view of the range of ways in which ~~womxn~~ women have been harmed simply because they were ~~womxn~~ women (Purdy 1996). Attention to gender has ~~and~~ also offered possibilities for a richer understanding of what happens to key ~~Kantian~~ concepts in Kantian moral philosophy, such as respect for persons, when these are not modeled on moral and intellectual virtues valued most highly by privileged men (Dillon 1992). Attention to gender differences in adolescents' moral reasoning gave rise to care theory, a virtue ethic whose axiology privileges the value of giving care rather than the virtues associated with manliness (Gilligan 1982; Noddings 1984; Ruddick 1989; Tronto 1993; Held 1993). And attention to gender has also produced theory that stands clear of utilitarian, Kantian, and virtue theories altogether. Rejecting the role of the ideal ethical reasoner as a solitary and powerful – read masculine – judge who applies lawlike principles derived from one or several of these theories to the case at hand, some feminists have instead conceived of ethical deliberation as an expressive-collaborative process in which a group of people strive for mutual moral intelligibility, forging shared understandings of who is responsible for what, to whom (Walker 1998). |
| 13 |
|
- |
| 14 |
|
- |
| 15 |
|
-3. No explanation is complete without gender analysis, excludes voices. Chessman 14: |
| 16 |
|
-In 1988, J. Ann Tickner introduced international relations theory to the idea that sex was a factor in explaining international relations generally and interstate conflict specifically (Tickner 1988). In the decades that followed, the literature examining the interconnection and relationship between international relations of sex, gender dynamics, and war has developed substantially, and developed in a manner that can be broadly described as feminist. Despite a growing literature that utilizes and recognizes sex, gender, or both as relevant to the constitution of war, mainstream international relations theory tends to ignore gender in its analysis (Tickner 1997). Laura Sjoberg argues that the tendency to omit gender leads to "inadequate conceptualizations" that are "important in analyzing causes and predicting outcomes" of warfare, because "gender lenses suggest a group of causal variables in war decision-making that enrich current understandings" (Sjoberg 2013, 7). |
| 17 |
|
- |
| 18 |
|
- |
| 19 |
|
-4. This requires analysis of the law focused on how it causes the marginalization of those who are not white males by perpetuating an epistemology that refuses to recognize day-to-day violence. |
| 20 |
|
-Tickner 06 |
| 21 |
|
-Tickner 06—professor at the School of International Relations at USC (J Ann, "Feminism meets International Relations", Feminist Methodologies for International Relations, p. 25-7) |
| 22 |
|
-An important commitment of feminist methodology is that knowledge must be built and analyzed in |
| 23 |
|
-AND |
| 24 |
|
-they conduct cannot and should not be separated from their identities as researchers. |
| 25 |
|
- |
| 26 |
|
- |
| 27 |
|
-5 reasons to prefer: |
| 28 |
|
-Context – Most of us won't be philosophers or policymakers, but all of us are individuals who will always be affected by gender norms, which a) makes discussion about it a prerequisite and b) means my form of education outweighs because it's the most portable form. |
| 29 |
|
-Epistemology – All knowledge and values are grounded in the hidden assumptions about gender that |
| 30 |
|
-AND |
| 31 |
|
-.e. fair or educational in the first place |
| 32 |
|
-1:57 |
| 33 |
|
- |
| 34 |
|
- |
| 35 |
|
-Part 2 is the contention: |
| 36 |
|
- |
| 37 |
|
- |
| 38 |
|
-Current societal responses to IPV, based on antiquated and patriarchal notions, are unacceptable. In addition, the government has no obligation to protect people from "privately inflicted harms", which includes IPV. |
| 39 |
|
-Schuerman 92. |
| 40 |
|
-Sue Ellen Schuerman. Establishing a tort duty for police failure to respond to domestic violence. Arizona Law Review 355, Vol. 34 1992. FZ. |
| 41 |
|
-Because city police departments deal with the majority of domestic vio-lence calls, |
| 42 |
|
-AND |
| 43 |
|
-there is evidence that arrest also reduces the recurrence of domestic violence.26 |
| 44 |
|
- |
| 45 |
|
- |
| 46 |
|
-Under one exception called the state-created danger doctrine, the government can be obligated to protect survivors of IPV. Lower courts are creating their own interpretations of this doctrine but the Supreme Court has yet to adopt a standard, resulting in arbitrary results for survivors. |
| 47 |
|
-Awoyomi 11 |
| 48 |
|
-Atinuke, 2011 The State-Created Danger Doctrine In Domestic Violence Cases: Do We Have A Solution In Okin v. Village Of Cornwall-On-Hudson Police Department? Atinuke O Awoyomi, Columbia University. |
