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-The wording of this res means that we have to evaluate the truth of its statement. |
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-Freeley and Steinberg. Austin J. Freeley, Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law. David L. Steinberg, Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami. 1986. “Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making.” Found on Google Books. |
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-Debate propositions may… of future change.’” |
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-Prefer this on this res – not restricting speech isn’t a policy, so debates are supposed to evaluate the res. |
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-This is also consistent with the use of the word “ought” in the res. |
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-Robinson, Richard. Fellow in Philosophy, Oriel College of Oxford University. July, 1971. “Ought and Ought Not.” Philosophy, Vol. 46, No. 177 (July 1971), pp. 193-202. Published by: Cambridge University Press on behalf of Royal Institute of Philosophy. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3749920. |
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-Many ought-sentences are… expressing an ideal.” |
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-AND this is consistent with LD rules and semantics – the res is a hypothesis that must be evaluated - the judge must evaluate the truth of the res, not the desirability of it against its alternatives. |
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-Zarefsky, David. American communication scholar with research specialties in rhetorical history and criticism; professor at Northwestern; 1968 NDT top speaker. 1976. “Argument as Hypothesis Testing,” Paper presented at the Ann Speech Communication Association Francisco, California, December. |
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-Finally, the hypothesis-testing…of non-propositional alternatives. |
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-All other ROTBs collapse to truth testing. |
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-Frege, Gottlob. German philosopher, logician, and mathematician; responsible for the development of modern logic and making contributions to the foundations of mathematics. “The Thought: A Logical Inquiry” in Logicism and the Philosophy of Language: Selections from Frege and Russell. Broadview Press. March 2003. Pg. 204. |
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-“It may nevertheless… point is found.” |
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-Thus, the ROTB is to evaluate the truth of the statement: “Public colleges and universities in the United States ought not restrict any constitutionally protected speech.” Thus, I defend the res as a general principle being true. But, if I need to defend a specific plan, I’ll defend implementation of the res. |
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-Morality begins with recognizing humans as beings with practical reason; without this, we’re prevented from finding a starting point for deriving morality. |
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-Engstrom, Stephen. Professor of Philosophy, University of Pittsburgh. 2008. “Universal Legislation As the Form of Practical Knowledge.” |
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-In addition to… of practical reason. |
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-Conceptions of self under practical reason give rise to obligations that define morality – there is no morality without the self. |
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-Korsgaard, Christine M. Professor of Philosophy at Harvard University. November 17, 1992. “The Sources of Normativity,” from The Tanner Lectures on Human Values, Cambridge University. |
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-It is the… source of obligation. |
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-Thus, I value Respecting Individual Liberty. |
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-Prefer this: |
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-1) Epistemologically a priori to standards. |
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-Fried, Charles. Educated at Princeton, Oxford and Columbia Law School, Charles Fried, the Beneficial Professor of Law, has been teaching at Harvard Law School since 1961. September 2005. “The Nature and Importance of Liberty,” http://www.law.harvard.edu/students/orgs/jlpp/Vol29_No1_Fried.pdf. |
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-I would say… in that campaign. |
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-2) Morality must be intrinsically binding without contingent – this means agency comes first because it’s inevitable. |
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-Ferrero, Luca. University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee. January 12, 2009. “Constitutivism and the Inescapability of Agency,” Version 3.05. Oxford Studies in Metaethics, vol. IV. |
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-The norms of… them sans phrase. |
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-3) Respecting the liberty of individuals rejects arbitrary discrimination and promotes equality. |
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-Weil, Simone. French philosopher and political activist. Translated by Arthur Wills and John Petrie. Originally published in 1955; English version published in 1958. “Oppression and Liberty.” http://www.mercaba.org/SANLUIS/Filosofia/autores/ContemporC3A1nea/Weil20(Simone)/Oppression20and20Liberty.pdf. |
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-Man is not… sweet as friendship. |
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-4) Universities and colleges are moral agents who are guided by morality – my syllogism also applies to them. |
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-Laurence, Ben. Assistant Professor in the Department of Philosophy and the College, University of Chicago. “An Anscombean Approach to Collective Action.” http://philosophy.uchicago.edu/faculty/files/laurence/Anscombean_Collective_Action_Final.pdf. |
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-But even if… a practical syllogism. |
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-5) My framework is key to fairness – |
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-a. Ground – Analytic |
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-b. Resolvability – Analytic |
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-c. Topic Lit – Analytic |
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-ALL free speech at colleges is objectively good under lib – here are a bunch of reasons – |
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-1) A free society means people are free to express their opinions whenever, whatever to allow the spread of ideas – if ideas are bad or offensive, society will reject them. |
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-D’Amato, David S. Attorney and adjunct law professor whose writing has appeared at the Institute of Economic Affairs, the Future of Freedom Foundation, the Centre for Policy Studies, the Ludwig von Mises Institute, Liberty Fund’s Online Library of Law and Liberty, the Foundation for Economic Education, and in major newspapers around the world. D’Amato is on the Board of Policy Advisors for the Heartland Institute and he is the Benjamin Tucker Research Fellow at the Molinari Institute’s Center for a Stateless Society. He earned a JD from New England School of Law and an LLM in Global Law and Technology from Suffolk University Law School. November 16, 2015. “The Most Liberal Value: Free Speech,” Libertarianism.org. https://www.libertarianism.org/columns/most-liberal-value-free-speech. |
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-It is right… freedom or force. |
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-2) Non-interference from authoritative agencies is especially applicable with free speech. |
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-Husain, Naseem. Contributor for Being Libertarian. September 24, 2016. “Why Free Speech Matters The Most,” Being Libertarian. https://beinglibertarian.com/free-speech-matter s/. |
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-Of all of… to do so. |
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-3) Any restriction on free speech is a form of censorship that opposes freedom. |
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-Raof, Jonathon. Nova Southeastern University, Florida. December 14, 2009. “Libertarian Viewpoint on Freedom of Speech,” Libertarian Viewpoint. http://libertarianviewpoint.com/blog/freedom-of-speech/. |
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-In a critical… free speech represents. |
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-4) Lib says people should have the right to offend others. |
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-Brennan, Jason. Robert J. and Elizabeth Flanagan Family Associate Professor of Strategy, Economics, Ethics, and Public Policy at the McDonough School of Business and Associate Professor of Philosophy at Georgetown University. 2012. “Libertarianism: What Everyone Needs to Know,” Accessed on Google Books (Pg. 82). |
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-In a free… indignation a weapon. |
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-5) Hearing opposing viewpoints is key to letting people go after their own life. |
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-Badamchi, Devrim Kabasakal. Professor @ Izmir University, Turkey. 2015. “Justifications of freedom of speech: Towards a double-grounded-non-consequentialist approach,” Philosophy and Social Criticism. 2015, Vol. 41(9) 907–927. |
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-Why is being… of the article. |