Changes for page Palo Alto Aff
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... ... @@ -1,0 +1,125 @@ 1 +=PART 1 IS FRAMING= 2 + 3 + 4 +====For too long we have been exposed to the unrelenting desire for progress. Regardless of whether it is the desire for ideological progress, emotional progress or tangible progress, progress always manifests in one desire: the desire for power. This power emerges as a way for humankind to conquer nature, conquer each other, and engage in cultural warfare; the desire to progress subverts the desire for harmony with nature.==== 5 +Emerson '11, ~~Margaret Emerson (Margaret Emerson, MA is a writer, designer, ecopsychologist and the author of the book Contemplative Hiking Along the Colorado Front Range. She leads contemplative hikes through her MeetUp group and facilitates overnight mindfulness-in-nature retreats in the mountains of Colorado. She writes a blog at www.ContemplativeHiking.com.), Four Reasons Why "Progress" Isn't Always Progress, No Publication, 1-27-2011, 11, https://carolynbaker.net/2011/01/27/four-reasons-why-progress-isnt-always-progress-by-margaret-emerson/ cpf 6 + From the time we were children, we’ve been taught that "progress"— 7 +AND 8 +progress over the latest high-tech, plastic entertainment gadget any day. 9 + 10 + 11 +====AND Failing to consider the non-humyn-human binary in our ethical consideration excludes the "other" that is necessary for our own identity formation. In order to conceive of the "I", we must know what is "not I." Internal link to ethical considerations since they don’t even understand what the subject that they guide is.==== 12 + 13 + 14 +====And, a human centered approach is epistemically suspect. Alternative forms of knowledge production are key, which makes the aff a pre-requisite to Truth Das 14^^ ^^==== 15 +Parallax describes the apparent change in the direction of a moving object caused by alteration in the observer's position. In the graphic work of M.C. Escher, human faculties are similarly deceived and an impossible reality made plausible. While not strictly a scientific theorem, anthropocentrism, the assessment of reality through an exclusively human perspective, is deeply embedded in science and culture. Improving knowledge requires abandoning anthropocentricity or, at least, acknowledging its existence. Anthropocentrism's limits derive from the physical constraints of human cognition and specific psychological attitudes. Being human entails specific faculties, intrinsic attitudes, values and belief systems that shape enquiry and understanding. The human mind has evolved a specific physical structure and bio-chemistry that shapes thought processes. The human cognitive system determines our reasoning and therefore our knowledge. Language, logic, mathematics, abstract thought, cultural beliefs, history and memories create a specific human frame of reference, which may restrict what we can know or understand. There may be other forms of life and intelligence. The ocean has revealed creatures that live from chemo-synthesis in ecosystems around deep-sea hydrothermal vents, without access to sunlight. Life forms based on materials other than carbon may also be feasible. An entirely radical set of cognitive frameworks and alternative knowledge cannot be discounted. Like a train that can only run on tracks that determine direction and destination, human knowledge may ultimately be constrained by what evolution has made us. Knowledge was originally driven by the need to master the natural environment to meet basic biological needs—survival and genetic propagation. It was also needed to deal with the unknown and forces beyond human control. Superstition, religion, science and other belief systems evolved to meets these human needs. In the eighteenth century, medieval systems of aristocratic and religious authority were supplanted by a new model of scientific method, rational discourse, personal liberty and individual responsibility. But this did not change the basic underlying drivers. Knowledge is also influenced by human factors—fear and greed, ambition, submission and tribal collusion, altruism and jealousy, as well as complex power relationships and inter-personal group dynamics. Behavioural science illustrates the inherent biases in human thought. Announcing a boycott of certain "luxury" scientific journals, 2013 Nobel laureate Dr. Randy Schekman argued that to preserve their pre-eminence they acted like "fashion designers who create limited-edition handbags or suits…know~~ing~~ scarcity stokes demand". He argued that science is being distorted by perverse incentives whereby scientists who publish in important journals with a high "impact factor" can expect promotion, pay rises and professional accolades. Understanding operates within these biological and attitudinal constraints. As Friedrich Nietzsche wrote: "every philosophy hides a philosophy; every opinion is also a hiding place, every word is a mask". Understanding of fundamental issues remains limited. The cosmological nature and origins of the universe are contested. The physical source and nature of matter and energy are debated. The origins and evolution of biological life remain unresolved. Resistance to new ideas frequently restricts the development of knowledge. The history of science is a succession of controversies—a non geo-centric universe, continental drift, theory of evolution, quantum mechanics and climate change. Science, paradoxically, seems to also have inbuilt limits. Like an inexhaustible Russian doll, quantum physics is an endless succession of seemingly infinitely divisible particles. Werner Heisenberg's uncertainty principle posits that human knowledge about the world is always incomplete, uncertain and highly contingent. Kurt Gödel's incompleteness theorems of mathematical logic establish