| 49 |
|
-After DeShaney, circuit courts began carving out their own interpretations of the state- |
| 50 |
|
-AND |
| 51 |
|
-the state actor, rather than passivity or a failure to act.50 |
| 52 |
|
- |
| 53 |
|
- |
| 54 |
|
-Advantage 1: |
| 55 |
|
- |
| 56 |
|
- |
| 57 |
|
-Affirming is key to changing officer attitudes, which ensures that they protect survivors of IPV. |
| 58 |
|
-Shtelmakher 10. |
| 59 |
|
-Milena, Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School Digital Commons at Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review Law Reviews 6-1-2010 Police Misconduct and Liability: Applying the State-Created Danger Doctrine to Hold Police Officers Accountable for Responding Inadequately to Domestic-Violence Situations- |
| 60 |
|
-"Prior to the late nineteenth century, laws and cultural practices in the United |
| 61 |
|
-AND |
| 62 |
|
-domestic violence is a national problem affecting a tremendous number of people.126 |
| 63 |
|
- |
| 64 |
|
- |
| 65 |
|
-Holding police officers accountable is the only way to ensure that they actually enforce the law and protect survivors. |
| 66 |
|
-Schuerman 92. |
| 67 |
|
-Sue Ellen Schuerman. Establishing a tort duty for police failure to respond to domestic violence. Arizona Law Review 355, Vol. 34 1992. FZ. |
| 68 |
|
-II. Arrest as a Deterrent Arrest of the battering spouse serves the policies of |
| 69 |
|
-AND |
| 70 |
|
-view that the family should deal with domestic violence without outside help.35 |
| 71 |
|
- |
| 72 |
|
- |
| 73 |
|
-Advantage 2 |
| 74 |
|
- |
| 75 |
|
- |
| 76 |
|
-The aff is key to accurate reporting since people won't report to the police if they don't trust them |
| 77 |
|
-Shtelmakher 10. |
| 78 |
|
-Milena, Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School Digital Commons at Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review Law Reviews 6-1-2010 Police Misconduct and Liability: Applying the State-Created Danger Doctrine to Hold Police Officers Accountable for Responding Inadequately to Domestic-Violence Situations- |
| 79 |
|
-When police officers have a more sensitive and understanding attitude toward ~~IPV~~ domestic |
| 80 |
|
-AND |
| 81 |
|
-A mere 3.7 percent of survivors reported seeking access to shelters. |
| 82 |
|
- |
| 83 |
|
- |
| 84 |
|
-Thus the plan: |
| 85 |
|
- |
| 86 |
|
- |
| 87 |
|
-Resolved: The Supreme Court of the United States ought to establish a national standard for the state-created danger doctrine based on the precedent established by the Okin decision. |
| 88 |
|
-Awoyomi 11: |
| 89 |
|
-Awoyomi 11'-Atinuke, 2011 The State-Created Danger Doctrine In Domestic Violence Cases: Do We Have A Solution In Okin v. Village Of Cornwall-On-Hudson Police Department? Atinuke O Awoyomi, Columbia University |
| 90 |
|
-This Article argues that courts applying the state-created danger doctrine to ~~IPV |
| 91 |
|
-AND |
| 92 |
|
-tests adopted by other circuits, there is less room for judicial discretion. |
| 93 |
|
- |
| 94 |
|
- |
| 95 |
|
-Solvency |
| 96 |
|
- |
| 97 |
|
- |
| 98 |
|
-By creating a distinct standard, the Okin decision applied solves for repeated inaction by officers. |
| 99 |
|
-Awoyomi 11: |
| 100 |
|
-Awoyomi 11'-Atinuke, 2011 The State-Created Danger Doctrine In Domestic Violence Cases: Do We Have A Solution In Okin v. Village Of Cornwall-On-Hudson Police Department? Atinuke O Awoyomi, Columbia University |
| 101 |
|
-The Okin court made a powerful observation that "repeated sustained inaction in the face |
| 102 |
|
-AND |
| 103 |
|
-may suffice as much as explicit action to show state-created danger. |
| 104 |
|
- |
| 105 |
|
- |
| 106 |
|
-That's key to reducing and preventing IPV |
| 107 |
|
-Awoyomi 11: |
| 108 |
|
-Awoyomi 11'-Atinuke, 2011 The State-Created Danger Doctrine In Domestic Violence Cases: Do We Have A Solution In Okin v. Village Of Cornwall-On-Hudson Police Department? Atinuke O Awoyomi, Columbia University |
| 109 |
|
-Most courts require the showing of affirmative acts by state actors in order for ~~ |
| 110 |
|
-AND |
| 111 |
|
-survivors~~ victims from potential or actual violence and to hold perpetrators accountable. |
| 112 |
|
- |
| 113 |
|
- |
| 114 |
|
-Okin decision solves like other court decisions can't |
| 115 |
|
-Awoyomi 11 |
| 116 |
|
-Atinuke, 2011 The State-Created Danger Doctrine In Domestic Violence Cases: Do We Have A Solution In Okin v. Village Of Cornwall-On-Hudson Police Department? Atinuke O Awoyomi, Columbia University. |
| 117 |
|
-It is evident that circuits that have adopted the state-created danger doctrine employ |
| 118 |
|
-AND |
| 119 |
|
-difference, the Author has divided the Okin factors into four distinct parts: |