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-==Definitions== |
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-===Nuclear power=== |
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-**electric or motive power generated by a nuclear reactor – Oxford Dictionary** |
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-==Plan== |
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-===Text: In general, countries ought to prohibit the production of nuclear power through a phase-out.=== |
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-==Solvency== |
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-===Prohibiting production of nuclear power will decrease waste disposal by decreasing the creation of nuclear waste=== |
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-**Eldredge 02 **(Eldredge, Niles. "Life on Earth: A - G.. 1," 404. ABC-CLIO, 2002. https://books.google.com/books?id=iVEWPg8vnxgCanddq=22phase+out22+of+22nuclear+power22+decreases+22nuclear+waste22+22dumping22andsource=gbs'navlinks's.) |
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-Thermal **pollution can be reduced** by decreasing the amount of heated water discharged |
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-minimize~~~~~~d~~~~~~** the pollution and other harmful effects of waste disposal. |
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-===Phasing-out of nuclear power will decrease radioactive waste- Empirics are on our side=== |
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-**Stonington 16 (Stonington, Joel. "Sticker Shock: The Soaring Costs Of Germany’s Nuclear Shutdown." Yale Environment 360, July 25, 2016. http://e360.yale.edu/feature/soaring'cost'german'nuclear'shutdown/3019/.)** |
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-It is important to point out that the cost of radioactive waste disposal and decommissioning |
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-AND |
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-has just brought to light the enormous bill German utilities had rung up. |
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-===And, uranium mining is the source of all that waste but empirics prove a nuclear phase-out decreases uranium mining=== |
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-**Schmid 15 (Schmid, Sonja. "Producing Power: The Pre-Chernobyl History of the Soviet Nuclear Industry," 400. MIT Press, 2015. https://books.google.com/books?id=dMzVBgAAQBAJanddq=phase-out+of+nuclear+power+decreases+uranium+miningandsource=gbs'navlinks's.)** |
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-Political transitions like the collapse of the Soviet Union tend to remind us how fragile |
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-AND |
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-mining organizations** and about half of the previously Soviet nuclear power plants. |
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-==**Framing**== |
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-===Racism is structural=== |
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-Glossary for Understanding the Dismantling Structural Racism/Promoting Racial Equity Analysis (n.d.): n. pag. **The Aspen Institute**. Web. 9 Aug. 2016. https://assets.aspeninstitute.org/content/uploads/files/content/docs/rcc/RCC-Structural-Racism-Glossary.pdf. |
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-**Structural Racism ~~~~~~is~~~~~~**: **A system in which public policies, institutional |
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-, economic and political** systems in which we **all** exist** |
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-===Structural violence is based in moral exclusion, which is fundamentally flawed because it is based on arbitrarily perceived differences.=== |
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-**Winter and Leighton 99** ~~~|Deborah DuNann Winter and Dana C. Leighton. Winter~~~|~~~~~~Psychologist that specializes in Social Psych, Counseling Psych, Historical and Contemporary Issues, Peace Psychology. Leighton: PhD graduate student in the Psychology Department at the University of Arkansas. Knowledgable in the fields of social psychology, peace psychology, and justice and intergroup responses to transgressions of justice~~~~~~ "Peace, conflict, and violence: Peace psychology in the 21st century." Pg 4-5 ghs//VA |
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-Finally, **to recognize** the operation of **structural violence forces us to |
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-AND |
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-, will be our** most surefooted **path to building lasting peace**. |
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-===Role of the Ballot=== |
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-**In today’s debate, the function of the ballot is to limit structural violence, which is the largest impact of the round. Due to its ‘invisibility,’ structural violence has become nearly impossible to combat. It has largely been ignored by the media, therefore, the goal of this debate is to focus on structural violence. The debater that best challenges structural violence will win this debate.** |
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-Dr. Tommy J. **Curry**. The Cost of a Thing: A Kingian Reformulation of a Living Wage Argument in the 21st Century. 20**14** |
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-Despite the pronouncement of **debate as an **activity and **intellectual exercise ** |
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-used to currently justify the living wages in under our contemporary moral parameters. |
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-===Role of the Judge=== |
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-**The role of the judge in today’s debate is to act as an antiethical decision maker. Anti-ethics is a rejection of assuming abstract theories can explain the material implications of structural violence. Relying on such philosophies as the basis of normativity prevents genuine liberation from oppression.** |
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-James **CONE**, professor of systematic theology @Union Theological Seminary 2k4 "A Black Theology of Liberation Anniversary Edition" originally published in 1970 pgs. 132-133 20**04** |
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-Participation in divine **liberation** places the church squarely in the context of the |
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-submit or we rebel, knowing that our physical lives are at stake.** |
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-==**Harms**== |
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-==A) Indigenous Populations== |
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-===In the status quo, Native American communities are being harmed=== |
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-**Boyle**, Francis A. "Indictment of the Federal Government of the U.S. for the Commission of International Crimes and Petition for Orders Mandating Its Proscription and Dissolution as an International Criminal Conspiracy and Criminal Organization." Francis A. Boyle, Indictment of the Federal Government of the U.S. for the Commission of International Crimes. Hartford Web Publishing, 18 Sept. 19**92**. Web. 09 Aug. 2016. http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/41/386.html. 1** **PROFESSOR OF INTERNATIONAL LAW SPECIAL PROSECUTOR – University of Illinois College of Law |