inherent limitations of all but the most trivial axiomatic systems of arithmetic. Experimental methodology and testing is flawed. Model predictions are often unsatisfactory. As Nassim Nicholas Taleb observed: "You can disguise charlatanism under the weight of equations … there is no such thing as a controlled experiment." Challenging anthropocentrism does not mean abandoning science or rational thought. It does not mean reversion to primitive religious dogma, messianic phantasms or obscure mysticism. Transcending anthropocentricity may allow new frames of reference expanding the boundary of human knowledge. It may allow human beings to think more clearly, consider different perspectives and encourage possibilities outside the normal range of experience and thought. It may also allow a greater understanding of our existential place within nature and in the order of things. As William Shakespeare's Hamlet cautioned a friend: "There are more things in heaven and earth, Horatio, than are dreamt of in your philosophy". But fundamental biology may not allow the required change of reference framework. While periodically humbled by the universe, human beings remain enamoured, for the most part, with the proposition that they are the apogee of development. But as Mark Twain observed in Letters from Earth: "He took a pride in man; man was his finest invention; man was his pet, after the housefly." Writing in The Hitchhikers' Guide to the Galaxy, the late English author Douglas Adams speculated that the earth was a powerful computer and human beings were its biological components designed by hyper-intelligent pan-dimensional beings to answer the ultimate questions about the universe and life. To date, science has not produced a conclusive refutation of this whimsical proposition. Whether or not we can go beyond anthropocentrism, it is a reminder of our limits. As Martin Rees, Professor of Cosmology and Astrophysics, at Cambridge and Astronomer Royal, noted: "Most educated people are aware that we are the outcome of nearly 4 billion years of Darwinian selection, but many tend to think that humans are somehow the culmination. Our sun, however, is less than halfway through its lifespan. It will not be humans who watch the sun's demise, 6 billion years from now. Any creatures that then exist will be as different from us as we are from bacteria or amoebae." 16 +The Role of the ballot is to vote for the debater that best advocates for 17 +AND 18 +make critical ecopedagogy an important component of the reconstruction of education and society. 19 + 20 + 21 +=Part 2 is a history lesson= 22 + 23 + 24 +**====ADVANTAGE 1 is an endorsement of chaos====** 25 + 26 + 27 +**====The quest for power manifests itself in nuclear power as the idea of control which puts the environment at risk- this is anthropocentric====** 28 +**Glaser 68** (Peter E. Glaser, Peter E. Glaser, a noted pioneer in the study of solar energy. Born in Czechoslovakia, Glaser came to the United States in 1948 and earned an M.S. and a Ph.D. in mechanical engineering at Columbia University, 22 November 1968, Power from the sun: its future, Volume 162, Number 3856) 29 +In Fig. 2 the estimated energy consumption for the United States is projected to 30 +AND 31 +alternative approaches, to reduce the cost of controlling undesirable effects on our environment 32 + 33 + 34 +====ADVANTAGE 2 IS TURN OFF THE LIGHTS==== 35 + 36 + 37 +====REJECTING TECHNOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS TO ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS IS KEY TO CHANGING OUR DAILY ENERGY USE AND CONNECTING US WITH NATURE==== 38 +Kearns '07, ~~Josh Kearns (Bona Fide Hill-Billy Who Currently Lives In Oakland, Ca. He'S Been A Researcher In Environmental Chemistry and Ecological Economics. Currently He'S Into Techniques For High Quality Self-Reliant Living Like Organic Farming, Natural Building, Permaculture And Bluegrass Music), The Crisis Of Too Much Energy, Matador Network, 6-20-2007, 7, http://matadornetwork.com/bnt/the-crisis-of-too-much-energy/, 9-4-2016 39 +You may have … turning off the TV. 40 +You may have heard of the recently announced collaboration between the University of California and 41 +AND 42 +the current cultural milieu. You can start by turning off the TV. 43 + 44 + 45 +====Even tangible reasons to support nuclear power are premised on humankind's dominance and function to civilize and promulgate a culture of corporations where humans have conquered nature – rejection is key.==== 46 +Hollo '14, ~~Tim Hollo(Tim Hollo is an environmentalist and musician who has recently started Green Music Australia. He was previously communications director for Australian Greens Leader Christine Milne, and has worked for organisations including 350.org, Lock the Gate and Greenpeace, on whose board he now sits. He writes in his personal capacity, not representing any of these organisations), Nuclear power keeps the corporates in charge. No wonder it's conservatives' preferred solution to climate change, Guardian, 12-1-2014, 14,https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/dec/01/nuclear-power-keeps-the-corporates-in-charge-no-wonder-its-conservatives-preferred-solution-to-climate-change, 8-14-2016. 