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+====Attempting to end problems through competition defocuses from root causes – create environment of antagonism that prevents collective action– the alternative is to embraces the Aff's resistance without fighting that resistance via a tie to the ballot==== |
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+**Karlberg 3** - Assistant Professor of Communication at Western Washington University (Michael, PEACE and CHANGE, v28, n3, July, p. 339-41) |
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+Granted, social activists do "win" occasional "battles" in these adversarial |
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+AND |
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+"east" and its "west" are locked in adversarial relationships. |
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+====Labelling the ballot as a tool for social change/resistance ~~to oppression~~ turns coalition creation via competitive backlash in the context of competitive debate==== |
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+Bankey 13 (BRENDON BANKEY – A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of WAKE FOREST UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS Communication August 2013 – Bankey holds an BA from Trinity and now holds an MA from Wake Forest. This thesis was approved by: Michael J. Hyde, Ph.D., Advisor; Mary M. Dalton, Ph.D., Chair; R. Jarrod Atchison, Ph.D. THE "FACT OF BLACKNESS" DOES NOT EXIST: AN EVOCATIVE CRITICISM OF RESISTANCE RHETORIC IN ACADEMIC POLICY DEBATE AND ITS (MIS)USE OF FRANTZ FANON'S BLACK SKIN, WHITE MASKS – From Chapter Two – footnoting Atchison and Panetta and consistent with Bankey's defense of an aspect of their position – https://wakespace.lib.wfu.edu/bitstream/handle/10339/39020/Bankey'wfu'0248M'10473.pdf |
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+Atchison and Panetta’s concern with the "debate as activism" approach highlights the competitive nature of debate as one of the primary reasons locating resistance in individual debates creates a barrier to community change. Debaters, traditional or otherwise, that "have spent countless hours preparing for" a "proposed resolution" will likely be unwilling to agree with the premise that they should lose a debate because of a wider community problem whose outcome their present debate cannot control. Creating "the ballot" as the nexus for resistance "does little to generate the critical coalitions necessary to address the community problem, because the competitive focus encourages teams to concentrate on how to beat the strategy with little regard for addressing the community problem." Moreover, as Atchison and Panetta observe: When a team loses a debate because the judge decides that it is better for the community for the other team to win, then they have sacrificed two potential advocates for change within the community. Creating change through wins generates backlash through losses. |
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+====Using a "ballot as currency" model fails – community change is put solely in the hands of the judge in a debate round which is in no way visible to the public – excludes those who want to participate in the struggle - The only RoB is who does the better debating==== |
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+Bankey 2 (BRENDON BANKEY – A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of WAKE FOREST UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS Communication August 2013 – Bankey holds an BA from Trinity and now holds an MA from Wake Forest. This thesis was approved by: Michael J. Hyde, Ph.D., Advisor; Mary M. Dalton, Ph.D., Chair; R. Jarrod Atchison, Ph.D. THE "FACT OF BLACKNESS" DOES NOT EXIST: AN EVOCATIVE CRITICISM OF RESISTANCE RHETORIC IN ACADEMIC POLICY DEBATE AND ITS (MIS)USE OF FRANTZ FANON'S BLACK SKIN, WHITE MASKS – From Chapter Two – footnoting Atchison and Panetta and consistent with Bankey's defense of an aspect of their position – https://wakespace.lib.wfu.edu/bitstream/handle/10339/39020/Bankey'wfu'0248M'10473.pdf |
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+For Atchison and Panetta, "the ballot" a judge casts at the conclusion |
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+AND |
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+are granted the authority to determine the outcome of communal change.. |
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+NEXT |
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+====Their framing of violence is gender essentialist—it posits men as the perpetrators and women as the oppressed, which reinforces an exclusionary gender binary and magnifies their impacts. Truitt 14 brackets for word economy==== |
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+Jos Truitt 14 Executive Director of Feministing in charge of Development, "THE DANGERS OF A GENDER ESSENTIALIST APPROACH TO SEXUAL VIOLENCE", Feministing, 2014, BE |
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+Rape is absolutely a gendered crime. This is true of how it plays out |
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+AND |
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+that doesn’t perpetuate the exclusions of the gender binary by leaving victims out. |