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-**The ~~~~~~US~~~~~~** Defendant **has **deliberately and** systematically permitted**, |
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-life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part.** |
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-===US nuclear policy is racist towards Native Americans=== |
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-**Lopez**, Bayley. "Bayley Lopez,." RADIOACTIVE RESERVATION: THE UPHILL BATTLE TO KEEP NUCLEAR WASTE OFF NATIVE AMERICAN LAND. Nuclear Age Peace Foundation, Sept. 20**04**. Web. 09 Aug. 2016. https://www.wagingpeace.org/author/bayley-lopez/. Author at Nuclear Age Peace Foundation; Studies at Stanford University |
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-**Nuclear waste** is not just an issue for those who live near a |
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-AND |
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-**a form of** **economic** racism** akin to bribery. |
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-**===The Yami tribe has been marginalized by the Taiwanese government===** |
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-**Fan**, Mei-Fang. "Environmental Politics." Environmental Justice and Nuclear Waste Conflicts in Taiwan: : Vol 15, No 3. Informa Group POC, 18 Aug. 20**06**. Web. 17 Aug. 2016. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09644010600627683. |
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-**The decision to set up a**n interim **nuclear waste repository on |
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-problems of social and environmental conflicts, and the benefits of the minority. |
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-===Aboriginals in Australia have been harmed by nuclear waste dumps=== |
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-**Green**, Jim. "Radioactive Waste and the "Nuclear War" against Australia’s Aboriginal People." Global Research. Center for Research on Globalization, 1 July 20**16**. Web. 17 Aug. 2016. http://www.globalresearch.ca/radioactive-waste-and-the-nuclear-war-against-australias-aboriginal-people/5533841. |
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-This isn’t the first time that **Aboriginal people in South Australia** have ** |
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-repeatedly misrepresented by the federal government as amounting to Aboriginal consent for the dump |
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-==B) International Racism== |
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-===Uranium mining contributes to international environmental racism=== |
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-**Lowry**, David. "Uranium Exploitation and Environmental Racism: Why Environmental Despoliation and the Ignorance of Radiological Risks of Uranium Mining Cannot Be Justified by Nuclear Fuel Production." Nuclear Waste Advisory. N.p., June 20**08**. Web. 12 Aug. 2016. http://www.nuclearwasteadvisory.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Uranium-exploitation-and-environmental-racism.pdf. |
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-CRIIRAD analysed samples of water, air, soil and scrap metals and found that |
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-sand and dust," said Areva in a statement issued on 25 April. |
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-===Governments export hazardous waste into less developed countries=== |
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-**Martinez-Alier**, Joan. "Mining conflicts, environmental justice, and valuation." Journal of Hazardous Materials 86.1 (20**01**): 153-170. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304389401002527 |
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-Contaminated abandoned mines and asbestos dumps must nowadays be rehabilitated by the post-apartheid |
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-new facilities in Brazil, India, Indonesia and Thailand" ~~~~~~46~~~~~~. |
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-==C) Accidents== |
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-**===There is a high chance of a nuclear power plant having an accident===** |
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-**Wheatley ~~~~~~et al~~~~~~**, Spencer, Benjamin Sovacool, and Didier Sornette. "ArXiv.org Physics ArXiv:1504.02380." ~~~~~~1504.02380~~~~~~ Of Disasters and Dragon Kings: A Statistical Analysis of Nuclear Power Incidents and Accidents. Cornell University, 7 Apr. 20**15**. Web. 12 Aug. 2016. http://arxiv.org/abs/1504.02380. |
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-We provide, and perform a risk theoretic statistical analysis of, a dataset that |
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-have an INES level of 11, rather than the maximum of 7. |
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-===Nuclear accidents disproportionately harm the least well-off in society === |
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-**Cousins et al. 13** Elicia Cousins, Claire Karban, Fay Li, and Marianna Zapanta (Carleton College, Environmental Studies Comprehensive Project). "Nuclear Power and Environmental Justice: A Mixed- Methods Study of Risk, Vulnerability, and the Victim Experience." Carleton College. 2013. https://apps.carleton.edu/curricular/ents/assets/Cousins'Karban'Li'Zapanta.pdf |
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-From a Rawlsian perspective, **there are injustices in the distribution of harms posed |
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-of existing problems of injustice, and guide policy to create appropriate solutions. |
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-==D) Location of plants== |
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-===Race is the variable that affects location of nuclear plants=== |
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-**Godsil**, Rachel D. "Remedying Environmental Racism." Michigan Law Review 90.2 (19**91**): 394-427. Web. J.D., University of Michigan Law School B.A., Professor at Seton Hall University School of Law and Director of Research, Perception Institute |
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-In 1982, protesters applied the techniques of nonviolent civil disobedience to a newly recognized |
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-the intentional and unin- tentional disproportionate imposition of environmental hazards on minorities. |
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-===Living near nuclear power plants has severe health effects=== |
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-**Dixon 12** Environmental racism: Is nuclear plant causing cancer for poor black residents of Shell Bluff, Ga.? http://thegrio.com/2012/01/25/nuclear-plants-and-cancer-epidemics-in-a-poor-black-georgia-town-environmental-racism-in-the-21st-ce/ |
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-Environmental racism occurs when hazardous industries and facilities are placed in and near poor, |
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-air or water or anything else for the radiation we know is there. |