47 +The US Christian right has long promoted this line from Genesis 1:28 as 48 +AND 49 +right wing propaganda to increase anthropocentrism- means your reject them on face. 50 + 51 + 52 +====ADVANTAGE 3 IS PHYSICHAL HARMS==== 53 + 54 + 55 +====Nuclear power kills billions of aquatic creatures via cooling==== 56 +Sovacool and Cooper 8 Benjamin Sovacool (Research Fellow in the Energy Governance Program at the Centre on Asia and Globaliaztion, part of the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy at the National University of Singapore, adjunct professor at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University) and Christopher Cooper (Principal Partner for Oomph Consulting, LLC, former Executive Director of the Network for New Energy Choices) "Nuclear Nonsense: Why Nuclear Power is No Answer to Climate Change and the World's Post- Kyoto Energy Challenges" William and Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review Volume 33 Issue 1 Article 2 2008 http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1040andcontext=wmelpr cpf 57 +pg 57 58 +Nuclear plants do not just use water-they also contaminate it 59 +AND 60 +fish and exact severe environmental consequences during the riparian environment's most vulnerable times. 61 + 62 + 63 +====And large releases of radiation in meltdowns are inevitable==== 64 +**Wheatley et al 16** ~~Spencer Wheatley (ETH Zurich, Department of Management, Technology and Economics, Switzerland), Benjamin Sovacool, Didier Sornette, "Of Disasters and Dragon Kings: A Statistical Analysis of Nuclear Power Incidents and Accidents," Risk Analysis, March 2016~~ AZ 65 +Regarding event severity, we found that the distribution of cost underwent a significant regime 66 +AND 67 +) failed to mitigate the very heavy tailed distribution of costs documented here. 68 + 69 + 70 +====Contamination spreads rapidly Even small accidents reach thousands of ecosystems.==== 71 +**Max - Planck- 12** –The Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science is a formally independent non-governmental and non-profit association of German research institute (Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Major Reactor, 5-22-2012, "Severe nuclear reactor accidents likely every 10 to 20 years, European study suggests," ScienceDaily, https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/05/120522134942.htm) RMT 72 +25 percent of the radioactive particles are transported further than 2,000 kilometres 73 + 74 +AND 75 +out of nuclear energy should also be considered ," adds the atmospheric chemist. 76 + 77 + 78 +====It’s the single greatest danger to the environment==== 79 +**Stapleton 9** - Richard M Stapleton Is the author of books such as Lead Is a Silent Hazard, writes for pollution issues ("Disasters: Nuclear Accidents" http://www.pollutionissues.com/Co-Ea/Disasters-Nuclear-Accidents.html) RMT 80 +Of all the environmental disaster events that humans are capable of causing, nuclear disasters 81 +AND 82 +in bones where it may either cause cancer or damage bone marrow cells.\ 83 + 84 + 85 +=PART 3 is the Underview = 86 +1. neg t/theory must be weighed against structural advantages of speaking in the dark, 7-4 6-3 rebuttal time skew and neg win skew. Absent weighing abuse in the aff just levels the playing field meaning you don't vote on it. Also means you presume aff 87 +2. negative must defend the widespread use of some form of nuclear power throughout the round because A) key to aff ground necessary that i have substance to defend B) framers intent was to discuss merits of nuclear power 88 +3. all t/theory interps must be read in cx with a chance to concede violation and shift ground. 89 + 90 + 91 +====4. Nuclear power's search for energy security ensures violence on marginalized communities and exploits the planet==== 92 +**Simpson 13 – lecturer International studies @ South Australia University** 93 +(Adam, "Challenging Injustice through a Critical Approach to Energy Security: A 94 +Central Component of Environmental Security," Australasian Political Studies Association, p 2) 95 + 96 +AND 97 +they inhabit is therefore best placed to capture the significance of these impacts. 98 + 99 + 100 +====Anthroprocentrism is the root cause of all war and oppression; several warrants Best 7 ==== 101 +While a welcome Christianity left behind. 102 +Fifth all spikes are interps meaning responses must be counter interps in the nc. 103 +Sixth the aff burden is to prove that nuclear power is something that we should not partake in due to the resolution signifying the end of nuclear power. 104 + 105 + 106 +====And large releases of radiation in meltdowns are inevitable==== 107 +**Wheatley et al 16** ~~Spencer Wheatley (ETH Zurich, Department of Management, Technology and Economics, Switzerland), Benjamin Sovacool, Didier Sornette, "Of Disasters and Dragon Kings: A Statistical Analysis of Nuclear Power Incidents and Accidents," Risk Analysis, March 2016~~ AZ 108 +Regarding event severity, we found that the distribution of cost underwent a significant regime 109 +AND 110 +) failed to mitigate the very heavy tailed distribution of costs documented here. 111 + 112 + 113 +====Contamination spreads rapidly Even small accidents reach thousands of ecosystems.==== 114 +**Max - Planck- 12** –The Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science is a formally independent non-governmental and non-profit association of German research institute (Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Major Reactor, 5-22-2012, "Severe nuclear reactor accidents likely every 10 to 20 years, European study suggests," ScienceDaily, https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/05/120522134942.htm) RMT 115 +25 percent of the radioactive particles are transported further than 2,000 kilometres 116 + 117 +AND 118 +out of nuclear energy should also be considered ," adds the atmospheric chemist. 119 + 120 + 121 +====It’s the single greatest danger to the environment==== 122 +**Stapleton 9** - Richard M Stapleton Is the author of books such as Lead Is a Silent Hazard, writes for pollution issues ("Disasters: Nuclear Accidents" http://www.pollutionissues.com/Co-Ea/Disasters-Nuclear-Accidents.html) RMT 123 +Of all the environmental disaster events that humans are capable of causing, nuclear disasters 124 +AND 125 +in bones where it may either cause cancer or damage bone marrow cells.\ - EntryDate
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